Receptive field mechanism in the vertebrate retina

In the catfish retina there are two types of ganglion cells: in one type (type A cell) a spot of light at the center of its receptive field gives rise to a sustained discharge whereas an annulus gives rise to a transient response, and in the other type (type B cell) the response pattern is reversed for a spot and an annulus. Current injected into the horizontal cell induces spike discharges of the ganglion cell very similar to that elicited by a spot of light or by an annulus. In both types of receptive fields, depolarization of the horizontal cell gives rise to a response of the ganglion cell similar to that elicited by a spot of light, whereas hyperpolarization of the cell gives rise to a response of the ganglion cell similar to that elicited by an annulus. Current through a single injecting electrode could drive two types of cells simultaneously. Interaction between a spot of light and an annulus can also be simulated by replacing one light stimulus by current of the proper polarization injected into the horizontal cells. Results suggest that interactions among three neuronal structures, the receptor, the horizontal cell, and the bipolar cell, produce the basic receptive field organization in the channel catfish.     

Morphological identification of serotonin-accumulating neurons in the living retina

Neurons that accumulate the transmitter serotonin have been identified in the living retina by being labeled with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-HT), an autofluorescent serotonin analog. Iontophoretic injection of Lucifer yellow into the labeled cells under microscopic control revealed that the serotonin-accumulating neurons in rabbit retina constitute two morphological types of amacrine cells, termed S1 and S2, whose distal dendrites are stratified at the inner margin of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic overlap of the S1 type is extraordinarily large: each point on the retina is covered by the fields of 550 to 900 S1 amacrines, and 6 to 8 meters of their dendrites are packed into each square millimeter of retina. Such a pervasive neuropil may provide an effective substrate for diffuse transmitter release, as proposed for serotonergic fibers elsewhere in the central nervous system.     

Substance P: a putative sensory transmitter in mammalian autonomic ganglia

Repetitive presynaptic stimulation elicited slow membrane depolarization in neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglia from guinea pigs. This response was not blocked by cholinergic antagonists but was specifically and reversibly inhibited by a substance P analog, (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-substance P, which also depressed the depolarization induced by exogenously applied substance P. The atropine-sensitive slow excitatory and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in neurons of rabbit superior cervical ganglia were not affected by the substance P analog. These and previous results provide strong support for the hypothesis that substance P or a closely related peptide is the transmitter mediating the slow depolarization. The latter may represent a sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract to neurons of the prevertebral ganglia.     

尼可刹米对果树花粉生活力及坐果率的影响

分室内和田间两部分试验进行.室内试验以不同浓度尼可刹米处理牛心李、雪花梨、敞口山楂的花粉,观察其对花粉萌发率、萌发速度、花粉管伸长长度及伸长速度的影响;田间试验用不同浓度尼可刹米在雪花梨花期喷雾,观测坐果率,目的在于结合室内试验确定尼可刹米处理最佳时期及最佳浓度.室内试验结果表明:经尼可刹米处理后的花粉与对照相比,在测定的几种指标上都有明显差异.在一定浓度范围内,低浓度处理可以显著促进花粉萌发和生长,高浓度处理则表现出明显的抑制作用,甚至使花粉破裂死亡.田间试验结果表明:0.25 g/L和0.5 g/L尼可刹米能显著提高梨坐果率,而1.0 g/L尼可刹米会降低坐果率;另外,随着处理时间的后移,梨坐果率逐渐降低,其中以开花后1 d处理效果最佳.     

Cytokinin activity: localization in transfer RNA preparations

Transfer RNA from yeast, liver, and Escherichia coli has cytokinin activity in the tobacco callus bioassay, whereas ribosomal RNA from yeast is inactive. In contrast to fractions of yeast transfer RNA rich in serine acceptor and cytokinin activity, preparations (70 to 90 percent pure) of arginine transfer RNA(2), glycine transfer RNA, phenylalanine transfer RNA, and valine transfer RNA(1) and of highly purified alanine transfer RNA from yeast were inactive at concentrations of 20 to 2500 micrograms per liter. One molecule of 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino) purine per 20 molecules of yeast tRNA would account for the observed cytokinin activity. The number of major molecular species contributing to cytokinin activity of transfer RNA, therefore, must be small.     

Substance P activation of rheumatoid synoviocytes: neural pathway in pathogenesis of arthritis

Several clinical features are consistent with nervous system involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The neuropeptide substance P is one possible mediator of this interaction, since it can be released into joint tissues from primary sensory nerve fibers. The potential effects of the peptide on rheumatoid synoviocytes were examined. The results show that substance P stimulates prostaglandin E2 and collagenase release from synoviocytes. Furthermore, synoviocyte proliferation was increased in the presence of the neuropeptide. Similar effects were observed with a truncated form of substance P. Synoviocytes were sensitive to very small doses of the neuropeptide (10(-9) M), and its effects were inhibited by a specific antagonist. Thus, the specific stimulation of synoviocytes by the neuropeptide substance P represents a pathway by which the nervous system might be directly involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.     

海洋细菌N-LY-1菌株的农用功能活性研究及其种属鉴定

【目的】明确海洋细菌N-LY-1菌株的抑菌、促生作用及其促生机理,确定其分类学地位,为该菌株进一步开发为农用微生物制剂提供参考。【方法】以前期从江苏连云港海域鲈鱼肠道内分离获得的海洋细菌N-LY-1菌株为材料,采用平板对峙法、牛津杯法及室内盆栽试验测定N-LY-1菌株对12种植物病原真菌的抑菌作用及其对黄瓜的促生防病作用;通过测定N-LY-1菌株的解磷、解钾、固氮作用以及产吲哚乙酸（IAA）和铁载体能力,探明菌株的促生长作用机理;通过形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,对菌株进行种类鉴定。【结果】N-LY-1菌株及其无菌发酵液对供试的12种植物病原真菌的抑菌带宽度均大于5.00 mm,均具有明显的抑菌作用,其中,其无菌发酵液对苹果轮纹病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、草莓灰霉病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、番茄早疫病菌和黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑制作用较强,抑菌带宽度在16.00 mm以上;其发酵液能促进黄瓜幼苗生长,在供试浓度范围内对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果最高达81.5%;该菌具有固氮和解有机磷作用,能产生IAA和铁载体。结合菌落形态学观察、生理生化特征及分子生物学鉴定结果,将NLY-1菌株鉴定为海胆鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas echinoides）。【结论】N-LY-1菌株是一株具有较强抑菌、防病及促进植物生长作用的海胆鞘氨醇单胞菌;固氮、解有机磷及产IAA和铁载体是该菌株的促生作用机制。N-LY-1菌株具有进一步开发为农用微生物制剂的潜力。     

Development of hindlimb locomotor activity in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) studied in vitro

The isolated central nervous system of the bullfrog larva (tadpole) is a valuable model system for studying the development of central motor control because the neural activity for locomotion is expressed in vitro. Patterned synaptic activation of immature hindlimb motoneurons is present before the bones and muscles of the hindlimb differentiate, and it develops against the background of the tadpole's functionally mature motor program for tail oscillations. This activation of hindlimb motoneurons later produces patterned bursting that underlies coordinated stepping and frog kicks.     

Atropinesterase and cocainesterase of rabbit serum: localization of the enzyme activity in isozymes

Zymograms reveal a multiplicity of esterase isozymes in rabbit serum. Most of the staining activity is concentrated in a region of the gels just anodal to the albumins where six phenotypes (A, AF, F, M, P, and S) are distinguished. The atropinesterase activity is associated with phenotypes A and AF and appears to be restricted to a single isozyme, zone A. Cocainesterase activity is limited to isozyme S, a zone common to all phenotypes except M.     

Substance P analog, DiMe-C7: evidence for stability in rat brain and prolonged central actions

A metabolically protected analog of substance P, [pGlu5-MePhe8-MeGly9]SP(5-11) (DiMe-C7), was approximately equipotent with substance P in causing increased locomotor activity after microinfusion into the ventral tegmental area of rat brain, but the effects of DiMe-C7 on behavior were considerably prolonged. There was little metabolic degradation of tritiated DiMe-C7 for up to 1 hour after infusion, whereas tritiated substance P was completely degraded within 10 minutes.     

Neuronal activity in narcolepsy: identification of cataplexy-related cells in the medial medulla

Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by sleepiness and episodes of cataplexy. Cataplexy is an abrupt loss of muscle tone, most often triggered by sudden, strong emotions. A subset of cells in the medial medulla of the narcoleptic dog discharged at high rates only in cataplexy and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These cells were noncholinergic and were localized to ventromedial and caudal portions of the nucleus magnocellularis. The localization and discharge pattern of these cells indicate that cataplexy results from a triggering in waking of the neurons responsible for the suppression of muscle tone in REM sleep. However, most medullary cells were inactive during cataplexy but were active during REM sleep. These data demonstrate that cataplexy is a distinct behavioral state, differing from other sleep and waking states in its pattern of brainstem neuronal activity.     

帽儿山地区几种乔木树种燃烧性研究

为了研究帽儿山地区主要乔木树种的燃烧性质,在对8个乔木树种苯-醇抽提物、木素、综纤维素及燃烧速度、绝干含水率等理化性质测定分析基础上,结合其生物学与生态学特征赋值,应用主成分分析法对其燃烧性进行了综合分析。结果表明:8个树种燃烧性大小为红皮云杉樟子松山杨红松落叶松胡桃楸黄波罗水曲柳;水曲柳燃烧性最弱,抗火能力最强,适合作帽儿山地区的防火树种。     

Substance P and cholecystokinin-like peptides in Helix neurons and cholecystokinin and serotonin in a giant neuron

Immunohistochemical procedures revealed that the serotonin-containing cell situated in each metacerebral ganglion of the snail Helix also contains a cholecystokinin-like peptide, but is devoid of substance P. In radioimmunoassays the cholecystokinin-like material showed similarities to the carboxy terminal regions of mammalian cholecystokinin and gastrin. Since much is known about the morphology and synaptic connections of this serotonin neuron, the role of the cholecystokinin-like peptides can now be investigated by neurophysiological methods, thus opening the way to discovering whether a neuron can use more than one transmitter.     

西流湖界面沉积物中溶磷细菌筛选及其溶磷能力研究

以无机磷酸钙为磷源,对河南省郑州市西流湖界面沉积物中溶磷细菌进行了分离和鉴定.筛选出4株高效溶磷细菌PS-1,PS-4,PS-11和PS-13,在无机磷培养基中28 ℃培养96 h溶出的上清液可溶性磷含量分别为580.00,437.98,417.40和283.60mg· L-1,溶磷率分别为28.71％,21.61％,20.58％和13.89％,溶磷能力与pH之间呈现一定的负相关.根据16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,PS-1,PS-4和PS-11属于Pseudomonas sp.,PS-13为Aeromonas sp.     

鲤科鱼类RNase1基因的进化与组织表达模式

为探究RNase 1在鱼类食性适应性进化中的作用,对不同食性的9种鲤科鱼类,包括草食性的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)、杂食性的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、黄尾鲴(Xenocypris davidi)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)以及肉食性的翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)和鳡(Elopichthys bambusa)的RNase 1基因进行鉴定、序列特征分析、进化规律及组织表达模式分析。研究结果显示,与哺乳动物不同,9种鲤科鱼类基因组中只存在1个RNase 1基因,序列同源性高,且具有RNase A超家族的序列特征,包括N端信号肽序列,6个间隔的半胱氨酸残基,3个催化碱基形成的催化三联体和"CKXXNTF"序列;系统发育树显示,硬骨鱼和哺乳动物的RNase 1聚为不同分支,鲤科鱼类单独聚为一支;qRT-PCR结果显示,植食性的团头鲂和草鱼、杂食性的鳙和肉食性的翘嘴鲌的RNase 1基因在不同组织中的表达模式各不相同,4种鱼类在肝脏中相对表达量高,在团头鲂和翘嘴鲌的脾脏中表达量也高。以上结果表明,鲤科鱼类的RNase 1的进化与物种食性的关联性不大,但符合物种进化的规律。     

点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中神经型一氧化氮合成酶的分布与定位

【目的】研究点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中的一氧化氮（NO）含量及神经型一氧化氮合成酶（nNOS）分布与活性,为深入揭示NO在点带石斑鱼神经系统中的作用机制打下基础。【方法】采用NADPH-d组织化学染色法、免疫组织化学法、蛋白免疫印迹（Western blotting）及Griess试剂法,对点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中nNOS的分布与活性及NO含量进行分析。【结果】经NADPH-d组织化学染色后,一氧化氮合成酶（NOS）阳性物质呈蓝色。在点带石斑鱼大脑中,NOS阳性物质位于神经元和神经纤维;在小脑中,NOS分布在颗粒层的颗粒细胞、分子层的神经纤维和浦肯野细胞层的浦肯野细胞;在视网膜中,NOS分布于色素上皮层、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层和视神经纤维层。经免疫组织化学染色后,nNOS阳性物质呈深棕色。在大脑中,nNOS存在于神经元和神经纤维;在小脑中,nNOS分布在颗粒层、分子层和浦肯野细胞层;在视网膜中,nNOS分布在色素上皮层、视锥视杆层、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层和视神经纤维层。Western blotting检测结果显示,点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中的nNOS在显色后的硝酸纤维素膜上均出现3条免疫印迹条带,对应分子量分别为80、120和130kD。NO含量在点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中分别为17.601±1.743和13.624±1.249μmol/L,nNOS活性在脑组织和视网膜中分别为38.070±3.047和23.748±2.860U/mg。【结论】在点带石斑鱼脑组织和视网膜中均存在nNOS,推测nNOS在点带石斑鱼脑神经及视神经系统生理活动中发挥重要作用。脑组织中的NO含量和nNOS活性均显著高于视网膜,是由于脑组织作为重要的中枢神经,对机体生理功能起重要调节作用。     

斑马鱼卵母细胞第一次减数分裂过程中MAPK的表达及定位

用不同浓度的促滤泡激素(FSH)和17α,20β-双羟孕酮分别作用于斑马鱼卵母细胞。结果表明,1 IU/mL的FSH和5 ng/mL的17α,20β-双羟孕酮对斑马鱼卵母细胞生发泡破裂都具有明显促进作用。其中17α,20β-双羟孕酮的作用效果较好,经过SDS-PDGE电泳和WesternBlot检测发现,5 ng/mL 17α,20β-双羟孕酮对斑马鱼卵母细胞诱导后,分裂原蛋白激酶被激活,生发泡破裂的卵母细胞数目增多。免疫组化检测证实,第Ⅰ期的卵母细胞中分裂原蛋白激酶没有激活,第Ⅱ期、第Ⅲ期细胞质中分裂原蛋白激酶开始激活,第Ⅴ期卵母细胞的胞质与核区同时存在活性的分裂原蛋白激酶,并伴有生发泡破裂。以上结果说明分裂原蛋白激酶在斑马鱼卵母细胞第一次减数分裂恢复过程中发挥重要作用,并且随着分裂原蛋白激酶激活,其活性部位从细胞质转移到细胞核。     

斑马鱼卵母细胞第一次减数分裂过程中MAPK的表达及定位

用不同浓度的促滤泡激素(FSH)和17α,20β-双羟孕酮分别作用于斑马鱼卵母细胞。结果表明,1 IU/mL的FSH和5 ng /mL的17α,20β-双羟孕酮对斑马鱼卵母细胞生发泡破裂都具有明显促进作用。其中17α,20β-双羟孕酮的作用效果较好,经过SDS-PDGE电泳和Western-Blot检测发现,5 ng/mL 17α,20β-双羟孕酮对斑马鱼卵母细胞诱导后,分裂原蛋白激酶被激活,生发泡破裂的卵母细胞数目增多。免疫组化检测证实,第Ⅰ期的卵母细胞中分裂原蛋白激酶没有激活,第Ⅱ期、第Ⅲ期细胞质中分裂原蛋白激酶开始激活,第Ⅴ期卵母细胞的胞质与核区同时存在活性的分裂原蛋白激酶,并伴有生发泡破裂。以上结果说明分裂原蛋白激酶在斑马鱼卵母细胞第一次减数分裂恢复过程中发挥重要作用,并且随着分裂原蛋白激酶激活,其活性部位从细胞质转移到细胞核。     

Sex attractant of sugar beet wireworm: identification and biological activity

The sex attractant produced by adult females of the sugar beet wire-worm, Limonius californicus (Mannerheim) has been isolated and identified as valeric acid. In the laboratory, male wireworm beetles are repelled by the pure attractant but are drawn with intense sexual excitement to its dilute solutions; in the field, male beetles are lured from a distance of 12 meters. The pheromone occurs in unusually large amounts in the female's body.     

中国荔枝病原真菌分离和鉴定

为了解全国荔枝存在的病原真菌种类,对来自全国6省18个市地的108个荔枝品种的162份病害样本进行分离鉴定,得到255个病原真菌菌株,涉及21个种,其中13种已有记录在荔枝上发生,8种未有在荔枝上报道出现.炭疽菌和镰刀菌所占比例最多、分布范围最广、涉及荔枝品种最多,在荔枝叶片、果实和茎干上几乎都能分离到,霜疫霉菌(Peronphythora litchi)只在果实上分离到.叶部是病原真菌存在的最主要部位.