利用旋流效应强化平板型太阳能空气集热器性能

为了进一步提高平板型太阳能空气集热器热性能,该文提出一种在集热腔室内引入旋流效应的方法,并建立数值模型,分析了旋流类型和旋流强度对集热性能提升效果的影响,通过对旋流型集热器内部的流动及换热特性进行分析,揭示旋流强化集热器热性能机理。计算结果表明,主动旋流的集热性能提升效果明显优于被动旋流;与无旋流对照模型相比,主动旋流型集热器的集热效率增长率最高可达23.83%,且对于特定尺度的集热器,存在最佳的旋流强度。试验结果表明,旋流方法对集热器集热性能的提升效果受流量影响较大。在小流量下,旋流对集热器性能提升较为明显,集热效率增长率可达13.24%;大流量下的提升效果则不明显。本文研究结果对平板型太阳能空气集热器的性能优化提供了一种思路。     

太阳能干燥装置性能及三七干燥效果

为提高三七干燥效率和干燥品质,该文提出了一种由单层盖板V型波纹槽吸热面双通道的空气集热器和绝热干燥箱及通风装置组成的太阳能三七干燥设备,研究了该太阳能干燥设备的集热性能,并在昆明的气候条件下对三七进行了太阳能干燥试验,且与传统的自然干燥作了比较。试验结果表明,所设计的空气集热器在空气流量为0.0597 kg/s时,冬季晴天条件下最高温度和最高效率分别达到62.2℃ 和76.7%,平均温度和热效率分别为54.6℃和66.5%,在多云的天气下平均热效率和平均温度可分别达53.9%和47.5℃;干燥箱采用上进风     

微热管阵列式太阳能平板空气集热器集热性能

该文在传统平板太阳能空气集热器基础上,结合高效热导元件—微热管阵列(micro-heat pipe arrays,MHPA),提出一种全新的平板式太阳能空气集热器,阐明了该集热器的基本结构和工作原理,深入分析了该新型集热器的传热机理。对集热器的热损失情况进行了理论分析,并对该新型集热器的非稳态集热特性进行了试验研究。通过测试该集热器在不同条件下的集热特性,分析了运行参数及气象参数对其性能的影响规律。结果表明,该集热器在风量为290 m3/h,瞬时集热效率稳定在68%,且具有结构简单,可靠性高,集热效率稳定的特点。     

日光温室用双集热管多曲面槽式空气集热器性能试验

为了提高日光温室太阳能利用率,该研究提出了一种新型双集热管多曲面槽式空气集热器,并与该研究团队提出的日光温室太阳能主-被动"三重"结构相变蓄热通风墙体相结合构成太阳能主动集热蓄热系统,应用于乌鲁木齐日光温室。基于光学与传热学理论,重点考察了集热器结构(双集热管相对位置、长度)、集热器内空气流速、集热器进口温度、太阳辐射强度等参数,对该集热器光学性能和集热性能的影响规律。大量实验室试验及现场应用研究结果表明:1)新型双管集热器与同类型的单管集热器相比,空气流量增加了一倍、单位面积集热量增加了16%、集热效率提高了9%,冬季无跟踪条件下的集热效率为44%~52%;2)2015年11月-2016年2月乌鲁木齐日光温室应用实测结果表明,在集热器长度为16 m、管内空气流速为2.0 m/s的条件下,晴天集热系统可为日光温室提供约50~65 MJ的太阳热能,冬季累计可提供约5 325 MJ的太阳热能。研究结果为日光温室高效利用太阳能主动供热提供了新的技术方法参考。     

蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器的热性能

太阳能集热器是太阳能热泵系统的核心部件.该文设计了一种蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器,将其应用于蓄能型太阳能热泵系统中,可根据太阳辐射强度切换工作模式,实现太阳能分季节全天候利用,能提高系统热力性能.搭建了蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器热性能测试试验台,对振荡热管换热器内充灌不同工质(R134a、乙醇/水、丙酮/水)、集热管内分别利用空气显热蓄能或者石蜡潜热蓄能的蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器在白天和夜间工况下的热性能开展了试验研究.结果表明:振荡热管换热器内充灌R134a的集热器,白天工况下集热效率最高,平均集热效率在0.45以上,利用石蜡蓄热时最高达到了0.90;日有用得热量最大,最低可达到7.14 MJ/(m2·d);夜间工况下供热水水温最高.无论利用空气和石蜡蓄能,白天工况下集热器瞬时集热效率均与太阳辐射强度的变化规律相反.真空管内利用石蜡蓄能的蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器,阴雨天其集热效率远高于利用空气蓄能的集热器,平均提高64.0％,夜间供水水温均能保持在50℃以上,高于利用空气蓄热的集热器.该研究可为蓄能型太阳能热泵的推广应用提供参考依据.     

太阳能集热器的研制及结构优化

为了将太阳能通过光热转化运用到农产品脱水干燥中,该文设计了一种平板型太阳能空气集热器。通过对比试验及热性能测试,取得集热器各部件的最佳结构,给出了太阳能空气集热器进出口温差与辐照度的关系式。吸热板为横向波纹,流量为0.06 kg/s,平均入口温度为22.16℃,平均辐照度为870.60 W/m2时,集热器平均效率可达84.53%;日平均环境温度17℃,上下通道空间比为2∶1时,闷晒温度最高能达到87.6℃,相比当时环境温度21.2℃提升66.4℃。此太阳能空气集热器具有低成本,高效率的特点,结构简单,易于安装,可用于农产品干燥除湿,在如今提倡低碳的形式下具有广阔的发展前景。     

真空平板玻璃在箱式太阳能集热群中的应用

真空平板玻璃能提高箱式太阳能集热群集热效率,该文研究了透光盖板分别为真空玻璃与中空玻璃的二种箱式太阳能集热群集热效率,并进行了对比试验。试验数据显示,以真空平板玻璃作盖板的箱式太阳能集热群比普通中空玻璃作盖板的太阳能集热群集热效率提高近15%。证明真空平板玻璃可改善箱式太阳能集热群的集热效果,对箱式太阳能集热箱中具有良好的应用前景。     

全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器对流换热试验与模拟

以可再生能源总能系统为研究背景,通过搭建太阳能辅助燃料电池试验平台,逐步完成不同涂层材料、内置导流板太阳能集热器自然对流试验研究;在试验验证基础上,分别建立太阳能集热器自然对流和强迫对流三维数学模型,应用场协同和火积理论分析流动和传热数据。自然对流研究表明,吸收率在0.95~1.0、发射率在0.06~0.16时,随吸收率升高,发射率降低,热效率升高1.71%,火积增量逐渐增大;加装导流板后,真空管内部混流消失,底部流动得到强化,实验热效率提高2.17%;确定全玻璃真空管热水器导流板合理板厚为2 mm,合理板长为距离真空管底部60~100 mm,合理位置为中心线以上16~20 mm;强迫对流研究表明,横双排集热器雷诺和努赛尔数、火积增量均高于竖单排集热器,火积耗散低于竖单排集热器。确定太阳能辅助燃料电池集热场在中低温条件下,自然对流采用内置导流板集热器,强迫对流采用横双排集热器。     

相变储热型光伏自驱动集热器运行特性

为了克服自驱动型太阳能空气集热器间歇运行和温度波动大的缺点,该研究提出了一种相变储热型自驱动集热器,并利用试验方法探讨了其运行特性。此外,并通过与无储热单元的集热器进行对比,分析了储热单元的引入对集热器热性能的影响。结果表明,该集热器实现了24 h连续运行,其在光伏-蓄电池供电模式下可以根据太阳辐射照度自适应调节气流量,全天热效率达46.92%。对比试验结果表明,储热单元的引入可降低集热器出口温度峰值,峰值滞后时间约3 h。结果可为开发适用于农业干燥领域的集热器提供新思路。     

全玻璃真空管太阳能阵列供暖系统性能试验

为了研究实际工况下全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器系统的动态供暖性能,通过试验研究和理论分析得出了储热水箱总热损系数、太阳能集热器阵列集热效率的回归方程以及系统太阳能利用率的计算公式,结果表明:2015年11月24日至2015年12月5日,储热水箱总热损系数为25.82~31.53 W/℃,全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器阵列的集热效率为38%~72%。以2015年11月30日为例,系统的太阳能利用率为37.1%,太阳能集热器所收集的热量仅有54.6%被利用,系统热损过大。通过对比系统供热量和建筑逐时耗热量发现:在供暖期间,系统所提供的热量远大于该段时间的建筑耗热量,特别是在供暖初期,供热量达到了该时段建筑耗热量的10倍以上,供热量和供暖时间过于集中;针对此问题提出了单户太阳能供暖系统运行策略的改进建议。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.