数据有限条件下珠江口棘头梅童鱼资源状况评估

为了解数据有限条件下珠江口棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)的资源状况,根据2018—2019年珠江口渔业调查数据,通过电子长度频率分析法(ELEFAN)和基于长度的贝叶斯生物量分析法(LBB)评估了棘头梅童鱼资源的开发现状。结果表明：1)ELEFAN方法估算的渐近体长L_∞和生长系数K分别为160 mm和1.2,线性体长变换渔获曲线评估的总死亡系数Z为4.81,自然死亡系数M为2.16,开发率E为0.55;2)LBB方法估算的渐近体长为156 mm,最适开捕体长为100 mm,开发率为0.68,资源量水平B/B_MSY为0.57;3)与20世纪80年代相比,当前珠江口棘头梅童鱼生长系数有所减小,虽然ELEFAN估算的开发率有所降低,但是目前该渔业的资源量水平B/B_MSY小于1,仍处于过度捕捞状态。根据保守的渔业管理策略,需要加强资源养护,使其资源逐渐恢复。     

东海北部哈氏仿对虾的种群动态及其最高持续渔获量

哈氏仿对虾是东海北部主要的拖虾渔业对象。在雌性的体长组成中,70－90mm的个体占优势,占总数的63％。应用ELEFANⅠ和ELEFANⅡ技术对哈氏仿对虾每月的体长资料进行分析,结果表明：生长参数K＝1.7,极限体长L∞＝128mm,自然死亡系数M＝2.7427,总死亡系数Z＝8.323,利用率E＝67.06%,极限年龄为1.3234岁,选择体长为59.67mm,补充类型为二季补充型。通过单位补充量产量Y／R和单位补充量产值Yv/R分析表明,该群体的利用已到了相当充分的水平,若保持现有的捕捞水平,把开捕体长增大至70mm时,单位补充量产量可增加1.77%,产值可增加10.78%。但若捕捞死亡水平继续增加,产量几乎不再增加,而产值却明显下降。     

吕泗渔场小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼秋季脂肪酸组成及食性研究

石首鱼科鱼类小黄鱼（）是吕泗渔场重要的经济鱼种,为了解两者营养价值、摄食习性及食性转变,测定2018年秋季在吕泗渔场采集的46尾小黄鱼和36尾棘头梅童鱼脂肪酸组成,基于脂肪酸标记法进行食性分析。结果显示,小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼PUFA/SFA比值、n-3/n-6比值在常见水产鱼类中较高,小黄鱼n-3/n-6比值与体长呈显著正相关（<0.01）。小黄鱼体长<70 mm时植物食性贡献较高（P<0.05）,体长≥100 mm时植物食性显著减少（<0.05）,小黄鱼（2.6~5.9）和棘头梅童鱼（2.6~3.3） DHA/EPA部分重合。研究表明,小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼营养价值较高,大个体小黄鱼鱼油营养价值更高,小个体棘头梅童鱼则更有利于心血管健康。两者营养级部分重合,食性相似,都是随着体长增加植物食性减少,肉食食性增加且食性转变时的体长相近,因此,两者可能存在一定的食物竞争和生态位重合。     

东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随发育的变化

根据2006年7月～2008年12月采集于东海北部近海的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)样品,共测定体长在23～157 mm范围内的棘头梅童鱼474 ind,应用卡方检验和聚类分析等方法,对棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随个体发育的变化进行了分析。结果显示:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼的食物种类夏季出现较多,春季出现较少;91～110 mm体长组出现较多,≤50 mm体长组和>130 mm体长组出现较少。食物多样性指数春季较高,秋季较低;≤50 mm体长组较低,>130 mm体长组较高,食物多样性指数随体长的增加而升高。卡方检验显示,棘头梅童鱼主要食物种类宽尾刺糠虾(Acanthomysis latiscauda)、中国毛虾(Aceteschinensis)、七星底灯鱼(Myctophum pterotum)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的出现频率有极显著的季节变化,中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)的出现频率有显著的季节变化;宽尾刺糠虾和七星底灯鱼的出现频率随体长的变化极显著,而中国毛虾、中华假磷虾和中华哲水蚤的出现频率随体长的变化不显著。聚类分析结果表明,棘头梅童鱼春冬季、夏季和秋季三个时期的食物组成差异显著;体长聚类分两组,即体长>70 mm和≤70mm之间食物组成有明显差异。通过分析发现:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物的季节变化与该海域饵料生物的季节变化密切相关;食物组成随发育的变化符合"最佳摄食理论",其饵料生物种类和大小随棘头梅童鱼体长的增加发生了显著的变化。     

东海北部哈氏仿对虾资源量评估

根据2005～2008年东海北部哈氏仿对虾的生物学数据,应用FISATⅡ软件的ElEFANⅠ技术计算生长参数,得到VonBertalanffy生长方程的相关参数为L∞=123.4mm,K=1.70,t0=-0.16,自然死亡系数M=2.55,总死亡系数Z=5.81,捕捞死亡系数F=3.26。应用长度结构的实际种群分析,得出稳定状态下资源量为2.86×104吨。利用Beverton-Holt和Thompson-Bell模型对单位补充量的产量Y/R和单位补充量的产值Yv/R进行分析,表明在现行状态下,该群体未出现过度捕捞现象。综合考虑当前可能的捕捞强度及经济效益,在有利于保持较高产量的前提下,建议在适当降低捕捞强度的同时把哈氏仿对虾的开捕体长由55.6mm增加至74.0mm。     

鱼类最佳体长频率分析组距研究

随着计算机技术的发展,近几年以鱼类体长频率为基础估算鱼类生物学特征值的体长频率分析法迅速被广泛应用,而确定体长分组组距是开展鱼类体长频率分析的必要步骤,但往往不被重视,常被随意采用为1mm、5mm或10mm等。为了尽量减少误差,本研究根据1997年12月至1998年12月在珠江口水域尖尾罟网和掺缯网周年月度渔业资源调查中康氏小公鱼（Stolephorus commersoni）和棘头梅童鱼（Collichthys lucidus）的生物学测定资料,分别以不同的体长分组组距重构体长频率组成数据,采用FAO推出基于ELEFAN技术的FiSATⅡ软件估算渐近体长L∞和生长系数K值,进一步估算鱼类资源开发参数（Z,M,F,E）,分析以不同体长分组组距为基础估算结果的差异。结果表明,以相差较大的不同分组组距重构体长频率组成数据来估算渐近体长L∞、生长系数K和资源开发参数均有明显的差异,建议以体长全距、体长标准差和样品数量等影响因素来共同确定某种鱼类的体长分组组距,从而提高估算结果的可信度,以达到定量分析鱼类生物学特征值的目的。     

野生和养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉营养成分分析及比较

采用生理生化方法,对野生和养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成进行了测定.结果表明,与野生棘头梅童鱼相比,养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉中粗脂肪含量较低,水分含量较高,且差异显著(P<0.05),蛋白质和灰分含量则无显著性差异(P>0.05);在氨基酸方面,野生和养殖棘头梅童鱼肌肉中均检出18种氨基酸,其中养殖组的酪...     

浙江近海棘头梅童鱼生长规律与群体组成的研究

本文根据浙江近海棘头梅童鱼的生物学测定资料,应用Von Bertalanffy鱼类生长方程分析棘头梅童鱼的生长规律,并与另外几种石首鱼科鱼类进行比较,显示出梅童鱼具有寿命短、生长迅速特性。同时,通过对棘头梅童鱼群体组成分析,认为浙江近海捕捞以采用梅童鱼拖网或定置刺网为好,渔期以冬春季比较适宜。     

东海中华管鞭虾种群动态及持续渔获量分析

中华管鞭虾为东海区桁杆拖虾和沿岸定置张网作业重要的渔获对象。本文根据2006-2008年桁杆拖虾监测调查数据整理的各月体长频率数据,应用FiSATⅡ软件分析结果表明：Von Bertalanff生长方程的参数K=1.2,极限体长L∞=112.88mm,t0=0.267;根据Pauly经验公式估算的自然死亡系数M=2.03606;由变换体长渔获曲线法估算的总死亡系数Z=4.71,利用率E=56.77%,开捕体长Lc=65.32mm;应用体长VPA方法估算的年平均资源量为47.74×10^9ind、2.58×10^4t。通过单位补充量产量、产值分析表明,该群体利用合理,开捕体长亦处最佳位置,若降低10%左右的捕捞努力量水平,既能使产值最大化（4.92亿元）,又能实现中华管鞭虾的可持续利用。     

棘头梅童鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为保护和利用棘头梅童鱼种质资源,以常用无机盐及葡萄糖配制的5种溶液(依次编号A、B、C、D、E)作为稀释液,不同体积分数的DMSO作为抗冻剂,采用2 mL冻存管和两步降温的方式,对棘头梅童鱼精子的超低温冷冻保存技术进行了研究,并利用人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子对冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子的授精能力进行检验。结果表明,以E溶液为稀释液、10%DMSO为抗冻剂、两步降温方式冷冻保存的棘头梅童鱼精子在37℃水浴解冻后复活率较高,为(76.67±10.41)%^82.33±4.62%;以上述方法冻存3年的棘头梅童鱼冷冻精子与人工养殖黄姑鱼的成熟卵子杂交,受精率达到(20.26±4.12)%。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus

The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg^-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10^-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10^-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10^-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.     

Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem

Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.     

Effects of capture,loading density and transport stress on the mortality,physiological responses,bacterial density and growth of rohu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic"> rohita</Emphasis> fingerlings

This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L⁻¹) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.     

The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity

• 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
• 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
• 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.