郑州市道路人工植物群落调查及评价分析

对河南省郑州市道路人工植物群落进行了样方调查和物种多样性分析。结果表明,郑州市道路人工植物群落的物种组成较丰富,物种多样性指数较高。还运用层次分析法构建综合评价体系对35个道路人工植物群落进行了评价分析,筛选出评价等级为优的人工植物群落,为郑州市道路绿地建设提供了理论指导。     

海南岛王下沟兰科植物多样性研究

简要介绍海南坝王岭山区的王下沟一带兰科植物物种和生境的多样性,通过对沟谷内兰科植物的种类、数目、生境、海拔等项目进行综合调查,进一步研究和分析了沟谷兰科植物的物种多样性以及现阶段沟谷兰科植物所面临的问题,并对王下沟内丰富而宝贵的兰科植物物种资源的合理利用和保护提出了一些意见和建议。     

生物入侵:预警篇

<正>该书是国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"计划)项目"重要外来物种入侵的生态影响机制与监控基础"(2009CB119200)、"十一五"国家科技支撑计划课题"入侵物种风险评估与早期预警技术"(2006BAD08A15)与科技部基础性工作专项"中国外来入侵物种及其安全性考察"(2006FY111000)的研究成果专著。该书系统地综合了国内外外来入侵物种风险评估与     

福建山樱花及其近缘物种研究现状与开发利用

介绍福建山樱花的形态特征与生态习性及部分近缘物种观赏价值,详细评述了福建山樱花及其近缘物种的国内外研究情况,并提出今后开发利用的几点建议.     

文昌8个森林群落结构与物种多样性研究

以文昌航天发射缓冲区不同森林群落为研究对象,选择8个不同植被类型,分别设置1 hm2固定大样地,对森林植物群落的多样性、森林植物群落的物种均匀度、森林植物群落的物种优势度进行观测。结果表明：不同森林群落乔木层物种多样性差异显著,半红树林群落树种种类最高,物种多样性最高达到2.38,其次分别是天然次生林和人工混交林;不同森林群落中不同层次植物均匀度总体表现出草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层的规律,但天然次生林由于郁闭度较高,林下草本较灌木少,多样性和均匀度均小于灌木层;红树林物种优势度最小,各物种优势差异不显著。     

基因组学进展及其在热带作物领域中的应用

基因组学的发展,不仅能获得物种个体水平染色体的精准DNA序列,解析生命科学的基本问题,而且其超高通量技术使得在群体水平诠释物种遗传多样性成为可能,从而改变了现代生命科学的进程和研究方式。本文概述了基因组技术的最新进展,以及与相关组学技术结合,在物种群体遗传结构多样性、功能基因发掘、生物进化以及精准育种领域的广泛应用;同时简述了热带作物的生物学特性、基因组研究进展及其存在的问题,并对未来基因组学发展与新的应用领域进行了简评。     

亚热带3种森林类型的群落特征与物种多样性的耦合关系

准确把握森林群落特征与其物种多样性的耦合关系是林分管理的基础。选择亚热带3种地带性森林类型,分别为季风常绿阔叶林（米槠林）、天然针叶林（马尾松林）和落叶-常绿阔叶混交林（闽桦-闽楠林）,调查了乔木层、灌木层、草本层和藤本植物群落特征（高度、胸径、冠幅、盖度等）并计算了不同层次物种多样性,旨在探讨森林群落特征与物种多样性的耦合关系。结果表明：（1）闽桦-闽楠林胸径显著大于马尾松林,而马尾松林和米槠林、闽桦-闽楠林和米槠林之间胸径无显著差异（P>0.05）,此外,3种林分乔木层树高和枝下高均无显著差异（P>0.05）,马尾松林和闽桦-闽楠林的灌木株高、地径和草本多度、盖度显著高于米槠林,草本层多度和盖度为马尾松林>闽桦-闽楠林>米槠林（P<0.05）。（2）3种森林类型的物种多样性基本都呈灌木层>乔木层>藤本层>草本层的趋势,群落的物种多样性取决于乔灌层多样性。（3）典范对应分析表明,3种林分群落特征与其物种多样性存在相互影响的关系。其中米槠林胸径、草本高度和盖度对乔灌层物种多样性具有明显的促进作用,马尾松林的灌木冠幅对草本物种多样性和均匀度有显著影响,是影响群落物种多样性的主导因子。闽桦-闽楠林灌木冠幅和地径,树高和枝下高对灌草层丰富度的提高具有促进作用,通过提高枝下高和灌木高度生长,降低草本盖度、灌木冠幅和大小,可增加群落物种多样性。研究结果对于科学评价森林空间结构,制定合理经营措施实现物种多样性保育和森林科学经营等方面具有指导意义。     

桉树人工林林下植被结构的研究

桉树林下植被有灌木一草本型和纯草本型2种类型,共有植物种类18种,出现最多的样地仅11种。灌木一草本型植被分布于离地面150cm范围,纯草本型植被分布于离地面40cm范围。随林龄增大,林下植被物种丰富度降低,多样性下降,生物量减少。造林密度增加,物种丰富度降低,多样性下降。随这栽代次增加,林下植被生物量和物种多样性下降,但不能成为林分生产力下降的理由。轮作西瓜可增加林下植被生物量和物种多样性,这对桉树林下植被的恢复与重建提供了可能性。     

木槿属植物种的形态分类学研究

研究了木槿属、木槿属Ｆｕｒｉｃｉａ组及９个主要物种的生物学特性和主要形态特征，并根据花颜色、苞片、叶形、着片等对１２个物种进行了形态分类，为这些野生资源的开发和利用提供科学依据和基础资料。     

城市树种的生长与适应性研究——以福州市为例

运用树种叶面积指数、物种多样性指数、物种重要值、优势度指数等量化地描述福州市5个区的绿地树种结构特征及其生长与适应性。结果显示,从植被物种可用资源的角度看,福州市的绿地还有很大的潜力,但无论绿地总体面积还是树种数量都达不到与城市发展规模相适应的要求。     

Solanum bombycinum,a new tuber-bearing tetraploid species from Bolivia

It is probable that the wild potatoes from Bolivia are the least known of all the Andean region. Although approximately 50 species have been described from this country since Dunal, 1852, a great majority of these are synonyms. Nevertheless, in some remote and unexplored regions of Bolivia, it is still possible to find new material, as demonstrated by the new species described herein. Solanum bombycinum was found in the north-northwest part of the Department of La Paz, Province of Caupolican, at an altitude of 2000 m, living among shrubby woods in a humid lowland tropic. This wild species constitutes a particularly interesting discovery, as it represents the southern most species from South America described to date for the series Conicibaccata, and, furthermore, because its ploidy level is 2n = 4x = 48 chromosomes in a series usually having 2n = 2x = 24.     

江西省6种植物新记录

通过对九连山自然保护区的植物调查,新增5种江西省植物分布新记录种,即骨牌蕨[Lemmaphyllum rostratum (Bedd.) Tagawa]、剑叶书带蕨[Haplopteris amboinensis (Fée) X. C. Zhang]、北京铁角蕨（Asplenium pekinense Hance）、异裂双盖蕨（Diplazium laxifrons Rosenstock）、华南鳞毛蕨（Dryopteris tenuicula C. G. Matthew et Christ）;1个江西植物新记录属,即叉柱兰属（Cheirostylis Blume）;并讨论6种新记录的地理区系。     

Identification of stem soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subspeciesatroseptica) resistance in potato

Development of potato cultivars resistant to Erwinia species (Erwinia carotovora subspeciesatroseptica, E. carotovora subspeciescarotovora, andErwinia chrysanthemi) causing soft rot of stems and tubers involves identification and transfer of the resistance to breeding lines possessing desirable agronomic traits. In total, 363 accessions of six wildSolanum species, three somatic hybrids and nine sexual progeny of somatic hybrids were screened for stem soft rot resistance. Thirty-one, 50, and 67 percent of accessions ofSolanum boliviense, Solanum chacoense, and Solanumsanctarosae, respectively, were resistant or highly resistant, whereas, 100, 97, and 95 percent of accessions ofSolanum canasense, Solanum tarijense, andSolanum spegazzinii were susceptible or highly susceptible, respectively. Two tuber soft-rot resistant somatic hybrids, A937 and T355-11 produced earlier by the fusion ofSolanum brevidens (PI 218228) andSolanum tuberosum (PI203900) orS. tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank, respectively, and the sexual progeny of A937 andS. tuberosum cv. Katahdin were also highly resistant. Transfer of resistance fromS. brevidens to somatic hybrid (A937) and subsequently to the progeny suggests that the resistance is simply inherited. In addition to the identification of 65 resistant or highly resistant clones of wildSolanum species, this study has identified three tuber soft rot-resistant clones that are also resistant to stem soft rot. Potato cultivars showed a range of responses to the pathogen.     

Susceptibility of five nightshade (Solanum) species tophytophthora infestans

The susceptibility of leaves and berries of five night-shade species to infection by the potato late blight pathogenPhytophthora infestans was tested. American black nightshade (Solanum americanum) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) were resistant to infection. However, two accessions (entire-edged and dentate-edged leaf) of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides), cutleaf nightshade (Solanum triflorum), and bitter or climbing nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) were susceptible. Survival of the pathogen in susceptible species was tested under different environmental conditions. The pathogen survived for at least 2 wk in both hairy nightshade accessions when plant material was kept in soil at a temperature of 20 C. However,P. infestans survived 48 h at ?15 C only in the entire-leaf hairy nightshade accession. In the laboratory, oospores of the pathogen were formed in inoculated plants of the two hairy nightshade accessions, cutleaf nightshade, and ‘Russet Burbank’ potato, but not in American black nightshade, bitter nightshade, or eastern black nightshade.     

马铃薯块茎中干物质与蛋白质、维生素C及还原糖的关系

本试验对40份材料块茎中的干物质、粗蛋白、维生素C以及还原糖进行了分析,其中包括普通栽培种(Solanum tuberosum)20份,新型栽培种(Neo-tuberosum)5份,普通栽培种×新型栽培种杂种5份,二倍体栽培种(S.Phureja)9份,二倍体杂种(Neo-tuberosum双单倍体×S.phureja)1份。结果表明,干物质(％)、干物质中粗蛋白(％)、鲜薯中粗蛋白(％)、V_c(mg/100g鲜薯,以及还原糖含量(％)的平均数和标准差分别为19.8893±2.2448,11.9805±2.0367,2.3640±0.3881,8.5288±2.04322和0.6113±0.3031;干物质和干物质中的粗蛋白含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.4118~(**)),但和鲜薯中粗蛋白含量呈不显著正相关(r=0.2083);干物质和V_c含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.4246~(**)),和还原糖含量呈不显著负相关(r=-0.2769)。     

Weed hosts of the tobacco rattle virus in Idaho

The corky ringspot disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum) caused by the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is a serious problem in certain Idaho localities. To investigate natural TRV sources, weeds and plants from rotation crops were randomly collected from six fields with a history of corky ringspot symptoms. Transmission trials, Ouchterlony agar double-diffusion tests, and electron-microscopy showed evidence of TRV in three Idaho counties (Fremont, Ada, and Canyon). Inoculations were made from 27 species and TRV was recovered from the roots of three:Solanum nigrum, Brassica campestris, andErodium cicutarium. Solanum nigrum was the most consistent source of TRV and it generally incited the severest symptoms onNicotiana tabacum (Samsun NN). The results show thatS. nigrum, besides being an important wild host of TRV, may be a useful naturallyoccurring bait plant for detection of TRV in field soils.     

Frost resistant potato hybrids viaSolanum acaule,Bitt. Diploid-Tetraploid crosses

Solanum juzepczukii Buk. andSolanum curtilobum Juz. et Buk. are two important primitive cultivated species of potato which are planted in the highlands of Peru and Bolivia. Little natural variation exists within these species. Crosses were made to artificially recreate these species using tetraploid cultivated potatoes as female parents and triploids derived from acaule-diploid crosses as males. The new hybrids were tetraploid (2n = 48) with a high degree of heterosis and variability, and several potential cultivated clones possessing valuable characters such as yield, earliness, frost tolerance and good tuber type were selected.     

马铃薯近缘栽培种间杂种育种价值的研究

本文对普通栽培种(Solanum Tuberosurm)×新型栽培种(S.Neotuberosum)(T×A)和普通栽培种×2倍体杂种(普通栽培种的双单倍体×S.phureja)(T×2n杂种)两种类型组合后代的主要经济性状,如茎色、株高、单株重、商品薯率、淀粉含量及产量等性状的分离幅度和杂种优势表现进行了比较研究。结果表明,在杂种后代诸性状的表现上,T×2n杂种类型的后代表现分离幅度小,杂种优势强。但由于2倍体杂种自身经济性状不好,使T×2n杂种类型子代的绝对产量低于T×A类型。因此,在现阶段,在育种和实生种子利用上,利用T×A类型的组合更有实际意义。     

Potato germplasm collecting expedition to the Guaitecas and chonos Archipelagos,Chile, 1990

Summary A joint Chilean, Italian, and United States potato (Solanum tuberosum) germplasm collecting expedition was conducted in the Guaitecas and Chonos Archipelagos, south of Chiloé Island, between March 4 – March 21, 1990. The expedition resulted in 30 collections ofSolanum tuberosum and 1 collection ofFragaria chiloensis L. Twenty-three of the potato collections were along the salt-water-swept shores of the islands. These beach populations, unlike the indigenous landraces in southern Chile, are self-perpetuating populations and provide useful new germplasm for researchers interested in the origin of cultivated potatoes and in the origin ofSolanum tuberosum in Chile.