葫芦茶对椎实螺的杀灭实验

本实验选用椎实螺为实验对象，用葫芦茶粉剂和煎剂做杀灭药剂进行试验。结果认为两种剂型对椎实螺都有杀灭效果。将两种剂型比较，粉剂的杀灭效果、加工方法都较煎剂的好。粉剂有效浓度在0．1％时24小时内可出现死亡，当浓度在0．5％时可在24小时内实现椎实螺全部死亡。煎剂的有效浓度在0．0143％时48小时后出现死亡，当有效浓度在0．572％时，52小时后全部死亡。     

甘肃省牧区椎实螺的个体发育观察

采用活体观察，胚胎整体装片和石蜡切片法研究了甘肃省甘南牧区肝片吸虫中间宿主螺（青海萝卜螺和狭萝卜螺）的个体发育，同时对生殖习性进行了观察。明确了椎实螺在甘南牧区的交配时间，产卵时间、地点及繁殖代数等。阐明了椎实螺的早期发育过程，一般可以划分为七个不同时期，即卵裂期、桑椹期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、面盘幼虫期和幼螺形成期。     

2003年《中兽医医药杂志》总目录(第118期～123期)

调查研究·大肠杆菌对中草药敏感性试验及其方法研究刘玉庆 ,李　晔 ,车程川 ,等 (1- 3)…………………………………………………抗病毒合剂的抗炎作用研究张为民 ,张彦明 ,张德刚 ,等 (1- 6 )……………………………………………………………………中药复方粗提物对 IBDV感染细胞能力的影响陈玉库 ,胡元亮 ,张宝康 ,等 (1- 8)………………………………………………葫芦茶提纯物对椎实螺的杀灭试验李树荣 ,杨　灿 ,吴志蕾 ,等 (1- 10 )…………………………………………………………宁夏利通区奶牛干奶期钙、磷盈亏状况调查张　力 ,周学辉…     

羊肝片吸虫病与传染性胸膜肺炎的防治

1肝片吸虫病 该病多发生在夏、秋季,6-9月份为高发季节。羊吃了附着有囊蚴（虫卵→毛蚴→钻入椎实螺体内→胞蚴→雷蚴→尾蚴→从螺体逸出→囊蚴）的水草而感染,各种年龄、性别、品种的羊均能感染,羔羊和绵羊的病死率高。常呈地方性流行,在低洼和沼泽地带放牧的羊群发病较严重。     

肝片吸虫感染致斑纹角马死亡案例调查

首次报道了国内圈养斑纹角马肝片吸虫病确诊病例。诊断依据：（1）提示性临床症状：贫、消瘦、营养不良;（2）尸体剖检特征性病理变化：胆管显著扩张和胆管内挤排出大量肝片吸虫成虫的虫体;（3）肝片吸虫感染强度测定：运用麦克马斯特法测定了病死角马肝片吸虫感染强度为1 600个/g;（4）中间宿主调查：角马的饲养区内发现大量椎实螺,椎实螺体内含有大量的肝片吸虫尾蚴;（5）组织病理学检查：细支气管和肺泡腔内见有童虫的虫体结构。首次证实了角马肝片吸虫感染时,童虫在移行过程中可误移至肺,导致肺的病理变化。该病的发生与环境潮湿多水、环境中存在大量椎实螺而未被重视有关。肝片吸虫宿主范围广,应重视易感动物的生活环境,定期粪检确定感染率和感染强度,以及选择有效的药物防治,这是科学预防该病的关键。     

汤阴北艾精油对鼠CYP450酶活性和表达的影响

试验旨在研究汤阴北艾精油对CYP450酶各亚型活性和表达的影响。采用水蒸馏提取法提取北艾精油,通过GC-MS检测北艾精油成分。为研究北艾精油对CYP450酶活性的影响,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组（CON）和北艾精油组（EO）,分别灌胃0.1%吐温-80 100 μL/g和0.1%吐温-80稀释的北艾精油（5%）100 μg/g,灌胃后给予20 μg/g各探针药物,采用鸡尾酒探针法分别对给药后5、10、20、30 min及1、2、3、6、12、24、36、48 h血浆中3种探针底物的浓度进行检测,考察北艾精油对CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP2D6酶活性的影响;为探究北艾精油对CYP450酶基因和蛋白表达的影响,将昆明小鼠随机分为对照组和北艾精油组,分别灌胃0.1%吐温-80 100 μL/g和0.1%吐温-80稀释的北艾精油（5%）100 μg/g,连续灌胃3日,每日2次,末次给药24 h后提取总mRNA及肝微粒体,采用实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blotting）测定CYP1A2、CYP2E1和CYP2D6 mRNA和蛋白表达含量。结果表明：①北艾精油主要成分为Eucalyptol;3-Cyclohexen-1-ol,4-methyl-1-（1-methylethyl）-3;（+）-2-Carene,4-.alpha.-isopropenyl-2;m-Mentha-4,8-diene,（1S,3S）-（+）-;Benzoic acid,2,4,6-trimethyl-2,4,6-trimethylphenyl ester。②对血液中非那西汀（CYP1A2底物）、右美沙芬（CYP2D6底物）和氯唑沙宗（CYP2E1底物）进行药代动力学分析可知,北艾精油具有抑制CYP2D6和CYP2E1酶活性的作用,而对CYP1A2酶活性无显著作用。③实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting测定结果表明,北艾精油可显著抑制CYP2E1和CYP2D6酶的表达。综上,北艾精油对CYP2E1和CYP2D6酶活性和表达均具有明显的抑制作用,提示艾草精油不能同时与以CYP2D6和CYP2E1为主要代谢酶的药物同食。该研究结果可为北艾精油的合理用药提供数据基础。     

苦参碱的提取纯化工艺研究

为了优化苦参碱的提取工艺,以浸膏收率、苦参总碱含量为评价指标,选择用水量、提取时间及提取次数为考察因素,利用L9（3^4）正交试验法优选出水煎煮法提取苦参总碱的最佳工艺条件为用8倍量水提取3次,每次提取2h,并采用乙醇沉淀及三氯甲烷萃取相结合的方法对苦参粗提物进行纯化,浓缩药液浓度为每毫升1．0g生药时进行醇沉,醇沉后调节药液的pH值至9-11用三氯甲烷萃取3次。优选出的提取工艺稳定、合理、可行。     

紫象草原花青素的大孔吸附树脂纯化、平均聚合度及体外抗氧化活性测定

试验旨在利用大孔吸附树脂获得紫象草原花青素粗提物的纯化条件,并探究在此条件下获得纯化物的平均聚合度和体外抗氧化活性。试验采用单因素试验设计,通过比较3种大孔吸附树脂D101、HP-20、ADS-17的吸附与解吸特性,选择最优吸附树脂类型,对紫象草原花青素粗提物进行洗脱浓度、上样体积和洗脱体积的筛选,之后利用静态和动态吸附与解吸试验确定纯化条件,制备紫象草原花青素纯化物;采用盐酸-香草醛法测定纯化物原花青素的平均聚合度及其对1,1-二苯基-2三硝基肼（DPPH·）和羟自由基（·OH）的体外清除率。结果表明：采用φ2.6 cm×30.0 cm玻璃层析柱,选择D101型大孔吸附树脂、90%(V/V)浓度乙醇为洗脱剂,上样体积480 mL,洗脱体积155 mL时纯化效果较好,纯化后原花青素B2含量由纯化前10.01 mg/g提升至13.82 mg/g,提升了36.06%;紫象草原花青素粗提物经乙酸乙酯萃取后,获得水相和乙酸乙酯相的平均聚合度分别为26.87、13.63,纯化物的平均聚合度为14.67。当紫象草原花青素纯化物质量浓度为100 mg/mL时,DPPH·、·OH清除能力分别为99.5...     

黄连解毒汤有效成分的提取及其对体内白色念珠菌的清除作用

试验旨在研究黄连解毒汤有效成分的提取及对其体内白色念珠菌的清除作用。分别采用水煎煮和乙醇回流提取法，随后乙醇提取物用3种不同极性的有机溶剂萃取（正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、石油醚），以最小抑菌浓度为指标优化出最佳抑菌效果的提取工艺；观察给药前后系统性感染白色念珠菌小鼠肾脏、肝脏的真菌负荷量及活性氧（ROS）含量水平的变化，并检测血清中细胞因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、IL-1β、白细胞介素-1β前体（pro-IL-1β）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的含量。结果显示，黄连解毒汤抑菌效果最优的提取工艺为：料液比1：30，乙醇浓度60%，温度80℃，提取时间1 h，提取次数2次，测得乙酸乙酯萃取物MIC₉₀为0.3125 mg/mL。与模型组相比，黄连解毒汤乙酸乙酯提取物（EAHD）高剂量组能显著降低小鼠肾脏真菌负荷量（P<0.05），完全治愈率达40%，并明显高于氟康唑组；EAHD低、中和高剂量组（50、100及200 mg/（kg·d））均能显著降低肝脏真菌负荷量（P<0.05），其中中剂量组和氟康唑组降低肝脏真菌负荷量效果接近。同时EAHD高剂量组能显著或极显著降低感染后小鼠肾脏和肝脏ROS含量（P<0.05；P<0.01）；显著或极显著提高血清中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的含量（P<0.05；P<0.01），同时降低pro-IL-1β含量。综上所述，通过优化后的提取工艺得到的EAHD具有降低模型小鼠肾脏和肝脏ROS含量和调控炎症因子的作用，进而降低炎症反应，起到保护组织和抵抗白色念珠菌的作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein