南美白对虾池塘海水养殖稳产高效技术

近两年来,南美白对虾以生长快、饵料系数低、适盐广、规格整齐、单位产量高等优良特性已在全国沿海乃至内陆等许多地区养殖并推广开来。笔者2001年在海南省文昌市翁田镇养殖南美白对虾,该镇上半年南美白对虾单产最高的达2000kg/亩(1亩=667m~2)以上,一般的养殖户正常的养殖单产平均也达1000kg/亩左右,经济效益十分显著,但下半年整个海南省南美白对虾病害开始流行,几乎每家养殖场无一幸免地发生虾病,有     

不同放养密度对南美白对虾生长及存活率的影响

南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone),俗称白虾、白肢虾等,隶属十足目,对虾科,滨对虾属,该虾肉质鲜美,具有生长快、适盐性和适温性广,对饲料蛋白质要求较低,抗逆性强,病害少,能密养高产、经济效益好等优点,深受养殖者青睐。随着南美白对虾人工养殖技术的不断提高,工厂化养殖已成为一种普遍的养殖模式,但养殖从业者盲目地增加放养密度,造成饲料系数高,水质难于控制,生长慢,病害多,引起对虾生长率和存活率降低以及养殖水体环境恶化[1]。因此,选择适合生长的放养密度对南美白对虾的工厂化养殖至关重要。笔者在莆田南日岛采用单因素试验方法研究了工厂化养殖模式下不同放养密度对南美白对虾生长性能及存活率的影响,探讨南美白对虾生长的适宜养殖密度,以期为南美白对虾工厂化养殖健康发展提供技术支持。     

浙北地区利用冬闲虾塘饲养日本对虾的试验

利用饲养南美白对虾的冬闲虾塘 ,采取精养模式养一茬日本对虾 ,可提高围塘养殖的综合效益。本试验的放养密度为 2× 10 4余尾 / 6 6 7m2 ,单产 38.5kg/ 6 6 7m2 ,成活率 2 3.3%。盐度控制在 17以上     

淡水池塘多季南美白对虾养殖技术试验

本文总结了在淡水池塘进行多季南美白对虾养殖技术试验的结果，提出了多季南美白对虾养殖中科学安排生产季节、放养密度等相应合理措施和看法。     

南美蓝对虾和南美白对虾混养试验

南美蓝对虾 ( Penaeus stylirostris)原产于拉丁美洲太平洋沿岸水域 ,它具有生长速度快、适应盐度范围广、人工繁殖较南美白对虾容易、抗病毒能力较强 ,易于集约化饲养等优点。 2 0 0 1年 4～ 5月 ,福建省漳州市出现了大规模的南美白对虾流行性虾病 ,其中海水养殖的南美白对虾发病率达60 %以上 ,兑淡养殖的南美白对虾发病率也在30 %以上 ,严重制约对虾养殖业的发展。为了探索南美蓝对虾的兑淡养殖技术 ,我场于今年 6月 5日开始进行南美蓝对虾和南美白对虾混养试验 ,并取得较好的经济效益 ,平均单产为 2 34kg/1 0 0 0 m2。一、池塘条件利用…     

南美白对虾安全健康养殖

南美白对虾原产于南美洲太平洋沿岸海域,1999年初引入我镇进行池塘养殖.目前已成为广东、广西、海南三省区的主要养殖品种.随着养殖规模的扩大和放养密度的不断提高,南美白对虾的病害问题也日益严重.针对我镇目前对虾养殖生产中的实际情况,就我镇南美白对虾养殖的主要技术关键,编写如下养殖技术规程,供养殖者参考.     

南美白对虾养殖主要病害分析及对策

江苏昆山市自2001年开始引进南美白对虾,经过4年引进、示范推广,养殖规模迅速扩大,至2005年,南美白对虾已成为昆山水产养殖业的主导品种之一,养殖模式相应调整,放养密度相对较高,其病害也相对较多,成为昆山市南美白对虾养殖技术必须攻克的一道难题。现笔者根据昆山市南美白对虾养殖实际,就近几年来养殖主要病害进行分析并提出采取的相应措施,以供读者参考。     

对虾养殖技术之四南美白对虾放养密度过大的危害及应对措施

近几年来,南美白对虾养殖者为获得高产量、高效益而不断增加苗种放养密度,产生了各种各样的危害,有些甚至导致养殖失败,损失惨重。因此,笔者将在无公害对虾养殖实践中南美白对虾放养密度过大的危害分析及采取的一些做法介绍如下,供大家参考。     

南美白对虾养殖池混养青虾试验

为探索新的养虾模式,采用在南美白对虾养殖池中混养青虾,并辅以池塘种草和生物制剂调控水质等生态养殖技术进行了养殖试验。试验结果:混养塘南美白对虾亩产量比单养塘提高了8.3%,同时青虾单产为30 kg/亩(15亩=1 hm2,下同),可增加600~800元/亩的收入,整体经济效益提高了1647元/亩。结果表明,此种养殖模式在不需要增加投饲、用药和能源消耗的情况下提高了南美白对虾的成活率,并且改善了池塘的养殖环境,是一种值得推广的养殖模式。     

南美白对虾高产养殖技术

南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)原产于南美洲太平洋沿岸海域,在1999年初引入我镇进行土塘试养.该虾对盐度、温度的适应范围广,生长较快、养殖成活率高、产量高,适合于进行高密度饲养,目前已成为我镇水产主养品种.随着养殖规模的扩大和放养密度的不断提高,南美白对虾的病害问题也日益严重.     

Density-Dependent Growth and Survival of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus vannamei in a Semi-Closed Recirculating System

Abstract.— Two growth trials utilizing Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus setiferus were conducted at densities of 28.4, 56.8, 85.2, 113.6, 170.4, 227.3 and 284.1/ m² in an indoor recirculating system. There was an inverse linear relationship between stocking density and growth among both species. The relationship between final weight and stocking density is described by the following linear equation: P. setiferus , Y =−0.00619X ± 4.46, adj. r²= 0.8572;. P. vannamei, Y =−0.00717X ± 7.39, adj. r²= 0.6230. Although the responses in terms of growth depressions were similar, P. setiferus growth was lower than that of P. vannamei . There was an inverse relationship between stocking density and survival for P. setiferus . Survival of P. vannamei was highly variable but was negatively correlated with density. Based on the results of the present study, P. setiferus has a similar tolerance of high density as that of P. vannamei and hence may be suitable for intensive culture systems. However, depressed growth rates of P. setiferus , which do not appear to be due to effects of water quality or density, must be solved if growth rates similar to P. vannamei are to be realized.     

螺蛳投放量对中华绒螯蟹规格、产量和成活率的影响

研究了螺蛳投放量对池塘生态养殖的中华绒螯蟹平均育成规格、产量和成活率的影响.结果表明,中华绒螯蟹产量(Z)与螺蛳投放量(x)的关系为:Z=528.138+0.228x-0.000029x~2(R~2=0.959)(P＜0.05);中华绒螯蟹规格(Y)与螺蛳投放量(x)的关系为:Y=155.368+0.014x-0.0000017x~2(R~2=0.934)(P＜0.05);中华绒螯蟹成活率与螺蛳投放量的关系为:L=52.208+0.018x-0.0000023x~2(R~2=0.957)(P＜0.05).中华绒螯蟹池塘生态养殖中螺蛳最佳投放量为4500 kg/hm~2.     

不同放苗密度凡纳滨对虾生物絮团养殖的环境和产出效应

本研究尝试将生物絮团养殖技术(Bio-floc aquaculture technology, BFA)应用到凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖系统中,研究生物絮团在凡纳滨对虾不同放苗密度下的水质调控、对虾生长及存活等方面的作用效果。试验将200、400和600尾/m2的放苗密度分为传统养殖组(TF200、TF400和TF600)和絮团养殖组(BFA)(BF200、BF400和BF600)共6组,分别在18个室内水泥池中进行,其中BFA组通过添加益生菌和赤砂糖培养生物絮团,并在养殖过程中极少换水,而传统养殖组进行传统换水养殖管理。经过113d的养殖试验,随着放苗密度的增加,水质、对虾存活率和对虾特定增长率逐步下降,然而BFA在400尾/m2的凡纳滨对虾封闭式养殖中有良好效果。与400尾/m2的传统养殖组(TF400)相比,400尾/m2的BFA组(BF400)在养殖过程中生物絮团平均形成量提升3.25倍;水体中的亚硝酸氮和氨氮平均含量分别降低67.9%和72.7%,而用水量只有传统养殖组的33%左右;对虾的体重、存活率、特定生长率及单位产量分别提高了14.5%、156.3%、2.4%和194.1%;400 尾/m2的BFA组对虾单位产量达到4.01±0.94 kg/m2,具有最好的环境和产出效应。     

Semi-Intensive Commercial Grow-Out of Penaeus vannamei Fed Diets Containing Differing Levels of Crude Protein During Wet and Dry Seasons in Honduras

Shrimp were grown under ideal management conditions during two distinct seasons of the year at stocking densities used most often in Honduras with the objective of evaluating the usefulness of high protein diets. A randomized design in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to test a diet composed of either 20 or 40% crude protein in earthen ponds that were stocked with juvenile Penaeus vannamei at 5 to 11/m². The study was repeated during wet and dry seasons. Dietary protein level had no significant effect ( P > O .05) on survival, yield, or average weight of shrimp at either density during either season. Higher stocking rates yielded significantly greater shrimp production during both seasons. Mean shrimp weight in high density ponds was significantly lower than mean shrimp weight in low density ponds during the wet season, but there was no significant weight difference because of stocking density during the dry season. Mean survival was significantly lower at the higher stocking rate during the dry season. Net income was negative during the dry season, particularly at the high stocking density. Mean production was 240% greater in the wet season than in the dry season. Diets offered P. vannamei stocked at 5 to 11/m² should contain no more than 20% protein, regardless of season. Higher dietary protein levels increase costs and waste nitrogen without resulting in greater shrimp yields. The high stocking density might increase profitability in the wet season, but long term sustainable production may be more feasible at lower stocking rates because of reduced nutrient wastes.     

Effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1758)] in a cage culture system in Lake Kuriftu,Ethiopia

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Oreochromis niloticus in cage culture in Lake Kuriftu. The treatments had stocking densities of 50 (50F), 100 (100F), 150 (150F), and 200 (200F) fish per m^?3. All treatments were in duplicate. Juveniles with an average weight of 45. 76±0.25 g were stocked in the treatments. The fish were fed a composite mixture of mill sweeping, cotton seed, and Bora food complex at 2% of their body weight twice per day using feeding trays for 150 days in powdered form. The growth performance of O. niloticus was density dependent. The final mean weight of O. niloticus ranged 147.76±0.28–219.71±1.42 g and the mean daily weight gain was 0.69±0.01–1.15±0.02 g day^?1. Fish held in cages with lower density were heavier than the ones held at higher densities, and showed higher weight gain and daily weight gain. The most effective stocking density, in terms of growth parameters, was 50 fish m^?3. The gross yield (4.5–20.55 kg cage^?1) showed a significant difference with increasing stocking density (P<0.05). Moreover, the apparent food conversion ratio (2.48–7.22) was significantly affected by stocking density (P<0.05). However, survival rate was not affected by stocking density (P>0.05). It can be concluded that the most effective stocking densities were at 50 fish m^?3 cage for larger size fish demand in a short period and 200 fish m^?3 for higher gross production with supplementary feed.     

Growth, Yield, Dressout, and Net Returns of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Stocked at Three Densities in Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Ponds

Abstract— Alternative fish species that can be cultured together with catfish Ictalurus punctatus provide an opportunity to diversify caffish farms. A 2-yr study was conducted in 0.10-ha earthen ponds to evaluate the effect of bighead carp (BHC) stocking density on growth, yield, dressout yield, and net returns. Initially, bighead carp (average weight of 22 g) were stocked at rates of 380, 750, or 1,130 fishha in ponds with catfish. Caffish were cultured under commercial conditions by stocking caffish at a density of 12,500/ha, aerating nightly and feeding at an average rate of 82 kgha per d. Stocking rates for 2-yr-old fish were reduced to 77, 260, and 435/ha in the second growing season. There were no significant differences among treatments ( P > 0.05) in summer growth of bighead carp in either year. Bighead carp stocked at 1,130 fishha had significantly higher yields than those stocked at 380/ha, but did not reach minimum market size of 2.2 kg during the first year ( P > 0.05). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in caffish growth, yield, survival, or feed conversion ratios due to the bighead carp stocking densities. Partial budget analysis indicated that net benefits were positive for all three treatments over a range of prevailing prices of bighead carp. Bighead carp production in catfish ponds is economically feasible over a wide range of prices. Given the market risk of producing smaller fish at the higher density, the medium density is the preferred stocking density of fingerling bighead carp in catfish ponds.     

凡纳滨对虾地膜光伏集约工程化养殖试验

为研究地膜光伏工程化养殖模式的实用性,在地膜光伏工程化养殖系统中开展凡纳滨对虾养殖试验。地膜光伏工程化养殖系统由对虾养殖系统和光伏发电系统组成。取3口池塘进行凡纳滨对虾高密度养殖试验,放养密度为500尾/m^2,养殖试验周期100 d。凡纳滨对虾平均体长达到(9.77±0.11)cm,平均体质量(10.80±0.82)g。1号池塘产量为4.25 kg/m^2,存活率为78.71%,饲料系数为1.22;2号池塘养殖产量为4.42 kg/m^2,存活率为81.85%,饲料系数为1.18;3号池塘产量为4.07 kg/m^2,存活率为75.37%,饲料系数为1.25。养殖期间8:00水温范围为22.5~31.0℃;15:00水温范围为22.5~32.0℃,日气温差最大为11.0℃,日水温差最大为2.5℃。养殖期间pH稳定在7.00~8.34。养殖期间亚硝酸盐氮(NO-2-N)0~8.47 mg/L,总氨氮(TAN)0~7.83 mg/L。地膜光伏工程化养殖模式养殖凡纳滨对虾,实现了对虾养殖和光伏发电的双重收益,具有较大的实用价值,是一种值得推广的养殖模式。     

海南地区鱼虾混养模式下密度对罗非鱼的生长、代谢和免疫的影响

为优化鱼虾混养模式,设置不同的罗非鱼(Oreochromis)养殖密度(6 000、8 000和10 000尾/667 m^2),凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)轮捕轮放,每次每口5 000尾,通过150 d的养殖比较分析罗非鱼生长、血清代谢和非特异性免疫。结果显示:3个密度下罗非鱼增重率分别为71 194%、69 285%和49 977%,特定生长率分别为4.37%/d、4.36%/d和4.14%/d;10 000尾/667 m^2密度下罗非鱼血清中葡萄糖、甘油三脂和总胆固醇浓度均低于6 000尾/667 m^2和8 000尾/667 m^2密度组,而血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶含量则呈现相反的趋势;肝脏免疫基因C-LZM表达量随着养殖密度的上升显著下调,而IL-1β、TNF-α则与之相反,6 000尾/667 m^2密度下罗非鱼肝脏表达水平显著低于10 000尾/667 m^2组。结果表明,高密度养殖下养殖密度对罗非鱼生长、血清代谢、肝脏免疫基因表达影响显著,建议罗非鱼密度不高于8 000尾/667 m^2。     

不同养殖密度对长江鲟稚鱼生长的影响

为了解不同养殖密度对长江鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)稚鱼生长的影响,设置初始密度为0.27(D 200)、0.46(D 350)、0.66(D 500)和0.87(D 650)kg/m2的4种养殖密度,对初始体重3.38 g和体长7.79 cm的2月龄长江鲟稚鱼进行4周的养殖实验。结果表明:养殖密度对体重、体长、变异系数(CV)、日增重(DWG)、净增重(NY)、特定生长率(SGR)和饵料系数(FCR)有显著影响,对存活率和肥满度无显著影响;D 200组的生长速度最快,与D 350组差异不显著,D 650组生长速度最慢;D 200组的体重、体长、特定生长率、日增重均最大,与D 350组无显著差异,但D 350组的变异系数和饵料系数均较D 200组要小;特定生长率与养殖密度(D)呈负相关关系:SGR=-1.171 5D+6.331 5(R2=0.484 5);变异系数与养殖密度呈正相关关系:CV=3.989 1D+13.533(R2=0.480 5)。此阶段长江鲟稚鱼最适养殖密度为D350(0.46 kg/m~2)。     

密度胁迫对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响

将体长为（3.59±0.26）cm的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）按1 800尾.m-3、1 500尾.m-3和1 200尾.m-3的密度分别饲养在注水0.3 m3的圆形玻璃纤维桶（容量为0.5 m3）中30 d,检测了基本水质因子、对虾肝胰腺和肌肉组织中的酚氧化酶（PO）活力、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力、抗菌活力（Ua）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活力、体质量增长和成活率,研究了不同放养密度对凡纳滨对虾稚虾免疫指标及生长的影响。统计分析发现,试验过程中水体理化因子均在适宜范围,各处理间水质因子的差异不显著;对虾的PO活力、Ua和AKP活力均随着密度的增加而降低,SOD活力则反之;对虾的体质量增长、体质量特定增长率和成活率随着密度的增加而降低,成活率差异显著（P〈0.05）。结果表明,凡纳滨对虾（体长〈4.8 cm或体质量〈1.2 g）在密度为1 200～1 800尾.m-3时,密度胁迫可明显影响其免疫指标和生长。