中兽药复方“根黄分散片”提取工艺的研究

以乙醇和水为提取溶剂,选择根黄分散片提取物最佳的提取工艺。本试验采用不同浓度（40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%和100%）的乙醇和煎煮法分别提取,以黄芩苷得量和提取物得率为指标确定其最佳提取工艺。根黄分散片的最佳提取工艺为70%乙醇渗漉提取,药渣每次加10倍量水,煎煮2次,时间分别为2、1 h。先用70%乙醇进行渗漉提取,再水煎提取,此工艺简便可行,适于大规模工业化生产。     

清瘟败毒颗粒的制备及稳定性研究

通过对清瘟败毒颗粒剂制备过程中黄连、黄芩提取工艺的优选,辅料种类和用量的选择,制剂成型及初步稳定性的考察,确定了清瘟败毒颗粒的最佳制备工艺为:黄连加10倍、8倍、8倍水,煎煮3次,分别煎煮1.5h、1.5h和1h;黄芩加8倍、8倍、8倍量水,煎煮3次,均为1h;其余12味,加水温浸1h,煎煮2次,第1次加10倍水,煎煮2h,第2次加8倍量水,煎煮1h,滤过,合并滤液,减压浓缩至密度为1.08~1.10,合并所有稠膏和黄芩苷粉,加辅料适量制成颗粒。通过加速稳定性试验和长期稳定性试验确定产品的稳定性。结果表明,在上述条件下制备的清瘟败毒颗粒在聚酯/铝/聚乙烯药品包装用复合膜的包装下,其长期稳定性试验和加速稳定性试验中各项指标均符合药典规定,显示产品稳定性良好。     

葛根芩连注射剂的提取工艺研究

为优化葛根芩连汤的提取工艺,以提取液澄明度和葛根素、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱的含量作为考察指标,采用正交试验法对葛根芩连汤的提取、方法进行优化、选择.结果表明,葛根芩连注射剂的最佳提取工艺为:葛根、黄芩、炙甘草3味药混合提取,而黄连单独提取.提取工艺均为11倍量的水、提取2次、每次1.5h.葛根、黄芩、炙甘草3味药合煎,黄连单煎后单个成分的提取率较高,保证了葛根芩连注射剂的质量,有利于大生产.     

金板青颗粒的提取工艺研究

金板青颗粒以金银花、连翘、大青叶、黄芩、板蓝根、桔梗、甘草等中药材为原料制备新制剂。经临床初步验证对非免疫鸡人工感染传染性支气管炎病毒和法氏囊病毒均有良好的预防和治疗作用,可提高雏鸡的免疫力,增强细胞免疫功能,提高抗病能力。为了保证制剂质量,用正交设计法研究其最佳提取工艺。     

中兽药参黄颗粒的制备工艺优化研究

为了优化中兽药参黄颗粒的制备工艺，获得最佳制备工艺参数，采用正交试验设计优化水提，浓缩，并采用湿法制粒，通过单因素试验和正交试验优选药物与辅料的比例、乙醇浓度和烘干温度参数，以颗粒的成型性、堆密度、休止角、溶化性以及吸湿性来评价颗粒的最佳成型工艺。最佳水提工艺为加9倍水，回流提取3次，每次提取时间1 h；药物与辅料比例为3∶5(药物浸膏粉∶可溶性淀粉∶糊精∶蔗糖为(3∶2∶2∶1)，乙醇浓度为80%，烘干温度为60 ℃，制备的颗粒剂综合评分最高。中兽药参黄颗粒的制备工艺优化研究为其临床试验的扩大生产提供了科学参考依据。     

正交试验法优化普抗合剂制备工艺

以干浸膏得率和黄芩苷提取率为考核指标,采用正交试验法对普抗合剂水提取醇沉淀制备工艺进行考察.普抗合剂最佳制备工艺方案为加水量10倍,提取2次,每次1 h,55%的乙醇沉淀杂质 .该工艺科学合理,适合于大规模工业生产.     

苦参碱的提取纯化工艺研究

为了优化苦参碱的提取工艺,以浸膏收率、苦参碱含量为评价指标,选择用水量、提取时间及提取次数为考察因素,利用L9（3^4）正交试验法优选出水煎煮法提取苦参碱的最佳工艺条件为用8倍量水提取3次,每次提取2h。采用乙醇沉淀及三氯甲烷萃取相结合的方法对苦参粗提物进行纯化,浓缩药液浓度为1．0g生药／mL时进行醇沉,醇沉后调节药液的pH值至9～11用三氯甲烷萃取3次。优选出的提取工艺稳定、可行,可用于苦参碱的工业化提取。     

苦参碱的提取纯化工艺研究

为了优化苦参碱的提取工艺,以浸膏收率、苦参总碱含量为评价指标,选择用水量、提取时间及提取次数为考察因素,利用L9（3^4）正交试验法优选出水煎煮法提取苦参总碱的最佳工艺条件为用8倍量水提取3次,每次提取2h,并采用乙醇沉淀及三氯甲烷萃取相结合的方法对苦参粗提物进行纯化,浓缩药液浓度为每毫升1．0g生药时进行醇沉,醇沉后调节药液的pH值至9-11用三氯甲烷萃取3次。优选出的提取工艺稳定、合理、可行。     

黄金二白散有效成分提取工艺的研究

[目的]优化黄金二白散有效成分的提取工艺.[方法]采用正交试验法进行优选,并以黄芩苷含量为指标,采用紫外分光光度法测定黄芩苷的含量.[结果]根据试验所得数据,得出黄芩苷的最佳提取工艺:12倍量水,煎煮2次,3h/次.[结论]水煎煮法简便、快捷、测定结果准确,可作为黄金二白散有效成分的提取工艺.     

姜黄等4种具有抗真菌活性中药的最佳提取工艺

以浸膏得率、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值为指标,采用正交设计试验,综合考虑提取方法、溶剂、料液比、提取次数、提取时间、提取温度等5个影响因素,对姜黄等4种具有抗真菌活性中药有效物质提取工艺进行优选。结果优选出的最佳提取工艺分别为:姜黄粗粉(20目)80%乙醇溶液(6倍量),加热回流提取3次,每次2h;射干粗粉(20目)70%乙醇溶液(10倍量),加热回流提取3次,每次2h;栀子粗粉(20目)80%甲醇溶液(6倍量)浸泡0.5h后超声波提取2h;五倍子粗粉(20目)48%乙醇溶液(23倍量),59℃条件下超声提取29min。最佳提取工艺下,姜黄、射干、栀子、五倍子4种提取物浸膏对4株真菌的MIC总值和分别达到31.25,25.00,18.75,18.75g/L,抑菌效果明显且提取工艺稳定可行,值得借鉴。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.