动点作平面复合运动的矢量导数解和矩阵解

本文在经典力学的基础上，提出求解动点作平面复合运动的直接矢量导数方法和矩阵方法的定型公式。定型矩阵公式中的各项数据可以通过ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ语言全部输入电脑，这就使经典力学的计算与现代化的计算工具接轨。     

中华绒螯蟹平面运动三维观测和动力学分析

为给适应复杂路面的多足仿生机器人或步行移动平台的研究提供理论依据,该文以中华绒螯蟹为研究对象,使用三维运动图像采集系统采集其运动图像,并使用三维运动图像分析系统得到中华绒螯蟹质心的运动学参数,分析结果表明：中华绒螯蟹在平面运动时主要使用跳跃步态;质心动能、重力势能以及总机械能呈正弦波动,动能与重力势能同相;使用恢复系数表示动能和重力势能相互转换的效率,其平均值为31.73%±17.29%,恢复系数和平均速率没有相关关系;质心机械能比质量功率随平均速率的增长呈线性增加;质心水平动能比质量功率和重力势能比质量功率对中华绒螯蟹身体的加速和抬升起主要作用。该研究可为研究适应复杂路面的仿生机器人或移动平台提供理论依据。     

刚体平面运动的矢量导数解和矩阵解

一般而言,在理论力学的运动学中,平面运动刚体的平面图形上各点的速度与加速度的主要求解方法与计算公式,是应用运动的分解与合成─Ｃｈａｓｌｅ运动叠加定理导出的。本文作者应用矢量导数直接导出上述公式,并且在矢量导数的定型公式基础上建立相应的定型矩阵公式,使此类问题的求解简明便捷,又能应用矩阵的ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ程序,使用日趋普及的现代化电脑进行运算。     

雪崩撞击的研究

根据质点运动模型和雪崩试验，论述了雪粒的运行速度与运动方向的改变过程。提出速度降低系数ｋ与雪崩横向扩展角γ的评价方案。当雪崩发生时，在冲撞点周围，产生抵抗力。根据几何原理，证明在撞击面周围存在圆弧形运动性滞留物。应用力学原理，论证了平面粒子运动轨迹，并提出平面高度与诱导效果之间关系及适用范围。通过在小结构物的试验，获得雪崩产生条件，取决于撞击面的倾斜角与雪崩运动方向。为工程设计提供理论依据。     

西林水牛血液蛋白多态性研究

本研究利用９５头西林水牛血样，采用淀粉凝胶电泳法，醋酸纤维薄膜电泳法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分别测定血清白蛋白、血红蛋白和血清运铁蛋白三个位点的基因和基因型及其频率。结果表明，西林水牛血清白蛋白受ＡｌｂＡ和ＡｌｂＸ两个等位基因控制，其频率分别为０．２２３和０．７７７；血红蛋白受ＨｂＡ和ＨｂＢ两个等位基因控制，其频率分别为０．０６３和０．９３７；运铁蛋白受ＴｆＡ和ＴＰＤ两个等位基因控制，其频率分别为０．２５８和０．７４２。     

发动机液压自由活塞下止点运动机理

为实现对单活塞液压自由活塞发动机工作频率的精确控制,掌握液压自由活塞下止点运动规律是基础,基于系统基本原理,研究了活塞下止点运动规律的数学模型。通过建立数学仿真模型和试验系统,研究了液压自由活塞在下止点的运动规律及其影响因素。结果表明,活塞下止点运动过程包括反向加速和正向减速过程,活塞到达下止点后的反弹距离主要由该过程决定,活塞下止点运动过程中的反向加速力来自泵腔和压缩腔压力。系统压缩腔压力变化规律可控是工作频率精确控制的基础,压力变化规律控制要考虑活塞运动状态和单向阀的阀芯动作规律的影响。     

高能重离子辐射诱导水稻半矮生突变株系的RFLP分析

本用限制性内切酶片段长度多态性分析技术，选用９７个已定位的水稻基因组同克隆为探针，分析了广东地方品种边皮占，香占及其种子经高能氩离子辐照后诱导产生的稳定半矮生害变株系Ａｒ－１０和氩香１号在ＤＮＡ水平上的变异。结果表明，边皮占和Ａｒ－１０之间位点变异率为５．１５％，香占和氩香１号之间位点变异率为６．３９％。研究显示，高能重离子辐射诱导的变异主要是ＤＮＡ分子较大的改变，而非点突变，用Ａｒ－１０与边坡     

黄土高原降雨雨滴动能的分布律

降雨强度、雨滴速度、雨滴动能等参量与土壤侵蚀关系密切。根据BestA．C．提出的雨滴直径分布函数，从理论上导出了符合黄土高原实际情况的雨滴动能分布密度和分布函数，它们都符合不同参数的韦伯分布。不同雨型、雨强条件下的雨滴速度和降雨总动能的理论计算值与前人的实测值吻合较好，表明韦伯分布的确可用于描述雨滴动能分布，其参数确定也是恰当的。因此可直接由降雨强度和雨型决定的雨滴动能分布经积分得出降雨总动能，而无须通过经验回归模型(通常存在地域差异)求取降雨总动能。     

小麦细胞质雄性不育与花药组织内源激素的关系

利用间接酶免疫（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测技术，测定了Ｋ，Ｔ型小麦细胞质雄性不育系及其相应保持系分发育过程中花药组织生长素，细胞分裂素，脱落酸，赤霉素四大类内源激素的动态变化，结果表明，不讼是Ｋ型还是Ｔ型细胞质雄性不育系，在花粉败育过程中与其相应保持系相比在比花组织中均表现为ＩＡＡ，ＩＰＡ，ＧＡ３ＧＡ４含量的下降ＺＲ，ＤＨＺＲ，ＡＢＡ含量的上升，据此认为内源激素含量的变化与小麦雄性不育的发生密切相关。     

红壤坡地侵蚀性降雨及降雨动能分析

侵蚀性降雨标准的确定、降雨动能的科学测算以及侵蚀性降雨和降雨动能特征的分析,是开展降雨侵蚀力研究和土壤侵蚀预测预报的基础,而目前针对红壤坡地的系统研究还较为鲜见.通过气象观测站与标准径流小区连续5 a的实测资料,采用80%经验频率法确定了江西红壤坡地侵蚀性降雨标准,其中雨量标准为9.97 mm,雨强标准为0.756 mm/h;在此基础上计算了侵蚀性降雨和侵蚀性降雨动能,并分析了侵蚀性降雨及其动能的时间变异规律.结果表明:侵蚀性降雨场次不多,仅占总降雨场次的25.85%,但雨量大强度高;侵蚀性降雨及其动能时间分配不均,主要集中在4-9月,分别占全年的74.51%和75.37%.最后建立了降雨动能简易估算方法,这对探讨江西红壤坡地降雨侵蚀力和土壤侵蚀预报模型具有积极的意义.     

积分方法改进的生物质热解反应速率模型构建

针对经典Arrhenius方程中温度积分项不可积的问题,通过设定热解过程中生物质转化率同时为时间(和温度r的函数,使温度积分项可积分,有效避免积分法动力学分析中因简化而导致的计算误差。基于此热动力学方程(Ⅱ类热动力学方程)采用等转化率线性积分法求解反应活化能E,并结合模型拟合法选取最优反应机理函数,将选取的机理函数重新代入Ⅱ类热动力学方程积分式解得指前因子A的值。基于等转化率线性积分法分别采用Ⅰ类及Ⅱ类热动力学方程对玉米芯等5种生物质热解过程进行动力学分析,结果显示2类热动力学方程求得生物质活化能E的决定系数均高于0.95。Ⅱ类动力学方程求解的动力学参数计算的动力学分析值与试验值的吻合度高于Ⅰ类动力学方程。根据热解反应的活化能E与lnA具有高度线性拟合性,且转化率0.05～0.85间活化能波动不大这一特点,采用最大热解速率处转化率对应的热解动力学参数简化热解过程的动力学参数,可减小数值模拟的计算成本,为工程上热解反应的数值模拟提供一定的基础。     

Refinement and re-evaluation of the drop-shatter soil fragmentation method

The drop-shatter method was re-evaluated since data were reported of degrees of soil fragmentation, obtained by using this method, showing a dependence on the total specific energy input, defined as the cumulative drop height. A new definition of the specific energy input based on the kinetic energy of the soil clods available for fragmentation upon impact is presented. The kinetic energy is calculated from the air-resistance dependent falling velocity of the soil units upon impact. Better correlations were found for the median aggregate diameter and specific surface area with the kinetic energy than with specific energy input. Notwithstanding that improvement, a drop height dependence of the degree of soil fragmentation was found for drop heights > 1.5 m. Compression stress loading rate as the stress-fracturing mechanism is suggested as a possible explanation for that dependence. It is concluded that (a) drop heights should not exceed 1.5 m, and (b) in analyzing soil fragmentation-energy input relationships obtained by the drop-shatter method, the refined method for calculating the kinetic energy available for fragmentation should be used instead of the cumulative height.     

Spatial variability of throughfall under a single tree: Experimental study of rainfall amount, raindrops, and kinetic energy

To evaluate the spatial variability of throughfall amount, raindrops, and erosivity under a single canopy during calm meteorological conditions, indoor experiments were conducted using a 9.8-m-tall transplanted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and a large-scale rainfall simulator. Drop size distribution, drop velocity, and kinetic energy of throughfall varied spatially under a single canopy as did throughfall amount and rain rate. Compared with throughfall rain rate, the variability was similar in drop size distribution, lower in drop velocity, and higher in kinetic energy. The results suggest that the spatial distribution of throughfall amount was dominated by the canopy shape and position of branches inside the canopy, and thus the spatial distribution was correlated with the radial distance from the trunk. Throughfall amount and rate were lower at the midway point between the trunk and the canopy edge. Throughfall drop size indices (drop size distribution, drop velocity, and unit kinetic energy) varied spatially while did not differ significantly. On the other hand, time-specific throughfall kinetic energy was correlated with the radial distance from the trunk. The dependence the throughfall kinetic energy on the radial distance from the trunk was dominated by the spatial distribution of throughfall amount. The trend in the spatial distribution of throughfall revealed in this study will aid in modelling canopy water processes and in predicting soil erosion on the bare forest floor.     

Preliminary study on mechanics-based rainfall kinetic energy

A raindrop impact power observation system was employed to observe the real-time raindrop impact power during a rainfall event and to analyze the corresponding rainfall characteristics. The experiments were conducted at different simulated rainfall intensities. As rainfall intensity increased, the observed impact power increased linearly indicating the power observation system would be satisfactory for characterizing rainfall erosivity. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (Momentum=MV), which is related to the observed impact power value. Since there is no significant difference between momentum and impact power, observed impact power can represent momentum for different rainfall intensities. The relationship between momentum and the observed impact power provides a convenient way to calculate rainfall kinetic energy. The value of rainfall kinetic energy based on the observed impact power was higher than the classic rainfall kinetic energy. The rainfall impact power based kinetic energy and the classic rainfall kinetic energy showed linear correlation, which indicates that the raindrop impact power observation system can characterize rainfall kinetic energy. The article establishes a preliminary way to calculate rainfall kinetic energy by using the real-time observed momentum, providing a foundation for replacing the traditional methods for estimating kinetic energy of rainstorms.     

The bare bones of leaf-angle distribution in radiation models for canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange

The effects of leaf-angle distribution in radiation models for canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange can be accurately described by using as few as three leaf-angle classes (0–30°, 30–60° and 60–90°). On this basis, simple equations have been developed and tested for reflectance, extinction and distribution of radiation in leaf canopies. In these equations the spherical leaf-angle distribution, default in most models, serves as a point of reference.     

A new splash cup to measure the kinetic energy of rainfall

Splash cups have long been successfully used for both the quantification of kinetic energy of rainfall and the detachability of soil particles by rainfall impact, the so‐called “splash erosion”. Measurements of kinetic energy, however, have been difficult to operate in the field especially in remote areas, on steep slopes, and in forests since boundary conditions need to be controlled precisely. This paper introduces a new splash cup based on Ellison's archetype that reliably and accurately measures kinetic energy as a function of sand loss under a large variety of conditions. The Tübingen splash cup (T splash cup) is relatively easy to operate under harsh field conditions, and it can be used in experimental designs with a large number of plots and replications at reasonably low costs. The cup is constructed from plastic laboratory flasks and plastic pipes from water‐supply equipments. The unit sand is held by a removable carrier system that can easily be replaced in the field. The splash cups have been calibrated in combination with a laser distrometer using a linear regression function with r² = 0.98. They measure kinetic energy over a wide range of rainfall intensities from 0.6 to 40 L m^–2 h^–1. Kinetic energy per area varies between 10 and 250 J m^–2. Two years of field test measurements in a subtropical forest ecosystem in China proved the reliability, durability, and usability of our new splash cups and allowed detecting differences in kinetic energy between different tree species and biodiversity levels.     

番茄果实采后贮藏过程中的颜色动力学模型及其应用

研究了番茄采后成熟过程中果皮颜色的变化规律，发现色泽角（H°）、色泽比（a/b）和明度等主要颜色参数的变化均符合一级动力学模型，并由实验确定了各颜色模型的动力学参数：参考变化速率常数（K_ref）和反应活化能（E_α）。在此基础上，设计了一个色泽角-时温预测器，能够预测和监控果实采后贮藏的品质变化。     

阻尼喷头动能分布试验及模型

针对阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性研究较少的问题,该文研究了单位体积动能、动能强度与有无散水齿、不同喷嘴直径之间的关系。在工作压力分别为175、200、250和300 k Pa,喷嘴直径分别为3.6、4.0、4.4和4.8 mm下,采用激光雨滴谱仪对Nelson R33阻尼喷头的水滴直径、速度和数目等参数进行试验测试,并对试验结果分析及模型建立。结果表明:有无散水齿条件下的单位体积动能均有逐渐增大的趋势;距喷头相同测点处,单位体积动能随喷嘴直径的增大而减小;给出了有无散水齿下不同喷嘴阻尼喷头单位体积水滴动能分布模型,相关系数均在0.94以上;在距喷头0~4 m,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度较小且差值不超过0.002 W/m2,在距喷头较远处,不同喷嘴直径的动能强度差值较大,最大差值达到0.006 W/m2。有散水齿时,动能强度在不同压力下波动均比较小,差值不超过5%。该结果为进一步研究阻尼喷头外流场水力学特性提供理论依据。     

全射流喷头喷洒水滴动能分布规律

喷灌动能是评价喷头水力性能优劣的重要指标之一。该文在0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30和0.35 MPa工作压力下,采用激光雨滴谱仪测量技术(laser precipitation monitor,LPM)对全射流喷头的水滴直径、速度和水量分布等参数进行试验,研究了单个水滴动能、单位体积水滴动能、动能强度分布规律及动能强度均匀性系数与组合间距之间的关系。结果表明:全射流喷头的单个水滴动能分布与水滴直径之间的关系与该文所建立的模型拟合较好,呈幂函数关系;单位体积水滴动能沿径向呈一次函数关系增大,与压力的-0.556次方呈正比关系;动能强度沿径向逐渐增大,而在射程末端迅速减小至0,随压力增大而减小,且沿径向距离的增大而动能强度减小程度越大;在各工作压力下,全射流喷头的矩形最佳组合间距分别为1.2、1.0、1.1、1.0、1.1倍喷头射程;所对应的动能强度均匀性系数分别为56.6%、71.1%、76.2%、77.2%、72.9%。该结果对研究喷头外特性、优化喷头结构、喷灌系统优化配置提供了一定的理论价值。