Application of RFLP analysis of recA, gyrA and rpoS gene fragments for rapid differentiation of Erwinia amylovora from Erwinia strains isolated in Korea and Japan

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the PCR amplified fragments of recA, gyrA and rpoS genes was applied for the characterization of Erwinia amylovora and Erwinia strains, which cause fire blight and Asian pear blight in orchards. Primers, constructed on the basis of the published recA, gyrA and rpoS gene sequences of Erwinia carotovora, allowed us to amplify DNA fragments for RFLP differentiation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae and finally to distinguish strains within these species and relate them to pear pathogens from Japan. Three to seven restriction endonucleases were applied for RFLP analysis of each gene fragment. The electrophoretic patterns generated after PCR–RFLP for each of the tested genes, were characteristic and specific for each species and allowed their differentiation. The data show that PCR–RFLP analysis of the recA, gyrA and rpoS gene fragments may be considered as a useful tool for the identification and differentiation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae. Almost identical restriction patterns of the analyzed gene fragments indicated a high relationship of E. pyrifoliae strains from Korea and pear pathogens from Japan and a divergence to E. amylovora. For quick and effective differentiation of E. amylovora strains from Erwinia strains from Asia without nucleotide sequencing we recommend the amplification of recA and rpoS gene fragments and digestion of each of them with restriction endonuclease Hin6I.     

FgLEU1在禾谷镰刀菌亮氨酸生物合成及产毒致病中起关键作用

为挖掘新型药剂的潜在靶标,利用靶向基因敲除和互补技术研究赤霉病病原菌禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum中必需氨基酸亮氨酸合成酶编码基因FgLEU1的功能,并测定禾谷镰刀菌的生物学表型。结果表明,FgLEU1编码亮氨酸合成途径中的3-异丙基苹果酸脱水酶,其敲除突变体表现亮氨酸营养缺陷。生物学表型测定结果显示,与野生型菌株相比,FgLEU1敲除突变体的产孢量和孢子萌发率显著下降,产孢量仅为野生型菌株的20.96%,培养4 h后孢子萌发率下降了49.45%,且合成脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇（呕吐毒素）能力丧失,在麦穗上的致病力下降,仅能侵染接种小穗,赤霉病症状不能扩展。外源添加一定量的亮氨酸、FgLeu1催化产物或导入含启动子的全长FgLEU1基因可以恢复敲除突变体表型缺陷。表明FgLEU1基因在禾谷镰刀菌亮氨酸合成、菌丝孢子形成及产毒致病过程中发挥着重要作用,可作为新型安全杀菌剂的潜在研发靶标,用于持续有效控制麦类赤霉病和镰刀菌毒素。     

Q型烟粉虱芳香基硫酸酯酶B基因的克隆及表达分析

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci取食感染番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)的番茄植株后,其体内的芳香基硫酸酯酶B基因(arylsulfatase B,ARSB)是否能够做出应答反应,基于Q型烟粉虱基因组数据克隆得到ARSB基因cDNA全长,采用生物信息学方法分析其序列特征,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定ARSB基因在Q型烟粉虱不同发育阶段、不同组织及携带TYLCV前后的表达量变化情况。结果显示:Q型烟粉虱ARSB基因的cDNA全长为1 731 bp,编码576个氨基酸,分子量为64.89 kD,具有ARSB的保守结构域。ARSB基因在Q型烟粉虱不同发育阶段均有表达,在卵期表达量最高,成虫期表达量最低;该基因在Q型烟粉虱头胸部的表达量显著高于腹部;Q型烟粉虱获取TYLCV 72 h后其体内ARSB基因表达量显著提高。表明ARSB基因在Q型烟粉虱不同龄期、不同组织内存在差异表达,并可能参与Q型烟粉虱对TYLCV的响应和传毒过程。     

Rwt4 , a wheat gene for resistance to Avena isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae , functions as a gene for resistance to Panicum isolates in Japan

Rwt4 (synonym of Rmg1), a temperature-insensitive gene for resistance to Avena isolates of Magnaporthe oryzae, was identified in wheat cultivar Norin 4 in a seedling assay. The significance of Rwt4 was evaluated using flag leaves of wheat cultivars. At high temperature, Norin 4 was completely resistant to Avena isolate Br58, while Chinese Spring, a noncarrier of Rwt4, was susceptible. Genetic analysis of F₂ plants derived from Norin 4 × Chinese Spring indicated that the resistance of flag leaves of Norin 4 to the Avena isolate is conditioned by a single major gene. Segregation analysis of F₃ seedlings derived from the F₂ plants showed that the major gene is actually Rwt4. These results suggest that Rwt4 is effective against Avena isolates throughout the growth stages. Furthermore, screening of Pyricularia isolates from various hosts suggested that Panicum isolates are possible carriers of the corresponding avirulence gene, PWT4. Segregation analyses of F₂ and F₃ seedlings showed that Panicum isolates actually carry PWT4, and, therefore, that Rwt4 is also effective against Panicum isolates. On the other hand, none of the Oryza, Setaria, Triticum, and Lolium isolates tested was a carrier of PWT4. The significance of this finding is discussed from the viewpoint of epidemics of blast disease on wheat.     

抗精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆看麦娘ACCase和ALS基因突变

为明确看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis抗性种群YL的靶标抗性机制,采用基因克隆法对看麦娘抗性和敏感种群间乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)和乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)基因序列进行扩增、克隆和测序,比对二者ACCase和ALS基因序列的差异,探寻其产生抗药性突变的基因位点,同时测定该突变型抗性种群YL对不同ACCase和ALS抑制剂类除草剂的交互抗性。结果显示,与看麦娘敏感种群TL相比,抗性种群YL的ACCase基因CT区域第2 041位氨基酸由异亮氨酸(ATT)突变为天冬酰胺酸(AAT),ALS基因Domain A区域第197位氨基酸由脯氨酸(CCC)突变为精氨酸(CGC)。看麦娘抗性种群YL对ACCase抑制剂炔草酯产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数为43.96,对高效氟吡甲禾灵和精喹禾灵产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为18.33和15.87,对唑啉草酯、烯草酮和烯禾啶较敏感;对ALS抑制剂氟唑磺隆产生了低水平抗性,抗性倍数为8.39,对啶磺草胺和咪唑乙烟酸较敏感。表明ACCase基因第2 041位和ALS基因第197位氨基酸突变是导致看麦娘抗性种群YL对精噁唑禾草灵和甲基二磺隆同时产生抗性的重要原因之一。     

二穗短柄草细胞分裂素氧化酶BdCKX编码基因的克隆及功能分析

细胞分裂素是一类重要的植物激素,通过控制细胞分裂、诱导促进芽萌发生长等方面控制植物发育。细胞分裂素的代谢主要通过细胞分裂素氧化酶来进行,在作物性状改良和抗旱品种培育方面具有重要的研究价值。为研究麦类作物细胞分裂素氧化酶功能,本实验采用同源克隆的方法,在二穗短柄草中获得了一个与拟南芥细胞分裂素氧化酶基因At CKX3高度同源的候选基因,命名为Bd CKX。将该基因与p CXSN质粒连接构建植物超表达载体,并以农杆菌介导法转化二穗短柄草植物幼胚。所获得的阳性转基因植株生长迟缓,茎短,叶片小,地上部分变小。另外,组织表达谱分析表明Bd CKX在二穗短柄草生长发育的不同时期和不同组织中具有不同的表达模式,在生长40天的植株叶片中表达量有明显升高。由于细胞分裂素氧化酶编码基因在早熟禾亚科物种中较为保守,本研究为理解麦类作物的发育调控机制和遗传改良麦类作物生长提供必要的理论基础。     

芹菜APX基因家族鉴定及其表达分析

抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（Ascorbate peroxidase, APX）是植物活性氧代谢中重要的抗氧化酶之一,在植物抵抗氧化胁迫方面发挥重要作用。利用生物信息学方法对芹菜基因组中的APX基因家族成员进行鉴定和分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（quantitative real\|time PCR, qRT-PCR）验证分析AgAPXs在高温胁迫下的表达情况,为开展芹菜APX基因参与高温胁迫调控机制提供依据。结果表明：芹菜基因组中共有9个APX基因,随机分布在5个染色体上,并出现了基因片段复制现象;大多数基因被定位在细胞质中。系统发育分析表明,AgAPX基因家族可分为3个亚族,同一亚族中的成员具有相似的基因结构和基序。启动子顺式元件分析表明,大多数AgAPX基因含有多种与生长发育、植物激素和逆境胁迫相关的顺式元件。高温胁迫下,芹菜APX活性提高。qRT-PCR分析表明,AgAPXs在不同时间的高温处理下表达具有显著差异,并与转录组表达丰度相一致,AgAPX2、AgAPX3、AgAPX4、AgAPX5、AgAPX7的表达量和APX活性具有显著相关性,推测AgAPXs可能参与了芹菜抵御高温的调控过程。本研究初步鉴定并提供了芹菜APX基因家族成员信息,为今后进一步探索芹菜APX基因功能提供了重要的研究基础。     

外源ABA和钨酸钠对干旱胁迫下白菜型冬油菜ZEP表达的影响

为研究白菜型冬油菜玉米黄质环氧酶(ZEP)基因在干旱胁迫下响应外源ABA的分子机制,本研究选择白菜型冬油菜陇油7号和天油4号为试验材料,分别喷施蒸馏水、ABA溶液、钨酸钠溶液、ABA+钨酸钠溶液200 mL后置于植物培养箱干旱处理7 d。采用RT-PCR和qPCR等技术进行ZEP基因克隆和表达分析,结果表明:该基因包含一个长度为2 013 bp的ORF,编码含670个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,理论等电点为6.16,属于亲水性蛋白。该基因与拟南芥、甘蓝型油菜的同源性分别为89.25%和99.40%。实时荧光定量分析表明,干旱胁迫可诱导白菜型冬油菜ZEP基因上调表达,外源喷施ABA后陇油7号叶片ZEP基因相对表达量较CK升高66.64%,喷施外源ABA合成抑制剂钨酸钠后陇油7号叶片ZEP基因表达量较CK降低12.74%,而同时喷施外源ABA和钨酸钠后,干旱胁迫下陇油7号、天油4号叶片ZEP基因表达量较CK分别增加了3.3倍和2.28倍,陇油7号叶片中的ZEP基因表达量较根系高21.61%,表明ZEP基因在白菜型冬油菜抗旱中可能发挥一定作用。     

猕猴桃溃疡病菌不致病菌株G230的鉴定及形成原因分析

为探索田间猕猴桃溃疡病菌Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae(Psa)致病力丧失的分子机制,针对从猕猴桃果园中分离获得的1株不致病菌株G230,通过特异性引物检测和多基因序列分析明确其分类地位,并设计引物检测其是否由已知遗传变异引起,通过比较基因组学、基因表达、超敏反应和荧光素酶报告菌株检测确定引起菌株G230致病力丧失的原因。结果表明,不致病菌株G230为Psa生物型3(Psa3),其致病缺陷不是由已报道的遗传变异引起;基于基因组比较分析发现菌株G230中的hrpS基因被转座子ISPsy36插入破坏,导致Ⅲ型分泌系统（type Ⅲ secretion system,T3SS）不能正常表达;而在不致病菌株G230中表达hrpS基因后能恢复其T3SS功能,使其具备致病能力及激发非寄主超敏反应的能力。表明转座子ISPsy36插入hrpS基因内部可以破坏Psa的T3SS功能进而使其丧失致病力,这是自然条件下Psa3丧失致病力的一种新型机制。     

棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的克隆及表达分析

为明确转录因子广泛锌指复合物（broad-complex,BR-C）Z4亚型在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育过程中的作用,基于2-十三烷酮（2-tridecanone,2-TD）处理的棉铃虫幼虫中肠转录组数据克隆获得BR-C Z4的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）序列,对其氨基酸序列和编码蛋白质进行生物信息学分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR）技术分析BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫不同龄期、不同组织和2-TD处理6龄幼虫中的表达规律以及其和Ⅳ型几丁质酶（chitinase IV,CHT4）编码基因在4~6龄初、末期幼虫中的表达规律。结果表明,克隆获得的棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的ORF为1 347 bp,编码448个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白质的分子量和理论等电点分别为49.8 kD和7.75,且主要定位于细胞核中。系统进化分析结果显示,棉铃虫BR-C Z4与家蚕Bombyx mori和烟草天蛾Manduca sexta的BR-C Z4亲缘关系最近。BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫整个生长期均有表达,在3龄期的相对表达量最低而在预蛹期的相对表达量最高;该基因在棉铃虫6龄幼虫的脂肪体、中肠、体壁和头部均有表达,在头部的相对表达量最低,在中肠中的相对表达量最高; BR-C Z4和CHT4基因在棉铃虫4~6龄末期幼虫中的相对表达量均显著高于4~6龄初期幼虫;相关性分析结果显示BR-C Z4和CHT4的相对表达量呈极显著正相关;随着2-TD处理浓度的增加,棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的相对表达量总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其中15 mg/g浓度处理20 h时BR-C Z4基因相对表达量达到峰值,而20 mg/g浓度处理6 h时BR-C Z4基因相对表达量降到最低,为对照的22.73%。推测BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫变态发育和应对2-TD胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。     

星豹蛛PaCYP3001U16基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究细胞色素P450基因在星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera体内的表达特性及对溴氰菊酯胁迫的响应,采用反转录PCR技术克隆其细胞色素P450基因并进行序列分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)技术分析其在星豹蛛各发育阶段及雌雄成蛛不同部位的表达水平,同时分析其在溴氰菊酯不同浓度胁迫下和不同处理时间后的表达模式。结果显示,在星豹蛛雌成蛛中克隆得到1个细胞色素P450基因,其开放阅读框为1 473 bp,编码490个氨基酸,命名为PaCYP3001U16(GenBank登录号为MZ643213)。PaCYP3001U16基因在星豹蛛各发育阶段均有表达,其中在成蛛期的表达量最高,在6龄幼蛛期的表达量最低;该基因在雌雄成蛛腹部的表达量显著高于在头胸部及足部的表达量。星豹蛛雄成蛛经LC10(5.151 mg/L)、LC30(8.619 mg/L)和LC50(12.311 mg/L)溴氰菊酯处理12 h,PaCYP3001U16基因的表达量均被抑制,且在LC50处理下表达量最低。PaCYP3001U16基因经LC30溴氰菊酯处理...     

小菜蛾Toll-6基因的克隆及功能分析

为探究Toll-6基因在小菜蛾Plutella xylostella先天免疫中的功能,对克隆鉴定的Toll-6基因序列进行生物信息学分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测Toll-6基因的时空表达模式及微生物侵染响应模式,体外验证其在微生物结合、病原相关分子模式（pathogen associated molecular pattern,PAMP）结合和细菌凝集等方面的功能。结果表明：Toll-6基因全长2 313 bp,编码770个氨基酸,预测Toll-6蛋白具有富含亮氨酸重复序列（leucine-rich repeats,LRR）胞外区、跨膜区和Toll/白介素-1受体同源（Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homologous,TIR）胞内等典型Toll受体家族特征;Toll-6基因在不同发育阶段及不同组织中均有表达,其中成虫期表达量最高,4龄幼虫期次之,在4龄幼虫中肠表达量最高;此外,苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis菌株Bt8010侵染小菜蛾4龄幼虫6 h后,Toll-6基因表达被显著抑制,而黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcesc...     

Comparison between the N and Me3 genes conferring resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in genetically different pepper lines (Capsicum annuum)

Genetic resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in pepper (Capsicum annuum) has been well characterised for the N and Me3 resistance genes. However, there are no studies comparing the effects of these two genes directly or investigating the combined effects when both genes are present together. Several studies were undertaken to investigate the relationship of the N and Me3 gene systems to one another and to assess whether these two genes are allelic or truly separate genes. Two genotypes homozygous for the N gene (‘Carolina Wonder’ and ‘Charleston Belle’) and two genotypes homozygous for the Me3 gene (HDA 149 and PM 687) were compared in a replicated greenhouse test for reaction to M. incognita race 3. There were no significant differences between the resistant reactions of genotypes possessing the N or Me3 gene. Allelism tests were performed using the F2 populations of the parental genotypes HDA 149 × ‘Charleston Belle’ and HDA 149 × ‘Carolina Wonder’. The results of these studies clearly show the N and Me3 genes to be distinct, separate dominant resistance genes conferring resistance to M. incognita race 3 and not alleles of the same gene.     

Polyphosphate kinase is essential for swarming motility, tolerance to environmental stresses, and virulence in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605

Polyphosphate kinase (PPK), encoded by the ppk gene, is a principal enzyme responsible for synthesis of inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) from ATP in many Gram-negative bacteria. In order to elucidate the functions of poly P in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 6605, an in-frame deletion mutant of the ppk gene (ppk) was constructed. The ppk mutant did not accumulate poly P, whereas the wild-type strain accumulated a large quantity. The mutant had reduced swarming motility, even though it retains swimming motility like the parental strain. The mutant exhibited increased sensitivity to prolonged incubation and environmental stresses, such as heat shock and oxidative stress and reduced exopolysaccharide (EPS) production compared to the wild-type. Northern blot analysis revealed that expression of the rpoS gene, encoding the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS, was reduced in ppk in the logarithmic phase, indicating that rpoS is regulated by the ppk gene. The poly P deficient mutant had significantly reduced ability to cause disease in its host tobacco plant and in planta growth of the mutant was also significantly reduced in host tobacco leaves as compared to the wild-type strain. Thus, our results suggest that poly P plays an important role in the virulence of P. syringae pv. tabaci 6605.     

Hsp90 gene, an additional target for discrimination between the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, and the related species, G. tabacum tabacum

The heat-shock gene, Hsp90, was targeted as a new variable genomic region to supplement other DNA-based tests for identification and discrimination of Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis and G. tabacum tabacum. Populations of the potato cyst nematodes, G. pallida and G. rostochiensis (PCN), originating from Canada, France, Belgium and USA, together with two populations of G. tabacum tabacum from the USA and France were used for the amplification of a fragment of the Hsp90 gene. General and specific primers and probes for each species were derived from the consensus and non-consensus regions of the aligned sequences, respectively. A triplex conventional PCR assay, using a general forward and reverse or three specific reverse primers, as well as a real-time PCR using general primers and specific TaqMan probes, were developed. Melting curve analysis and restriction fragment polymorphisms using high resolution electrophoresis were explored for identifying PCR amplicons that characterized and discriminated the three Globodera species in both pure and mixed samples. Results from the different molecular assay strategies confirmed the usefulness of Hsp90 as a new additional gene target and showed that several different test options could be used for discrimination of PCN.     

甜菜夜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性种群选育及鱼尼丁受体基因表达特征

为明确甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性发展及抗性种群中鱼尼丁受体(ryanodine receptor,RyR)基因的表达量变化,室内采用饲料混毒法进行甜菜夜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性选育,荧光定量PCR技术研究了抗性和敏感种群之间RyR基因mRNA表达量的差异。结果表明,室内选育31代后获得一个抗性倍数为105.60倍的甜菜夜蛾抗性种群,其mRNA表达量在甜菜夜蛾不同发育阶段及抗性种群和敏感种群之间均存在差异,以表达量最低的卵期作为对照,抗性种群中1龄幼虫表达量最高,是卵期的154.58倍;其次是雄性成虫,其表达量是卵期的101.51倍;2~5龄幼虫分别是卵期的59.56、35.35、72.99和19.84倍。抗性种群中1、2和4龄幼虫mRNA表达量分别是敏感种群的5.99、2.79和2.14倍,其余阶段低于敏感种群。表明甜菜夜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗药性可能主要表现在幼虫阶段,RyR基因的表达量变化与氯虫苯甲酰胺诱导有关。     

凸脐蠕孢菌玉米、高粱专化型的细胞壁降解酶活性及基因表达分析

为探明玉米专化型和高粱专化型凸脐蠕孢菌的细胞壁降解酶在致病过程中的作用,采用酶活性检测方法测定了2种专化型的细胞壁降解酶活性,并检测了相关基因的表达。结果表明:高粱专化型凸脐蠕孢菌的聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)活性为115.84 U/mg,略高于玉米专化型;玉米专化型的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(Cx)的活性分别为151.76 U/mg和168.53 U/mg,略高于高粱专化型;且同一种专化型菌株的细胞壁降解酶活性存在差异。2种专化型的细胞壁降解酶基因表达量存在差异,Cx基因在2种专化型互作过程中均随病程的延长而大幅度上调表达;高粱专化型的PG基因随病程的延长大幅度上调表达,而玉米专化型的PG基因随病程的延长上调表达量有所下降;高粱专化型的PMG基因随病程的延长大幅度上调表达,而玉米专化型的PMG基因随病程的延长下调表达。推测产酶能力、基因表达和基因时间表达的差异可能是引起凸脐蠕孢菌专化型致病专化性的诱因之一。     

棉铃虫过氧化物还原酶基因Prx4的鉴定及功能分析

为探究过氧化物还原酶（peroxiredoxin,Prx）在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫体内的功能,利用转录组数据鉴定得到了棉铃虫Prx4基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR）测定该基因在棉铃虫不同发育阶段和5龄幼虫不同组织中的相对表达,利用原核表达和RNA干扰方法探究该基因的功能。结果表明,Prx4基因开放阅读框长为744 bp,编码248个氨基酸,系统进化树和同源序列多重比对结果显示该基因属于典型的2-Cys过氧化物酶家族;Prx4基因广泛分布于棉铃虫幼虫各组织和发育阶段中;当感染核型多角体病毒（nucleopolyhedrovirus,NPV）后,棉铃虫Prx4基因相对表达量上调;重组蛋白的体外试验表明Prx4蛋白具有一定的抗氧化活性;与对照相比,小干扰RNA处理6、8和10 d后感病棉铃虫的死亡率分别较对照显著提高了4.46%、22.42%和38.68%。表明Prx4基因作为一种抗氧化酶保护棉铃虫免受氧化损伤,同时在抵御NPV感染过程中发挥着重要的免疫作用。