微孢子虫对草原蝗虫的防治效果试验

为探明微孢子虫灭蝗效果,本试验调查分析了草原蝗虫发生情况,比较了三种不同浓度的微孢子虫悬浮剂对蝗虫的防治效果。结果表明:不同剂量微孢子虫悬浮剂对蝗虫防治均有显著效果,600ml/hm2防治效果最好,随着施药时间的延长,施药28d防治效果最高且均达到70%以上。说明草原蝗虫灾害爆发不严重时,用微孢子虫进行防治,可达到持续控制草原蝗灾的目的。     

高寒地区草地蝗虫绿色防控技术研究

为在高寒地区了解蝗虫微孢子虫(Paranosema locustae)对草地蝗虫的绿色防治技术.通过直升飞机施药,结果表明,施药30 d后,蝗虫微孢子感染率达到72％,感染指数为47.5％.与对照区相比,防控后蝗虫虫口数量显著降低,虫口减退率达到71.15％.防控后蝗虫种群虫口数量明显下降,表现出了可持续性防控效果,对...     

微孢子虫对草原蝗虫的持续控制作用

结果表明：①在环青海湖地区施用蝗虫微孢子虫制剂后,当年防效显著,蝗虫的死亡率和感病率均出现2次峰值,分别达60％和40％以上;②跟踪调查后发现,蝗虫微孢子虫对青海草原蝗虫的持续控制作用十分明显,施用微孢子虫后6-10年,该地区的蝗虫密度仍然在防治指标以下,持续控制了蝗害。     

生物技术对草原蝗虫的控制效果及应用前景

介绍了蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae、绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae、印楝素（azadirachtin AZ）等几种新型生物防治技术在控制草原蝗虫中的应用及发展前景。蝗虫微孢子虫,是一种专寄生于蝗虫等直翅目昆虫体内的单细胞真核原生动物,防后45 d测定,感染率为50.6%,虫口减退率为73.4%。绿僵菌是一类昆虫病原真菌,防后7 d的防治效果为66.5%,防后12 d的防治效果为76.7%。印楝素,是从印楝Azadirachta indica种子中提取的高效杀虫活性物质,0.3%印楝素乳油在施药2 d后,防治效果达95%以上。应用蝗虫微孢子虫、绿僵菌、印楝素等生物防治技术防治草原蝗虫不仅防治效果较好,而且对人畜、植物安全,不污染环境;有持久控制害虫种群数量的作用,并可通过传播和繁殖,扩大受益面积,从而达到经济、安全、有效地控制害虫,减少虫害损失,保护生态环境的目的。     

我国应用蝗虫微孢子虫治理草原蝗虫的现状及展望

本文综合论述了近年来我国草原蝗虫的发生和应用蝗虫微孢子虫的防治现状 ,同时对蝗虫微孢子虫的增殖和生产及微孢子虫的侵染和致病机理进行了剖析 ;初步论述了蝗虫微孢子虫病在田间的流行规律和传播机理以及持续控制草原蝗害的效果 ;针对蝗虫微孢子虫治理蝗害的特点和微孢子虫的应用前景以及配套新技术的开发利用进行了综合分析     

蝗虫微孢子虫防治青藏高原蝗虫对主要天敌种群数量的影响

以蝗虫微孢子虫为主的治理蝗虫的配套技术，在青藏高原蝗害治理中发挥了重要作用，能有效地控制蝗虫灾害，不污染环境，对自然天敌没有杀伤作用，保护了草地生态系统的生物多样性．特别是蝗虫自然天敌的生物多样性；而运用化学农药治理蝗虫，天敌被大量杀伤，破坏了草原生态系统的生物多样性，蝗灾发生的频率增加。     

蝗虫微孢子虫对青海省天峻县草原蝗虫的持续控制作用

采用蝗虫微孢子虫防治青海省天峻县草原蝗虫；第三龄盛发期用药，用药后3周，虫口减退率最低达60％以上；存活蝗虫的感病率最高位达61.1%；有效地控制草原蝗虫的严重发生；而且，微孢子虫病能在草原蝗种群中流行，持续控制草原蝗虫的为害。     

绿僵菌防治草原蝗虫田间效果

2种剂型绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride防治草原蝗虫效果试验表明:绿僵菌饵剂手撒后,祁连山痴蝗Bryodema qilianshanenensis等几种蝗虫的死亡率随着时间的延长而逐渐增高.大田样筐取样调查显示:7 d的平均虫口密度由52.3头/m2降至17.6头/m2,防效66.5%,12 d的平均虫口密度降至11.8头/m2,防效76.7%;在绿僵菌油剂中,按1:1:3的比例加入绿百克和0号柴油,静电超低容量喷洒于蝗虫暴发区后,其防效较绿僵菌饵剂有所提高,大田样筐取样调查显示:7 d平均虫口密度由39.1头/m2降至9.4头/m2,防效75.8%,12 d的平均虫口密度降至5.6头/m2,防效84.6%;蝗虫感病试验观察发现:施药后3～4 d出现感病死虫,此时的虫态多为4～5龄若虫,成虫的死亡出现在施药后25 d;2种试验剂型的持续控制效果较好,施药后37 d收集僵虫时,成虫仍在陆续死亡;绿僵菌对其他草地昆虫无害,无二次中毒,不污染环境,具有推广价值.     

呼伦贝尔市不同草地类型中蝗虫分布特点初步研究

本文通过对呼伦贝尔市不同草地类型中分布的蝗虫种类、密度进行了调查，研究探索了分布特点，并对不同草地类型中蝗虫种类组成相似性进行了等级聚类分析。结果表明：在温性典型草原类的高平原干草原亚类草地中分布的蝗虫种类最多，达38种，占全部种类的65．5％，平均密度为38．8头／m2；温性草甸草原类的山地草甸草原亚类草地中分布的蝗虫种数位居第2，有32种，占全部种类的56．9％，平均密度为36．1头／m2；沼泽类草地类型中分布的蝗虫种类最少，7种，占全部种类的12．0％，密度〈5头／m2。蝗虫种类分布概况，经对不同草地类型进行等级聚类分析，其结果体现出不同草地之间的差异性，为进一步论证草地蝗虫与草地生境之间有着密切的关联提供了科学的理论依据。     

阿鲁科尔沁旗草地蝗虫发生动态的初步研究

本文对阿鲁科尔沁旗3个主要草地类型蝗虫发育期土壤温度、土壤含水量,蝗虫孵化出土日期和虫龄发育动态,虫口密度动态,各类型草地蝗虫种类构成进行了初步调查研究。结果表明,蝗虫种类达15种,不同草地类型蝗虫种类不同;在土壤温度达到22℃以上,含水量达到5.4%RH以上时是草地蝗虫孵化盛期;根据各类型草地蝗虫虫龄发育情况和虫口密度变化规律,确定阿鲁科尔沁旗蝗虫最佳防治时间为7月9日~8月12日。     

蝗虫微孢子与昆虫生长调节剂协同控制草原蝗虫作用机制

蝗虫微孢子（Paranosema locustae, PL）是重要的防蝗生物制剂,其与昆虫生长调节剂（insect growth regulator, IGR）协同使用有利于蝗虫可持续治理。本文通过田间超低喷雾和扫网调查等方法在青海蝗区开展协调应用PL和IGR防治草原蝗虫的作用及其机理研究。首先明确青海蝗区的主要蝗虫种类为宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis、小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax、狭翅雏蝗Chorthippus dubius、毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus harbipes、鼓翅皱膝蝗Angaracris barabensis等;结果证明PL与IGR协调应用,可有效抑制草原蝗虫种群增长,且可保持存活蝗虫感病率在较高水平,对优势种宽须蚁蝗和小翅雏蝗等的持续控制作用明显。结果明确了微生物制剂和IGR协同防治蝗虫的短期与长期、速效与长效的协同作用,为防治高密度蝗虫提供新的绿色防控策略。     

病虫粪便在蝗虫微孢子虫病水平传播中的作用研究

本文采用室外采集与室内接种饲养相结合的方法，研究草原蝗虫取食孢子的数量与其粪便中孢子的含量之间的关系。结果表明，以１０７个／ｍｌ接种时，接种３０天后粪便中孢子的含量达 ９．０ ×１０５个／ｇ，以１０６个／ｍｌ接种二次后，在接种后１２天，其粪便中抱子的含量即可达 １．３×１０５个／ｇ；取食的孢子的数量越多，粪便中孢子的含量也越高，出现得越早，为研究微孢子虫病在田间的水平流行途径及其持续治蝗机理提供了科学依据。     

草原蝗虫开发利用的研究

青海草原环湖及柴达木蝗区大部分地面平缓，宜于机械作业。蝗虫种群密度８０～１２０头／ｍ２者居多，面积为４０～５０万ｈｍ２，贮量小年为４８４０Ｔ，大年为６５６０Ｔ，开发前景广阔。蝗虫粉含粗蛋白７４．８８％，居我国目前优良饲料之首。经试验，作为饲料添加剂与５０％的进口鱼粉比较，京黄１号７日龄肉仔鸡饲喂４９天后成活率为８８．７１％，体重平均增长１０２０．２ｇ，二者差异不显著；星杂二八八６～８月龄蛋鸡饲喂后产蛋量提高１８．０８％，产蛋率提高７．９９％，完全可以代替鱼粉。新研制的捕蝗机捕蝗率为６５．０～７４．２％，生产率２．７４ｈｍ２／ｈ，单机捕幅４ｍ。以１９９３年的市场价格为准，机捕的经济效益为２８．６０元／ｈｍ２，且有突出的社会和生态效益。     

蝗虫微孢子虫大量增殖与治蝗应用研究

探索蝗虫微孢子虫在蝗虫体内增殖特性,用相差显微镜检查病死蝗虫体内病原物具有两种发育阶段。裂殖生殖期和孢子形成期。病虫在孢子形成期死亡则能获得较高产孢量,可见产孢量与病虫致死时间有关。接种病原浓度和寄主虫龄又影响致死时间,因而影响孢子产量。选择适宜接种病原浓度和寄主虫龄是获得较高孢子产量的重要因子。利用微孢子虫治蝗在蝗虫低密度下施用,可以控制煌害在经济阈值以下,高虫口密度下与少量化学农药混用也能收到治蝗效果。     

A comparison of the effectiveness of the microscopic method and the multiplex PCR method in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees (Apis mellifera) from winter hive debris

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the multiplex PCR method and traditional light microscopy in identifying and discriminating the species of Nosema spp. spores in worker bees from winter hive debris in the Province of Warmia and Mazury (NE Poland). A total of 1000 beesdead after from the bottom of the hive from bee colonies were analyzed. Spores were identified with the use of a light microscope (400-600x magnification). Spores were assigned to species by the multiplex PCR method. The microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of Nosema spp. spores in 803 samples (80.3%). Nosema ceranae spores were observed in 353 positive samples (43.96%), Nosema apis spores were found in 300 samples (37.35%), while 150 samples (19.67%) showed signs of a mixed infection. A multiplex PCR analysis revealed that 806 samples were infested with Nosema spp., of which 206 were affected only by Nosema ceranae, 600 showed signs of mixed invasion, while no samples were infected solely by Nosema apis parasites. In two cases, the presence of spores detected under a light microscope was not confirmed by the PCR analysis. The results of the study indicate that Nosema ceranae is the predominant parasitic species found in post-winter worker bees from the bottom of the hive in the region of Warmia and Mazury.     

野外昆虫与蚕种生产中的微粒子病防治

家蚕体内分离发现的 5种微粒子虫中 ,除家蚕微粒子虫 ( N osema bombycis)外未发现对家蚕具有较强致病性和胚传性的微粒子虫。野外昆虫中已有大量微粒子虫被发现 ,其中有些对家蚕也有很强的致病性和胚传性 ,但其原始寄主尚有诸多不明之处。所以 ,蚕种生产中防止野外昆虫微粒子虫对生产影响的根本途径在于控制家蚕微粒子虫污染的扩散和桑园治虫     

应用PCR技术检测柞蚕微孢子虫

采用斑迹抽提法提取柞蚕微孢子虫(Nosema pernyi)基因组DNA,基因组DNA的琼脂糖凝胶电泳图谱中有大小约15kb的清晰、完整条带。选用已报道的微粒子属16S rRNA基因的保守序列设计P1/P2和N1/N22对引物,对柞蚕微孢子虫基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,结果2对引物分别扩增出1条大小不同的特异谱条带,其中用引物N1/N2扩增可检测出0.47ng的DNA模板。应用同样的PCR引物、体系和反应条件,可有效扩增出受感染柞蚕幼虫、成虫中的微孢子虫基因组DNA条带。该项检测技术有望应用于柞蚕微粒子病的早期诊断。     

Effect of oil-based formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control Rhipicephalus microplus ticks under laboratory conditions

The formulations of acaripathogenic fungi to control ticks have been widely studied. The present study evaluated the efficacy of oil-based formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.), isolate Ma 959, and Beauveria bassiana, isolate Bb 986, on different Rhipicephalus microplus stages, comparing the efficacy between aqueous suspensions and 10, 15 and 20% mineral oil formulations. Twelve groups were formed: one aqueous control group; three mineral oil control groups, at 10, 15 or 20%; two aqueous fungal suspensions of M. anisopliae s.l. or B. bassiana; and three formulations of M. anisopliae (s.l.) or B. bassiana containing 10, 15, and 20% mineral oil. To prepare aqueous suspensions and oily formulations, fungal isolates were cultivated on rice grains in polypropylene bags. The conidial suspensions and formulations had a concentration of 10(8)conidia/mL. Bioassays were repeated twice. After treatment, the following biological parameters of engorged females were evaluated: hatching percentage, egg production index, nutritional index, and percentage of tick control. The following parameters were evaluated in the bioassays with eggs: period of incubation, period of hatch, and hatching percentage. Mortality was evaluated in bioassays with larvae. M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations were more effective than aqueous suspensions against R. microplus eggs, larvae and engorged females, however, there was no significant difference between the three oil concentrations used. M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana formulated in mineral oil reached 93.69% and 21.67% efficacy, respectively, while M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana aqueous suspensions attained 18.70% and 1.72% efficacy, respectively. M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused significant effects in all biological parameters of engorged females while B. bassiana oil-based formulations modified significantly the nutritional index only. Eggs treated with M. anisopliae s.l. and B. bassiana oil-based formulations showed hatching rates that decreased 102.5 and 3.65 times, respectively. In the bioassay with larvae, M. anisopliae s.l. oil-based formulations caused nearly 100% mortality five days after treatment, while larva treated with B. bassiana oil-based formulations reached 100% mortality at day 20 after treatment. Larva from oil-based control groups showed mortality at day 15 after treatment, which indicated a possible toxic effect of the oil for this R. microplus stage. The results showed that the fungal mineral oil formulations tested were more effective than the aqueous suspension. Oil-based formulations at 10, 15 and 20% enhanced the activity of M. anisopliae s.l. Ma 959, and B. bassiana Bb 986, isolates against R. microplus eggs, larvae, and engorged females tick. Mineral oil was effective as an adjuvant in formulations of M. anisopliae s.l., Ma 959, and B. bassiana, Bb 986, for the control of R. microplus under laboratory conditions.     

8种生物农药对草原蝗虫的田间防治效果评价

应用4种绿僵菌、白僵菌、0.3%印楝素、1%苦参碱和森得保8种生物农药对草原蝗虫进行了田间药效对比试验,以期筛选出防效较好的生物农药用于大面积推广.研究表明,0.3%印揀素、1%苦参碱和森得保防治效果显著优于其他5种生物杀虫剂,药后11 d防效均在90%以上.几种杀蝗绿僵菌油悬浮剂药后11 d防效在65%以上,白僵菌油...