杜寒杂交绵羊可消化有机物采食量与尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的相关关系研究

试验旨在研究杜寒杂交绵羊在不同日粮精粗比条件下可消化有机物采食量和尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的相关关系.选择12只体况健康的9月龄杜寒杂交绵羊公羊(47.21 kg±3.35 kg),试验日粮为12种不同精粗比的全混合颗粒饲料,采用12×4不完全拉丁方设计,进行4期消化代谢试验,每期19d,其中预饲期14d,正试期5d,采用全收粪、尿法.结果表明:随日粮精粗比例的升高,可消化有机物采食量显著升高(P＜0.05);干物质、有机物和蛋白质消化率均与干物质采食量存在正线性相关(R2=0.45,P＜0.05;R2=0.50,P＜0.05;R2=0.64,P＜0.05);随日粮精粗比例升高,尿嘌呤衍生物排出量显著升高(P＜0.05),尿囊素、尿酸、黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤排出量占总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的比例变化范围分别为69.92％～84.76％、2.89 ％～7.58％和9.39％～25.04％.尿嘌呤衍生物排出量与可消化有机物采食量存在线性相关(P＜0.05),相关方程为Y=13.03X+0.62(R2=0.80).     

限饲对东北梅花鹿消化代谢及尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

试验选取4只体况相近的3岁东北梅花鹿公鹿,采用4×4拉丁方设计,饲喂同一种日粮,分4个不同限饲水平A(2.5kg/d)、B(2.0kg/d)、C(1.5kg/d)、D(1.0kg/d),利用尿嘌呤衍生物法并结合消化代谢试验,测定限制饲喂条件下东北梅花鹿尿嘌呤衍生物组成及排出量,可消化干物质和可消化有机物进食量与尿嘌呤衍生物排出量(PD)的关系及各种营养物质消化率。试验结果表明:东北梅花鹿尿中嘌呤衍生物包括49%～56%尿囊素、35%～38%尿酸、6%～15%黄嘌呤和次黄嘌呤;限饲条件下,东北梅花鹿尿中嘌呤衍生物、肌酐酸排出量无显著性差异(P>0.05);可消化干物质DDM(Ir=0.8592,n=16,P<0.001)和可消化有机物DOMI(r=0.8605,n=16,P<0.001)与尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量(PD)均存在显著的线性正相关;限饲使可消化干物质、可消化有机物质进食量和粗蛋白消化率显著降低(P<0.05),使干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维及钙、磷表观消化率均显著降低(P<0.05);限饲对尿氮和粪氮排出量无显著性影响(P>0.05),而显著影响氮沉积量(P<0.05),且随饲喂量降低,氮沉积逐渐减少,当饲喂量降到D水平时,出现了氮的负平衡,表明氮的摄入量已不能满足梅花鹿维持需要,需要动用内源氮来满足自身维持需要。     

精料类型对肉羊饲粮养分消化率及尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

旨在建立利用嘌呤衍生物排出量估测微生物氮产量的模型。本研究选择10只平均体重为(47.4±4.4)kg健康的杜寒杂交成年公羊。10种全混颗粒饲粮,单一精料替换比例30%,每个处理10只羊,每个重复1只羊,试验按时间和饲粮划分为10期进行;每种饲粮饲喂20d,其中预试期15d,正试期5d;整体试验持续200d。试验测定了饲喂10种不同精料饲粮肉羊的营养物质消化率及尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)排出量。结果表明:1)饲粮营养成分的消化率与营养成分含量存在相关性,精料类型不同饲粮消化率有差异,饲粮可消化蛋白质(DCP)的最佳预测因子是粗蛋白质(CP);10种饲粮的摄入氮、尿氮、粪氮等均因精料类型不同呈极显著差异(P0.01)。2)10种饲粮的尿囊素、尿酸、黄嘌呤(包括次黄嘌呤)占PD排出量的比例均因饲粮类型的不同呈极显著差异(P0.01),占PD排出量的比例范围分别是85.60%~92.47%、2.54%~7.18%、3.20%~7.41%;10种饲粮的嘌呤氮指数(PNI)因饲粮类型的不同呈极显著差异(P0.01),变化范围是0.03~0.10,然而PD排出量与摄入氮和微生物氮(MN)存在强的线性相关。摄入氮与氮表观消化率、尿氮和氮沉积具有强相关关系,建立的沉积氮(Y)估测方程式:Y=0.244 9×摄入氮-1.319 9(R2=0.825);PD排出量与摄入氮以及MN均存在线性强相关关系,建立的估测方程式分别是PD=0.119 7×摄入氮+10.161(R2=0.925)、MN=0.746 1×PD+1.785 4(R2=0.898)。     

饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的研究

本试验旨在研究饲粮不同采食水平下肉羊氮沉积和尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)的排出规律.试验选用12只平均体重为(41.3±2.8)kg的杜寒杂交绵羊公羔,随机平均分为3组,按照自由采食、自由采食量的70％和自由采食量的40％3个干物质采食水平饲喂,试验期为12d,其中预试期7d,正试期5d.结果表明:随着饲粮采食水平的降低,营养物质消化率均显著上升(P＜0.05),粪氮和尿氮排出量均显著降低(P＜0.05),沉积氮与摄入氮之间存在线性相关(R2=0.92).尿中PD排出量和微生物氮(MN)产量均随采食水平的降低而显著降低(P＜0.05),嘌呤氮指数(PNI)与氮沉积率和氮吸收率均表现出相同变化趋势.由此可见,PD排出量与可消化有机物采食量(DOMI)以及MN产量之间均存在线性相关,相关方程分别为y=21.41X-1.81(R2=0.94)和Y=0.91X+2.57(R2=0.94);PNI能够将氮平衡和PD排出量有机结合起来,用于评价饲粮氮的利用效率.     

玉米秸为粗饲料条件下比较羊驼与绵羊养分表观消化率和瘤胃代谢的差异

本研究在玉米秸为粗饲料条件下,比较羊驼与绵羊对2种精粗比饲粮干物质采食量、养分表观消化率、瘤胃环境和总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量等方面的差异。试验选用1岁左右羊驼[体重(25.8±4.7) kg]与绵羊[体重(28.3±5.8) kg]各4只,试验采用有重复的2×2拉丁方设计,分别饲喂精粗比为5∶5(MS)和7∶3(LS)的饲粮。结果表明:1)羊驼干物质采食量极显著低于绵羊(P<0.01),羊驼对粗脂肪、磷表观消化率极显著高于绵羊(P<0.01);羊驼瘤胃戊酸、异丁酸和异戊酸含量以及pH极显著高于绵羊(P<0.01),而乙酸含量显著低于绵羊(P<0.05);羊驼总嘌呤衍生物、尿酸和尿囊素排出量与绵羊间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。2)羊驼对MS饲粮粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪表观消化率极显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.01),绵羊对MS饲粮干物质、有机物、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.05);羊驼MS饲粮干物质、钙、磷表观消化率极显著低于LS饲粮(P<0.01)。羊驼饲喂MS饲粮瘤胃中pH、异丁酸含量极显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.01),丙酸含量显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.05);绵羊饲喂MS饲粮瘤胃中异丁酸和异戊酸含量极显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.01),丁酸含量极显著低于LS饲粮(P<0.01);羊驼饲喂MS饲粮瘤胃中乙丙比显著低于LS饲粮(P<0.05)。2种动物总嘌呤衍生物和尿囊素排出量在2种饲粮间没有显著差异(P>0.05),羊驼饲喂MS饲粮时尿酸排出量显著高于LS饲粮(P<0.05)。综上所述,在玉米秸为粗饲料条件下,羊驼与绵羊对2种精粗比饲粮干物质采食量、瘤胃环境以及表观消化率和总尿嘌呤衍生物排出量等方面均存在一定的差异。     

不同日粮采食水平对青年母水牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的影响研究

为了探讨青年母水牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量的变化规律,试验选取3头24月龄左右、体重相近的青年瘘管母水牛,采用随机区组试验设计.分别饲喂3种不同采食水平的试验日粮.结果表明:随着采食水平的降低,营养物质的表观消化率呈递增趋势(P<0.05);粪氮(P<0.01)、尿氮(P<0.05)呈递减趋势;尿中嘌呤衍生物的排出量显著降低(P<0.05),且与微生物氮估测值之间有显著的回归关系:Y=3.542 7X-25.285 0(R2=0.990 7;n=3),Y=6.209 3X+7.567 9(R2=0.990 7;n=3;P<0.05),与可消化有机物干物质采食量之间也有存在显著的线性相关:Y=6.209 3X+7.567 9(R2=0.996 1;n=3;P<0.05);肌酸酐的排出量稳定在40 mmol/d左右,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05).     

日粮精粗比对延边黄牛养分表观消化率和尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

试验旨在采用日粮调控来探究不同精粗比的日粮对育肥前期的延边黄牛养分表观消化率及尿嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响。选择4头年龄及体质量相近(300±15)kg的延边黄牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂精粗比为30∶70、40∶60、60∶40和70∶30的育肥前期基础日粮。试验分为4个阶段,每阶段20 d,预试期15 d,正试期5 d收集样品。结果表明:干物质、有机物和粗蛋白采食量随着日粮精料水平的提高而线性增加(P0.01),而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)采食量随日粮精料水平的提高而线性降低(P0.01);随着精粗比的提高,干物质表观消化率显著升高(P0.05),粗蛋白表观消化率显著降低(P0.05)。有机物及酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率随着日粮精料水平的提高差异不显著(P0.05);总嘌呤衍生物排出量和尿囊素随着精粗比的提高呈升高的趋势(P0.05或P0.01)。由此可知,提高日粮精料比例能增加试验牛干物质、有机物和粗蛋白采食量,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维采食量则相应减少;并且有效的提高干物质表观消化率和瘤胃可利用氮含量。     

不同蛋白质水平条件下氨基酸平衡日粮对生长猪氮、磷及能量代谢的影响

选用平均体重为(40±2)kg杜长大三元杂交去势公猪3头,按3×3的拉丁方进行试验设计,试验分3期,每期为7 d,采用全收粪法,研究不同蛋白质(CP)水平的氨基酸平衡日粮CP水平分别为14%、16%和18%)对氮、磷及能量代谢的影响。结果表明:不同蛋白质水平日粮处理间的氮表观消化率差异不显(著P>0.05),氮的沉积率以14%CP和16%CP组显著高于18%CP组(P<0.05),而14%CP和16%CP组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。粪氮排出量14%CP日粮组显著低于16%CP和18%CP日粮组(P<0.05),16%CP日粮组和18%CP日粮组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着日粮蛋白质水平下降,生长猪的氮排出量、粪氮和尿氮均减少,总排泄氮中尿氮的比例较大,而粪氮则较少。不同蛋白质水平日粮对磷和能量的消化利用无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。     

日粮类型对奶牛粪尿特性及氮排放的影响

通过研究不同类型日粮对泌乳奶牛粪尿及氮排放的影响,达到减少和控制氮排放的目的,本试验选用12头体重514 kg、年龄3～5岁的中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,分为3组,分别饲喂粗料为干秸秆玉米,精粗比40∶60的A日粮、粗料为玉米青贮,精粗比分别是40∶60和60∶40的B和C日粮进行了对其粪尿特性及氮排放的试验研究。结果表明,日粮类型对奶牛粪便及尿液产生量均有一定的影响。粪便产生量结果为秸秆型A日粮>青贮型低精比B日粮>青贮型高精比C日粮。3种日粮的尿液产生量为C日粮>B日粮>A日粮。同时,日粮类型对奶牛氮平衡具有显著的影响,秸秆型日粮的乳氮、尿氮含量和氮的消化率极显著低于青贮型日粮低(P<0.01),粗料均为青贮玉米条件下,随日粮精料水平的提高,氮消化率和尿氮极显著增加(P<0.01),粪氮和乳氮增加不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,秸秆型日粮的摄入氮主要是从粪中排出,粗料为青贮玉米时,随日粮精料水平的提高粪氮比例减少,而尿氮比例增加,粪氮和尿氮占总粪尿氮的比例基本一致。     

不同精粗比日粮对青年母水牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出规律的影响

试验选取3头24月龄、体重相近的健康母水牛,采用随机区组试验设计,分别饲喂象草22.93kg+精料1.19kg/d(处理A)、象草18.63kg+精料2.07kg/d(处理B)和象草14.33kg+精料2.96kg/d(处理C)3种不同精粗组合的试验日粮。结果表明:随着精料水平的上升,营养物质的表观消化率呈递增趋势(P<0.05);粪氮和尿氮呈递减趋势(P<0.05);氮平衡和能量消化率明显增加(P<0.01);尿中PD的排出量显著升高(P<0.05);肌酸酐的排出量稳定在40mmol/d左右,各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

饲粮氮水平对牦牛尿嘌呤衍生物排出量与瘤胃微生物氮产量的影响

本试验旨在探讨牦牛尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)排出量对饲粮氮水平的响应规律,并基于此估测了瘤胃微生物氮(MN)产量,以期为高寒牧区牦牛的科学饲养提供参考。选取4头体重[(192±12)kg]相近、年龄(3岁)相同的去势公牦牛,采用4×4拉丁方试验设计将牦牛分为4组,各组饲粮氮水平分别是1.03%、1.95%、2.85%和3.76%,每组1头;试验分为4期,每期21 d,包含15 d的预试期和6 d的正试期。结果表明,牦牛尿中PD主要由尿囊素和尿酸组成,尿囊素/PD和尿酸/PD分别为0.69~0.76、0.23~0.30,黄嘌呤与次黄嘌呤的含量极少。当饲粮氮水平升高时,尿中PD、尿囊素、尿酸以及马尿酸排出量均线性增加(P0.05),而尿酸/PD和嘌呤氮指数(PNI)均线性降低(P0.05)。瘤胃细菌嘌呤碱基(RNA当量)含量、瘤胃细菌氮含量以及瘤胃MN产量都随着饲粮氮水平升高而线性增加(P0.05),但饲粮氮用于合成MN的效率[即瘤胃MN/食入氮(NI)]却线性降低(P0.05)。基于尿中PD排出量(mmol/d)和瘤胃MN产量(g/d)与NI(g/d)之间良好的线性关系,构建了如下数学模型:PD=0.58NI+18.28,MN=0.18NI+22.18。综合得出,当牦牛饲粮氮水平为2.85%时,牦牛瘤胃M N产量最大,为42.60 g/d,而PNI以及饲粮氮用于合成M N的效率却在低氮(1.03%)条件下达到最高,这一结果揭示了牦牛对低氮饲粮中氮素营养高效利用的特点,解释了牦牛对青藏高原饲料营养匮乏的适应性的营养机理。     

Urinary purine derivates excretion as an indicator of in vivo microbial N flow in cattle: A review

Microbial protein flow to the duodenum may be regarded as the most important and sensitive indicator to optimise rumen metabolism in high-yielding dairy cows. In this review, the methodology and the sources of variation to estimate the duodenal microbial N flow with urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) as a non-invasive method is discussed. The urinary PD excretion was linearly related with the amount of purine bases (PB) infused in the abomasum or duodenum, but the recovery of PB in urine differed between experiments. The main sources of variation in the relationship between microbial N flow and urinary PD excretion are dietary contribution of nucleic acids to duodenal flow, varying N:purine ratio in duodenal digesta, differences in intestinal digestibility of nucleic acids and infused PB, and endogenous contribution of PD to urinary excretion. The recycling of PD to the rumen is negligible, and does not explain the incomplete urinary recovery of PD. A large proportion of the total PD is excreted as allantoin in urine. In some experiments this proportion was constant, whereas in others it varied with diet or physiological state of the animal. The excretion of PD in milk is not a suitable indicator of microbial N flow, due to mammary purine catabolism to uric acid and due to the strong positive correlation between milk allantoin excretion and milk yield. Instead of total urine collection, the molar ratio between urinary PD and creatinine can be used to estimate microbial N flow. However, a substantial between-animal variation in this ratio was found, and effects of changes in energy balance of dairy cows on urinary creatinine excretion should be determined. The urinary excretion of total PD and of allantoin provided lower estimates of duodenal microbial N flow than with measurements in the omasum or duodenum, but they closely reflected the changes observed with these measurements.     

Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and plasma urea in grower pigs

Effects of dietary protein concentration (high, 18.5; low, 15.7%) and fermentable fiber (control; soyhulls, SH; and sugar beet pulp, SBP) on N excretion patterns and plasma urea were tested in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The objectives were: 1) to determine if reduced dietary protein together with fermentable fiber would reduce urinary N excretion further than a single diet manipulation, 2) to determine if effects of diet manipulations were similar between pigs with restricted and free access of feed, and 3) to further develop predictions of urinary N excretion using plasma urea. Diets were formulated to 3.30 Mcal digestible energy (DE)/kg and 2.4 g of digestible lysine per Mcal DE, and supplemented with lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, or valine to ensure meeting an ideal AA profile. Pigs (30.5 +/- 3 kg; n = 36) were housed in metabolism crates with restricted access to feed (3 x 110 kcal DE/kg BW(0.75)) from d 1 to 18, and free access from d 19 to 26. Feces and urine were collected from d 15 to 18 and d 23 to 26, and blood was sampled on d 17 and 25. With restricted access to feed, urinary N was reduced 28% and N retention was reduced 12% for the low- compared to high-protein diet (P < 0.01; as g/d). Fecal N was increased 4% units for SH and 6.5% units for SBP (P < 0.01; as % of N intake) and urinary N was reduced 5% units for SH (P < 0.10) and 9% units for SBP (P < 0.05) compared to the control. With free access to feed, urinary N was reduced 27% (P < 0.05; as g/d) and N retention was reduced 7% (P < 0.10) for the low- compared to high-protein diet. Fecal N was increased 5% units for SH and 9% units for SBP (P < 0.001; as % of N intake), and urinary N was reduced 9% units for SH and 10% units for SBP (P < 0.01) compared to the control. For either restricted or free access to feed, fermentable fiber did not affect N retention (P > 0.10). A protein x fiber interaction was not observed for urinary N excretion (P > 0.10), indicating that reducing dietary protein and including fermentable fiber reduced urinary N excretion in an additive manner. Daily urinary N excretion was related positively and linearly with plasma urea in pigs with free access to feed (R2 = 0.71; at 0800). In summary, reduction of dietary protein reduced urine N excretion, and fermentable fiber shifted N excretion from urine to feces. Effects of dietary protein and fermentable fiber on reducing urinary N excretion are additive.     

不同精粗比饲粮中添加甘露寡糖对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响

本试验采用尼龙袋法研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加甘露寡糖(MOS)对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率的影响。选取6只安装永久瘤胃瘘管的羯羊(白萨福克×小尾寒羊♀),采用4×6双因子析因试验设计,共设饲粮精粗比和MOS添加水平2个因子,其中饲粮精粗比分别为20∶80(A1)、30∶70(A2)、40∶60(A3)和50∶50(A4),MOS添加水平分别为0(B1)、0.4%(B2)、0.8%(B3)、1.2%(B4)、1.6%(B5)和2.0%(B6)。结果显示:饲粮精粗比对不同时间点绵羊瘤胃干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和粗蛋白质(CP)的降解率、降解参数[DM、OM:快速降解部分(a)、慢速降解部分(b)和可降解部分(a+b);CP:a、b和b的降解速率(c)]及有效降解率均产生了显著影响(P0.05),其变化规律均为随饲粮精料比例的升高而升高,在A4组达到最高;MOS添加水平仅对不同时间点绵羊瘤胃CP的降解率及降解参数a+b产生了显著影响(P0.05),其变化规律均为随MOS添加水平的增加先升高后降低,在B5组达到最高。饲粮精粗比和MOS添加水平对绵羊瘤胃养分降解率没有产生显著的交互作用(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮精粗比为50∶50时绵羊瘤胃干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质的有效降解率最高,MOS添加水平达到1.6%时绵羊瘤胃粗蛋白质的降解率最高。     

The impact of ractopamine hydrochloride on growth and metabolism, with special consideration of its role on nitrogen balance and water utilization in pork production

Two experiments were conducted to determine if ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) could improve nutrient utilization and decrease water utilization, thus reducing the environmental footprint of hog operations. The tissue accretion experiment used comparative slaughter involving 120 barrows (95 ± 3 kg of BW), including 12 assigned to an initial slaughter group; the remaining pigs were slaughtered at 108 or 120 kg. Growth performance and nutrient retention were determined. The 15-d metabolism experiment consisted of 54 pigs (95 ± 3 kg of BW). Growth performance, feed and water intake, and urine and fecal output were measured. The metabolism experiment used 9 dietary treatments arranged as a 3 × 3 factorial: 3 quantities of RAC (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg) and 3 standardized ileal digestible-Lys:DE ratios (1.73, 2.14, and 2.63 g/Mcal of DE). The tissue accretion study was designed as a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using the same 9 dietary treatments to include slaughter BW (108 and 120 kg of BW) as an additional factor. In the tissue accretion experiment, RAC had no effect on ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P>0.10). With increased Lys, G:F improved (P=0.029), but not ADG or ADFI (P>0.10). Protein deposition rates increased numerically (P=0.11); water deposition rates increased (P=0.050), whereas lipid deposition tended to decrease with RAC inclusion (P=0.055). With greater RAC and Lys, the pigs had improved ADG (P=0.002) and G:F (P<0.001) in the metabolism experiment. Daily water intake (P=0.017.) and water output (P=0.033) decreased with RAC inclusion. Lysine inclusion did not alter the water balance (P>0.10). Urinary N excretion (P<0.001), total N excretion (P=0.003), and the urine N:fecal N ratio (P<0.001) decreased with the addition of RAC; fecal N (P=0.008) increased with RAC inclusion. Retention of N improved with addition of RAC to the diet (P=0.003). With greater dietary Lys, fecal N was reduced (P<0.001). The pigs fed the 2.14 g of Lys/Mcal tended to have the least urinary N (P = 0.069) and total N excretion (P=0.086) and to have the greatest N retention (P=0.086) and urinary N:fecal N ratio (P=0.009). A RAC × Lys interaction was observed for N digestibility (P=0.001), excretion (P=0.001), and retention (P=0.002) and for fecal (P=0.001) and urinary N (P=0.036). By improving N and water utilization in finishing pigs, RAC-containing diets supplemented with sufficient Lys can reduce N excretion into the environment from swine facilities.     

Effects of dietary inclusion with rapeseed cake containing high glucosinolates on nitrogen metabolism and urine nitrous oxide emissions in steers

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of glucosinolates(GLS) in rapeseed cake(RSC) on nitrogen(N) metabolism and urine nitrous oxide(N₂O) emissions in steers. In trial 1, 8 steers and 4 levels of RSC, i.e. 0%, 2.7%, 5.4% and 8.0% dry matter(DM)(0, 6.0, 12.1, 18.1 μmol GLS/g DM) were allocated in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square. In trial 2, the static incubation technique was used for measuring the N₂O emissions of the urine samples collected from ...     

牦牛尿嘌呤衍生物排出量对皱胃注射酵母RNA水平的响应

本研究对3头牦牛施以皱胃瘘管手术,以酵母RNA为嘌呤碱基供体,连续注射4期,以期测定牦牛吸收嘌呤的回收率,为尿嘌呤衍生物估测牦牛瘤胃微生物氮产量的模型积累数据。 结果表明,牦牛皱胃连续注射酵母RNA可使尿囊素(564～1 426 μmol/kg BW^0.75)、总嘌呤衍生物(purine derivative, PD)排出量(629～1 507 μmol/kg BW^0.75)及尿囊素占总PD比例线性提高(0.90～0.95)(P<0.01);嘌呤碱基注射水平对尿酸、肌酐及尿氮排出量影响不显著(P>0.05)。回归分析发现,牦牛皱胃嘌呤注射量(X,mmol/d)与尿嘌呤衍生物排出量(Y,mmol/d) 间存在线性关系:Y=0.85X+33.02 (R²=0.96,P<0.001),牦牛吸收嘌呤在尿中的回收率为85%。     

Concentration of dietary calcium supplied by calcium carbonate does not affect the apparent total tract digestibility of calcium, but decreases digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs

A regional experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the concentration of dietary Ca does not affect the digestibility of Ca or P in diets fed to growing pigs. Six diets based on corn, potato protein isolate, cornstarch, and soybean oil were formulated. All diets also contained monosodium phosphate, crystalline AA, salt, and a vitamin-micromineral premix. The only difference among the diets was that varying concentrations of calcium carbonate were used to create diets containing 0.33, 0.46, 0.51, 0.67, 0.92, and 1.04% Ca. All diets contained between 0.40 and 0.43% P. Six universities participated in the experiment and each university contributed 2 replicates to the experiment for a total of 12 replicates (initial BW: 23.1 ± 4.4 kg). Pigs were placed in metabolism cages that allowed total, but separate, collection of feces and urine from the pigs. Pigs within each replicate were randomly allotted to the 6 diets and fed experimental diets for 14 d with urine and feces being collected over a 5-d period. Diets, feces, and urine samples were analyzed for Ca and P, and the daily balance, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), and the retention of Ca and P were calculated. Results indicated that intake, fecal excretion, and urinary excretion of Ca increased (linear, P<0.05) as dietary Ca concentration increased. The daily intake of P was not affected by the dietary concentration of Ca, but fecal excretion of P increased (linear, P<0.05) as dietary Ca concentrations increased. In contrast, urinary P output was decreased (linear, P<0.05) as dietary Ca increased. The retention of Ca increased (linear, P<0.05) from 1.73 to 4.60 g/d, whereas the retention of P decreased (linear, P<0.05) from 1.98 to 1.77 g/d as dietary Ca concentrations increased. However, if calculated as a percentage of intake, both Ca and P retention were decreased (linear, P<0.05) as dietary Ca concentration increased (from 55.4 to 46.1% and from 48.4 to 43.5%, respectively). The ATTD of Ca was not affected by the dietary concentration of Ca, but the ATTD of P was decreased (linear, P<0.05) from 56.9 to 46.2% as dietary Ca concentration increased. It is concluded that the dietary concentration of Ca does not affect the ATTD of Ca in calcium carbonate, but increased concentrations of dietary Ca may decrease the ATTD of P in diets based on corn, potato protein isolate, and monosodium phosphate.