基于遥感监测的天山新疆段草地退化时空特征及其与气候因子的关系

以植被覆盖度作为草地退化的遥感监测指标,基于2001-2020年天山新疆段MODIS NDVI和气象遥感资料,采用像元二分模型、草地退化指数、冷/热点分析、变异系数和相关性分析等方法,分析草地退化时空特征及其与气候因子的关系,结果表明：1) 2001-2020年平均草地退化面积占总面积的34.04%,草地退化指数为1.67,处于轻度退化水平。2)空间上,轻度退化草地空间分异特征明显,主要集中分布在天山西部和中段山区,中度退化和重度退化草地面积较小且不集中,95%以上的区域草地植被覆盖度变异系数小于0.2,总体上覆盖度的年际波动小,变化相对稳定。3) 2001-2020年草地植被覆盖度受气候因子驱动的区域占总面积的44.23%,主要分布在天山西部和东部,受非气候因子驱动的区域占总面积的55.77%,在山区和南北两侧地势较平缓的区域均有分布,说明非气候因子在天山新疆段草地的变化中起到主导作用。该研究结论可为当地草地资源保护与利用提供科学依据。     

新疆新源县天然草地生产力变化研究

<正>新源县位于新疆西部天山北麓伊犁河谷东端,可利用天然草地面积为459296.3公顷,分为夏草场、春秋草场和冬草场。新源县优质、广袤的草地资源为草原畜牧业发展提供了得天独厚的条件,但长期以来天然草原面临着超载过牧、退化等问题。近年来,通过国家实施草原生态保护补助奖励机制、退牧还草工程等草原生态建设项目,使得天然草地植被、草地生态系统得到了一定程度的恢复和改善,极大地促进了天然草地资源的可     

基于GIMMS NDVI 3g.v1的近34年青海省植被生长季NDVI时空变化特征

在气候变化和人类活动的综合影响下,青海省生态环境发生了明显变化。在此背景下,以GIMMS NDVI 3g.v1为数据源,采用Sen+Mann-Kendal方法研究青海省1982-2015年植被覆盖区域NDVI时空变化,将趋势分析和R/S(rescaled range analysis)分析叠加,研究植被生长季NDVI变化的持续性特征,并揭示植被对气候变化及人类活动的响应规律。结果表明:1)近34年青海省植被NDVI整体呈从西北到东南的增加趋势;且变异系数显示,波动性较大地区集中在柴达木盆地周边和青南牧区西北部等植被NDVI较低的区域,波动性较小地区集中在祁连山东部、东部农业区和青南牧区东南部等植被NDVI较高的区域。2)近34年青海省植被NDVI整体呈增加趋势,增长率为0.38%·10a~(-1);且NDVI变化具有明显的阶段性,存在1994年和2000年两个突变点。3)近34年青海省植被改善区域(75.4%)远大于退化区域(24.6%),其中显著改善面积占植被覆盖区域面积的40.9%,退化区随时间变化在空间上表现出明显的转移现象。4)Hurst指数表明,青海省植被变化反持续性较强,趋势分析与Hurst指数叠加得出,由退化转为改善的区域占植被覆盖区面积的13.7%,由改善转为退化的区域占植被覆盖区面积的44.3%,另41.5%的区域无法确定未来变化趋势。5)青海省植被生长季NDVI受气候变化和人类活动的双重影响,且不同植被类型对气候变化的响应存在较大差异。     

天山山区植被类型改变对新疆气候影响的模拟分析

使用RegCM3区域气候模式,利用CRU资料和气象台站观测资料,验证了RegCM3区域气候模式对新疆降水和气温的模拟能力,分析了天山山区植被类型改变对新疆气候的影响。结果表明,RegCM3区域气候模式对新疆及其临近地区降水、温度的空间分布形势和季节变化特征具有较好的模拟能力。天山山区草地面积的改变,对新疆地区的降水和地面气温的影响很小。如果将天山山区43.5°~45.0° N区域内的地表类型由草地改变为耕地,即假设50%的草地被开垦为耕地,那么,天山山区降水量的变化强度在5-7月逐渐增强,然后减弱。天山植被的变化主要通过影响对流性降水并进而影响总降水的变化。天山植被类型变为农田后会造成较大的地面潜热通量差异并引起地表净热通量较大的差异,进而影响到地面气温的模拟。潜热通量的变化通过影响局地的水汽供应进而引起降水较大的变化。     

新疆天山北坡荒漠草地退化现状及展望

草地退化是当今世界面临的极为严峻的生态问题之一,特别是新疆天山北坡地区的荒漠草原,由于其独特的地理环境所导致的荒漠草地退化越来越受到人们的关注。分析了新疆天山北坡荒漠草地退化的现状,在总结了国内外荒漠草地研究概况的基础上,重点综述了对新疆天山北坡地区荒漠草地退化的研究进展;在新疆天山北坡地区的荒漠草地退化研究,近年来主要集中在荒漠草地退化多样性演替、荒漠草地退化特征、荒漠草地退化遥感监测和重牧下抗牧策略等方面;通过以上综述,提出了荒漠草地退化中需要进一步深入研究的4个问题,包括荒漠草地生态系统退化机理、荒漠草地退化评价体系、荒漠草地退化监测体系和生态恢复研究,并对今后该领域的研究做出了进一步的展望和分析。     

青海湖流域植被物候格局时空动态变化及其与植被退化的关系

本研究利用2000-2014年期间MODIS 16 d合成EVI 数据,选用阈值法模型提取了青海湖流域逐年的植被关键物候期,分析了物候时空动态变化特征及其与植被退化的关系。结果表明,青海湖流域内植被陆续在4月中旬-6月中旬进入返青阶段,8月中旬-10月中旬进入枯黄期,生长季长度在100~150 d之间。植被陆续进入返青期的时间在流域整体空间上呈现由东南向西北延迟的水平地带性变化趋势,多高山分布区域的植被进入返青期时间表现出垂直非地带性特征。植被进入枯黄期的时间与进入返青期早晚的时间在空间格局上相反,生长季长短空间格局与植被进入返青时间早晚的空间格局一致。气候变化趋势下,流域植被物候时空动态变化存在空间异质性,返青期均值年际变化趋势不明显,枯黄期均值提前6.4 d,生长季均值缩短8.9 d。流域内植被物候除受气候因子影响外,与植被退化也有密切关系。植被生长趋于茂盛,返青期呈现延迟趋势;植被生长退化趋势,返青期呈现提前倾向。枯黄期与植被退化的关系较复杂,整体上未表现出明显一致的相关性。植被生长季与植被退化呈现强负相关,即植被生长呈现茂盛趋势的区域,生长季缩短。     

近15年新疆伊犁河谷草地退化时空变化特征

以伊犁河谷为研究区,利用MODIS NDVI数据及像元二分模型,反演草地植被覆盖度,以草地植被覆盖度为评价标准,结合数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据及Getis-Ord Gi*冷/热点分析方法,对伊犁河谷2001-2015年草地退化的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明,1)受持续过度放牧及气候条件影响,2001-2015年伊犁河谷草地整体持续退化,15年内退化草地比例达46.18%,但退化以轻度为主;2)空间上退化草地的分布范围逐步向高海拔区域扩展,海拔1 500-3 000 m的中山和中高山区退化草地扩张最明显;3)草地生态保护政策的实施减缓了草地退化速度,草地退化与改善的空间差异逐渐明显,以退化为主的单一变化趋势有所改变;4)利用NDVI反演植被覆盖度对草地退化进行评价的方法存在对高植被覆盖区域草地退化敏感性相对较弱的缺陷。     

基于TM NDVI的库尔勒市域植被覆盖动态变化

以库尔勒市域为研究区,基于1990、1998、2006和2011共4期TM遥感影像提取归一化植被指数(NDVI),将NDVI结果输入到像元二分模型中计算得到研究区各时期植被覆盖度,然后根据研究需要将植被覆盖度划分为4个等级,最后计算覆盖度差值并结合各级覆盖度转移矩阵和土地利用情况分析了库尔勒市域植被覆盖度动态变化特征。结果表明,在1990、1998、2006和2011年间,库尔勒市域总体植被覆盖情况有所改善,植被恢复改善面积比退化面积多23.8%,其中东南部的扇形绿洲平原植被状况改善明显,北部和南部区域植被有所退化。     

我国退牧还草工程重点县草原植被长势遥感监测

利用遥感和地理信息系统等先进技术手段,基于MODIS数据,对我国4大主要草地类型区的退牧还草工程县的草原植被长势进行了监测,主要结论如下:1)内蒙古东部退化草原区2005年草原植被长势虽然差于2004年的面积有上升趋势,但是总体长势良好,明显好于2004年;2)蒙甘宁西部荒漠草原区2005年草原植被长势较差,虽然生长季节草原植被长势差于2004年的面积呈上升趋势,但总体相对比较稳定;3)新疆北部退化草原区2005与2004年相比长势持平的草地面积所占比重大,比较稳定,呈现出长势好差交替的时序变化格局;4)青藏高原东部江河源草原区2005年草原长势好于2004年的草地面积占本区总草地面积的48.07%,长势差于2004年的草地面积占本区草地总面积的32.56%,与2004年持平的占19.37%,由此表明青藏高原东部区草原长势明显好于2004年同期,长势差和长势好于2004年的草原面积波动较为明显。     

中国新疆及中亚五国干旱区草地覆盖度反演与分析

干旱区的草地覆盖度较低,在光谱信息中表现较弱,增加了反演的难度。本研究在中国新疆及中亚五国干旱区对比4种植被覆盖度反演模型发现,像元二分模型能够较好地提取大范围内的植被覆盖度信息。在此基础上,反演2000―2013年中国新疆及中亚五国干旱区草地覆盖度并分析草地状况。研究发现,中国新疆及中亚五国草地覆盖度区域性差异较大,整体呈现退化趋势,退化区域主要分布在哈萨克斯坦的北部和西北部地区以及部分流域地区。不同等级草地覆盖度变化趋势为中等、中高和高植被覆盖度的草地有向低、中低植被覆盖度的草地转换。从国家及地区角度分析,哈萨克斯坦草地显著退化,而中国中国新疆的草地覆盖度均值在平稳中显著增长。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.