间作豆类作物对玉米田中杂草防控作用的研究

采用玉米/豆科植物间作技术,通过在玉米行间撒播和条播豆类植物,研究玉米/豆科植物间作对抑制杂草生长的作用,防治玉米田杂草危害。结果表明,豆科植物通过与杂草的空间竞争,对玉米田中经常发生的杂草马唐、牛筋草、反枝苋、马齿苋等具有明显的控制效果,并对玉米有一定的增产作用。综合比较,绿豆撒播的种植方式对杂草的防控效果和对玉米的增产作用最好。     

Yield andin vitro nutritional quality of some leguminous seed protein isolates

Seed protein concentrates (SPC) were extracted from 4 leguminous species and the extractabilities of total N (nitrogen), protein N and SPC determined. In addition, composition, calorie value andin vitro enzymatic digestibility of these SPCs was analysed. Results indicate the promising nutritional potential of these SPCs.     

Herbage dry‐matter production and forage quality of three legumes and four non‐leguminous forbs grown in single‐species stands

Agronomic data on most broad‐leaved species of grasslands are scarce. The aim of this study was to obtain novel information on herbage DM yield and forage quality for several forb species, and on species differences and seasonal patterns across harvests and in successive years. Four non‐leguminous forbs [salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor), caraway (Carum carvi), chicory (Cichorium intybus) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata)] and three leguminous forbs [yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)] and a perennial ryegrass–white clover mixture were investigated in a small‐plot cutting trial in Denmark during 2009 and 2010. Plots were harvested four times per year. On average, annual herbage yield was highest for lucerne (15·4 t DM) and grass–white clover (12·5 t DM ha^?1), and lowest for salad burnet (4·6 t DM ha^?1) and yellow sweet clover (3·9 t DM ha^?1). Ribwort plantain and lucerne had the highest concentrations of acid detergent fibre (339 and 321 g kg^?1 DM respectively) and lignin (78 and 67 g kg^?1 DM respectively); contents in other species were similar to grass–white clover (275 and 49 g kg^?1 DM respectively). No common feature was found within the functional groups of non‐leguminous forbs and leguminous forbs, other than higher crude protein contents (198–206 g kg^?1 DM) in the legumes. DM yield and fibre content were lowest in October. Digestibility declined with higher temperature and increasing fibre content. Results are discussed in terms of the potential of forbs to contribute to forage resources in farming practice.     

Screening and Future Exploitation of Allelopathic Plants as Alternative Herbicides with Special Reference to Hairy Vetch

Summary

Allelopathic cover crops are one of the most promising application of allelopathy for weed control and reduce the synthetic herbicides input. Fifty three cover crop plant species (26 leguminous, 19 graminaceous and 8 others) were assessed for the allelopathic activity using Plant Box Method. It was found that leguminous cover crops such as hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens), graminaceous cover crops, such as oat (Avena sativa) and rye (Secale cereale), certain cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) were promising. By bioassay screening, 23 species were selected for field tests. Fall-sown cover crops such as hairy vetch, rye, wheat, oat, grass pea, and mustard are more effective when compared to spring-sown cover crops. Hairy vetch was most promising for the weed control in abandoned fields because of its ability to die off during summer season to make a thick straw-like mulch.     

Leaf protein content and yield of some Indian legumes

Eighty three leguminous species including crop plants, weeds and trees have been screened for their content of leaf protein as well as extractabilities of leaf protein, total N and protein N. Leaves ofCrotalaria sericea Retz. showed the heighest values for extractabilities of LP and protein N as well as total N content in leaf protein.Abbreviation LP leaf protein     

水稻中结瘤素基因的同源基因研究

 以核酸数据库中检索到的75个豆科植物结瘤素基因作为探针，应用生物信息学方法对水稻基因组进行扫描分析。在水稻基因组中发现有31个与结瘤素基因具有同源性的基因，与相应的结瘤素基因比对,它们的氨基酸序列一致性至少在35%以上。这表明在水稻基因组中广泛存在豆科植物结瘤素基因的同源基因。豆科植物结瘤素基因 enod40、蔗糖合成酶基因和Rab基因与水稻中对应的同源基因比较分析表明，它们属于直向同源基因，可能来自于共同的祖先基因，在长期进化过程中豆科植物结瘤素基因受根瘤器官形成的需求而发生变异。然而，另有44个豆科结瘤素基因在水稻基因组中未显示有同源性基因的存在，这些结瘤素基因在豆科植物与根瘤菌建立共生过程中起着重要的作用。推测可能是由于水稻中缺少了这些豆科结瘤素基因，导致水稻不能结瘤固氮。     

Trypsin inhibitors of broad bean (Vicia faba L.)

We have isolated and purified two trypsin inhibitors from broad bean(Vicia faba L.). On the evidence of acrylamide gel electrophoresis these two inhibitors, labelled BBTI-1 and BBTI-2, are pure and distinct. Trypsin inactivation and stability studies indicate that BBTI-2 has the greater specific activity and is the more heat stable than BBTI-1. The amino acid pattern confirms the distinctness of the two inhibitors. From qualitative evidence it is inferred that two inhibitors are not simple proteins, but possibly glycoproteins which could explain the stability characteristics observed.

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Zusammenfassung Wir haben aus Dicken Bohnen(Vicia faba) zwei Trypsin-Inhibitoren isoliert und gereinigt. Nach den Befunden der Acrylamidgel-Elektrophorese sind diese beiden Inhibitoren, mit den Bezeichnungen BBTI-1 und BBTI-2, rein und von einander verschieden. Trypsin-Inaktivierungs- und Stabilisierungs-Versuche ergaben, daß BBTI-2 eine größere spezifische Aktivität besitzt und hitzestabiler ist als BBTI-1. Die Aminosäurenzusammensetzung bestätigt die Verschiedenheit der beiden Inhibitoren. Aus den qualitativen Befunden kann gefolgert werden, daß zwei Inhibitoren nicht einfache Proteine sind, aber möglicherweise Glycoproteine, die den beobachteten stabilen Charakter erklären würden.

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Paper presented at the conference of the International Association for Quality Research on Food Plants (CIQ) held in common with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung (Pflanzliche Nahrungsmittel) e.V. (DGQ) in Berlin on 5th October 1972.     

刚果12号桉叶片水抽提物对4种植物幼苗生长的影响

采用盆栽法研究了刚果12号桉叶片水抽提物在水分胁迫（水渍与干旱）和养分缺乏与丰足的环境条件下对4种植物生长的影响。结果表明，植物种类与盆栽基质的肥力是影响植物幼苗生长的关键因素，而桉叶水抽提物与土壤水分对植物幼苗的生长虽有影响，但与前二相比作用较小。因此，在退化的桉树人工林地重建林下植被，首先应选择耐瘠薄、耐旱性强和对化感作用不敏感的植物，如柱花草等豆科植物，既能自身固氮，又能通过循环增加土壤养分，当然应该注意豆科与禾本科搭配。结果还表明，在逆境条件下，桉树的化感作用会增强，并与其它因素互相作用，抑制林下植被生长。     

Soil acidification induced by leguminous crops

Solution culture and greenhouse studies have both clearly demonstrated the ability of legumes to acidify their rooting medium. Furthermore, research workers comparing the pH beneath undisturbed sites versus all-legume pastures or all-grass versus all-legume (or grass-legume) pastures have observed a lower soil pH under the leguminous pastures. The processes leading to legume-induced soil acidification are reviewed and discussed.
The growth of legumes which are fixing atmospheric N₂ involves the excess uptake of nutrient cations over anions from soil solution. This results in the net efflux of H₃O⁺ ions from plant roots into the rhizosphere.
When virgin lands are sown with legumes the accumulation of soil organic matter, with a consequent increase in cation exchange capacity and exchange acidity, is an important contributing factor to the long-term decline in surface soil (0–10 cm) pH. Nonetheless, such a phenomenon does not explain the decrease in pH below 10 cm soil depth nor the lower pH below leguminous than all-grass pastures. The efflux of H₃O⁺ ions from the legume roots may have an important effect on the soil pH under such conditions. The loss of symbiotically fixed N; from the system through leaching of NO₃⁻ - N may also contribute to soil acidification under leguminous pastures.     

Use of Ascorbic and Citric Acids to Increase Dialyzable Iron From Vinal (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prosopis ruscifolia</Emphasis>) Pulp

Vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia) is an ecologically important wild leguminous tree that grows spontaneously in Argentine deforested lands, the fruit of which is consumed by humans and animals. Because considerable iron content with low to intermediate availability has been previously reported in vinal pulps, its enhancement would be of interest. Iron availability was determined as iron dialyzability using an in vitro technique. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate iron availability increase after adding ascorbic and/or citric acids to vinal pulp at different mM acid/mM Fe ratios. Those ratios ranged from 0.05:1 to 9.95:1 and from 0.5:1 to 99.5:1 for ascorbic acid/Fe (AA:Fe) and citric acid/Fe (CA:Fe), respectively. The obtained second- and first-order polynomial equations showed that AA:Fe and CA:Fe molar ratios linear terms had a significant effect on iron dialyzability increase (P 0.05). It was possible to enhance iron availability to a maximum of 4.6 times. Additional confirmatory experiments were made adding the same organic acids to different vinal pulps and to a traditional cake prepared with vinal pulp called patay. There were no significant differences (p <0.05) between predicted values obtained by the model and experimental results.     

长期培肥下红黄壤区茶园土壤酶活性的变化

通过红黄壤区茶园长期培肥试验,研究不施肥、全量化肥、半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥、半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等不同培肥模式对土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,各培肥模式均能不同程度提高土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性,特别是半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥的培肥模式可显著增强这3种酶的活性,分别增加了2.82、7.73、0.33倍,而长期施用化肥对这些酶活性的促进作用则较小。此外,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、土壤含水量、茶树株高及茶叶产量与土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均有显著正相关性,说明这些酶对培肥模式的变化反应灵敏,可作为红黄壤区茶园土壤肥力水平和茶树生长状况的评价指标;而与过氧化氢酶活性的相关性较弱,该酶活性不能较好地表征土壤肥力状况。因此,半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥的培肥模式更有利于加快土壤中氮、磷等营养元素的循环,增加茶树的养分供应。     

A comparison of in vivo and in vitro estimates of protein digestibility of native and thermally processed vegetable proteins

Research was performed to determine the suitability of the rapid multienzymatic assay for in vitro protein digestibility estimation by using a group of native and thermally processed vegetable proteins which constitute the staple foods in developing countries. The in vitro digestibility was assessed by measuring the extent to which the pH of the protein suspension dropped when treated with a multienzyme system consisting of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and peptidase for 10 min, andStreptomyces griseus protease for 10 min more. The best correlation occurred between in vivo rat protein digestibility and the pH of the protein suspension after 15 min enzymatic treatment. The response of different types of proteins to the multienzyme assay was different, and thus distinct equations were derived for the in vitro digestibility estimation of the samples assayed. The first group included nonprocessed cereal grains and oilseeds, and cereal grain-leguminous seed mixtures. The second group was formed by leguminous seeds, and the third by thermally processed cereal and oilseed products. Although highly significant correlations between in vivo and in vitro estimates for the three groups were found, important differences occurred in the group of processed samples; therefore, more research is required with these types of samples.     

椰园/牧草间作:主间作物之间相互的影响

进行了椰园间作牧草生态系统的研究。通过不同类型椰园间作不同品种牧草的适应性试验,观测了不同主间作物栽培方式中椰园根系分布、土壤养分与温度、主间作物生长及产量等方面的变化。结果表明:(1)在种植密度为10m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在50%以上)中,禾本科和豆科牧草均能正常生长;在8m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度约在30%左右)中,多数牧草品种能正常生长;在6m×6m的椰园(相对光照强度不足30%)中,只有少数禾本科牧草能基本正常生长。(2)禾本科牧草与椰树组成的系统稳定性比豆科牧草的好。(3)间作物一般应距幼树1m、成龄树2m以外的地方种植。(4)合理压青培肥与科学防治金龟子害虫,有利于加强主间作物生态系统的稳定性。      

Nitrogen Fixation as a Stress-Avoidance Strategy Among Actinorhizal (Non-Legume) Trees and Shrubs

Summary

Actinorhizal species of trees and shrubs are a diverse group of plants that may survive in poor soils by virtue of their associations with the actinomycete Frankia. These species include several important woody plants that are well suited for horticultural use in temperate climates. The symbiosis between Frankia and actinorhizal species shows some similarity to symbioses between rhizobia and woody legumes, and a common ancestor has been proposed for the predisposition to root-nodule symbiosis. Despite their probable common origin, important differences exist between actinorhizal and leguminous symbioses; characteristics of the microsymbiont, nodule architecture, and mechanisms controlling oxygen relations of the nodule are among the ways the two systems differ. If nitrogen fixation is sustained under unfavorable conditions, woody plants that associate with nitrogen-fixing organisms may show enhanced tolerance of environmental stress; species of plants capable of nitrogen-fixing symbioses are known to have comparatively strong resistance to invasion by pathogens. Expansion of the capacity to form nitrogen-fixing symbioses to novel species is a goal of those concerned with the economic and ecological impact of chemical fertilizers. Small in-roads have been made in this regard, but much remains to be discovered about introducing nitrogen fixation to additional species. Herein we review biological aspects of actinorhizal symbioses; consider the horticultural potential of temperate, woody species that form these symbioses; and discuss how nitrogen-fixing symbiosis may impact the stress resistance and use of actinorhizal species as horticultural crops.     

Sulphur supply affects morphology,growth and nutritional status of Tanzania Guinea grass and Mineirão stylo

Forage plants constitute the primary food source for ruminants, and their aboveground growth and belowground growth depend on mineral nutrient supply. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify variation in morphology, production and nutritional status in Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia and Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão grown with varying levels of S availability. In an experimental setting, plants of both species received rates of S calculated to reflect suboptimum, adequate and excessive levels of the element. S had a direct effect on morphology and production in both species. S limitation altered the allocation of photosynthates between the aboveground and belowground portions of Guinea grass and stylo, and was associated with lower root dry mass production. Guinea grass plants increased root surface area as an adaptive mechanism when S was limiting in the growth medium. The relative chlorophyll index of recently expanded leaves was correlated with aboveground dry mass production. After the initial growth, Guinea grass and stylo plants showed similar S requirements and use efficiency to achieve the maximum of aboveground productivity, although leguminous plants have a substantially higher capacity for store S in the shoot tissue as compared to gramineous plants growing under similar availability of S in the medium. While applying S was necessary for increasing dry mass production in both species, planting these species together is a promising strategy for guaranteeing high yields of forage with a nutritional value that satisfies the S requirements of ruminants.     

Protein quality of some Nigerian traditional diets based on the African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)

The protein quality of Nigerian traditional diets based on the African yambean (AYB) and pigeon pea (PP) were performed by in vivo and in vitro bioassays. The individual foods were processed, cooked, dried and mixed to resemble the traditional diets. Weanling male Wistar rats (45–55 g) were used for the bioassay. The rats were fed ad libitum for 35 days of which 28 days were for growth and 7 days for N-balance. All the eleven diets including casein (control) provided 1.6 g N/100 g diet. The parameters tested include PER, growth, N-balance, BV, NPU and apparent digestibility (AD). The rats fed the AYB diets, except AYB: Agidi (Ag), showed superiority in most of the parameters tested. There were significant positive correlations between PER and NPU (r=0.925;p<0.001); PER and AD (r=0.908;p<0.001); PER and body weight gain (r=0.969;p<0.001). The in vitro protein digestibility of the diets was significantly correlated (r=0.80;p<0.01) with the in vivo apparent digestibility. These parameters were used to rank the various diets. Crayfish protein was a better supplement to legume/cereal or legume starchy staple mixtures than leguminous oil seed. However, supplementation of PP: steamed corn (SC) diet with crayfish did not prove beneficial. The result showed that diets based on the African yambean, an under-exploited legume, are nutritious. The need for its reintroduction into the fare of the populace through increased production and appropriate processing technology is stressed. The results of this study can form a base for the standardization of Nigerian diets based on these legumes.     

Effect of wilting,silage additive,PEG treatment and tannin content on the distribution of N between different fractions after ensiling of three different sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) varieties

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a tanniniferous, leguminous plant that has potentially beneficial effects on protein utilization in ruminants. As ensiling causes protein breakdown and elevated levels of buffer soluble N (BSN), we studied the distribution of N before and after ensiling sainfoin. Three varieties of sainfoin were either direct‐cut and frozen directly or wilted and frozen before later ensiling in mini‐silos with and without acidification with Promyr (PM; an acidifying commercial mixture of propionic and formic acid) and with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG). Extractable tannins (ET) and protein‐bound tannins (PBT) were measured with an HCl/butanol method in an attempt to correlate tannin levels to N fractions. The sainfoin silages showed good ensiling characteristics and had relatively high concentrations of undegraded protein. The effect of wilting on BSN levels (g/kg N) was dependent on sainfoin variety (P < 0·001). PEG increased and PM decreased the level of BSN in the silages (P < 0·001). PM treatment also produced less non‐protein N and ammonia‐N (P < 0·05) as compared with no additive. Addition of PEG to the silage increased the BSN‐proportion 1·8‐ and 2·6‐fold for both DM stages. A strong tannin‐protein binding effect is, therefore, confirmed in sainfoin. However, correlations between tannin levels (ET and PBT) and BSN were poor in the (non‐PEG) silages, indicating either that the HCl/butanol method is unsuitable for measuring tannin in silages or that qualitative attributes of tannins are more relevant than quantitative. The HCl/butanol method seems therefore not to be useful to predict degradation of protein in sainfoin silages.     

Microhabitat effects on herbaceous nutrient concentrations at the community and species level in Mediterranean open woodlands: the role of species composition

The presence of a woody canopy in open oak woodlands affects not only the nutrition but also the species composition of the herbaceous community. Yet, the contribution of both effects (changes in nutrient concentrations and species composition) to total resources that are captured by the herbaceous community is not well understood. We assessed the mineral nutrition (N, P, K and Ca) of three herbaceous species and the herbaceous community as well as the species composition in contrasting microhabitats (beneath trees, beneath a leguminous shrub and in open spaces). Both trees and shrubs increased the nutrient concentrations of the herbaceous species that were studied, except for Taraxacum officinale. Their effects were less consistent when the entire community was considered and depended upon the nutrient being analysed. Species richness and N, P and K concentrations were positively associated, suggesting that more nutrients are captured by the herbaceous community as diversity increases. Our results suggest a close relationship between species composition and nutritional value at the community level that may explain the discrepancies observed between both levels of analysis (species vs. community). Thus, farm-level strategies based on the whole herbaceous community may overlook processes operating at the species level, which can be relevant to achieve sustainable management.     

植物单宁及其对牧草品质的影响研究进展芋.单宁对牧草品质和反刍动物养殖的影响

概述了植物单宁的有益作用、抗营养作用,豆科饲料单宁的适宜含量,以及单宁抗营养作用的抑制措施的研究进展。     

强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的作用

针对我国日趋严峻的粮油安全形势,近年来《中央一号文件》对农业种植结构进行了全面的、科学的调整：“生产上重点是保口粮,油料重点发展油菜和花生;东北地区扩种大豆杂粮薯类和饲草作物,构建合理轮作制度;黄淮海地区重点是扩种花生、大豆和饲草作物”。以豆科作物为主体的北方现代农业种植制度对保障粮油安全生产、饲草的供应以及农民增收具有重大意义。首先,从生产布局看,北方区域（东北、西北及黄淮海）是油料作物大豆、花生、杂豆以及饲草作物苜蓿主要产区。其中,大豆种植面积和产量分别约占全国68%和66%、花生分别占全国的63%和70%。其次,从豆科作物的生态效益来看,可实现用地与养地相结合、充分利用生态位优势、提高资源利用率。目前,北方豆科作物种植模式主要有：单作、间套作（玉米‖大豆、花生,玉米‖蚕豆、玉米‖豌豆等）、 轮作（大豆-冬小麦,夏花生-冬小麦,绿豆-冬小麦等）等生态友好型耕作制度。其中,玉米‖大豆、花生宽幅间作是农业部在黄淮海区域主要推广模式,具有经济、社会、生态效益,能有效缓解“粮油争地、人畜争粮”矛盾,大幅提高 粮油综合生产能力。通过加大国家农业政策调控,培育和推广大豆和花生耐阴、抗旱、高产及玉米矮秆、抗旱、高产 新品种,提高农业全程机械化水平和科技服务效率等措施,进一步提高农民生产积极性,强化豆科作物在北方现代农业结构中的比重和作用。