农林废弃物对厨余垃圾堆肥腐殖化的影响与微生物驱动机制

高碳源农林辅料复配是实现厨余垃圾好氧堆肥促腐提质的关键技术,但不同辅料对厨余垃圾堆肥过程腐殖化的影响及其相应的微生物驱动机制仍不清楚,从而限制了对辅料的有效筛选与利用。为此,该研究选用园林废弃物、玉米秸秆和西瓜秧3种典型高碳源农林废弃物为辅料,探究其对厨余垃圾堆肥过程有机质腐殖化的调控效果与机制。研究结果表明：相较于园林废弃物和西瓜秧,添加15%玉米秸秆（湿质量）作为辅料,能够有效调节堆体物料结构,富集功能微生物,促进厨余垃圾堆肥产物腐熟度提升,种子发芽指数可达139%。具体而言,西瓜秧蛋白质含量较高,作为辅料能够在堆肥初期促进堆体快速升温,但不利于高温期延续,且产物腐殖化程度较低。相比之下,园林废弃物和玉米秸秆添加可以在高温期和降温腐熟期富集更多Ureibacillus、Bacillus Oceanobacillus和Flavobacterium等具有木聚糖降解和纤维素降解功能的细菌,促进有机质转化为多酚、氨基酸等腐殖质前驱物,进而推动稳定的腐殖酸生成。特别是玉米秸秆作为辅料时有效增加了具有木质纤维素降解功能的细菌,从而能够加速有机质的降解,促进腐殖化提升75%,研究结果为选取适宜的辅料强化厨余垃圾堆肥产品品质提供参考。     

包菜废弃物好氧堆肥初始条件研究

为建立适宜叶类蔬菜废弃物的快速好氧堆肥工艺,以包菜废弃物为主要堆肥原料,探索包菜废弃物直接堆肥或添加少量辅料情况下堆肥的可能性,以及叶菜废弃物细碎程度对堆肥效果的影响,共设置两个试验。试验一,调节包菜废弃物和秸秆粉混合物料初始含水量分别至70%、65%、60%、55%、50%,结果表明,当含水量低于70%时,混合物料外观以秸秆粉的黄褐色为主,且含水量在最优状态时（50%～60%）,碳氮比难以在理想状态（20～40）。试验二,以不粉碎、不添加秸秆的包菜废弃物堆肥为对照,设置不粉碎、粗粉碎、细粉碎3个处理（均添加5%秸秆）,测定堆肥温度、pH、有机质、养分、种子发芽指数和电导率。结果表明,包菜废弃物直接堆肥能完成整个堆肥过程;相较于对照,添加秸秆粉显著提升了堆肥温度、pH、有机质及种子发芽指数,降低了养分含量和电导率;粉碎程度对有机质、养分、种子发芽指数、电导率没有显著影响。因此,高含水量的包菜废弃物在不脱水、不粉碎的情况下,添加少量秸秆即可取得较好的堆肥效果。     

膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥CH4、N2O和NH3排放的影响

厨余垃圾有别于混合生活垃圾,具有高有机质含量和高含水率等特点,单独堆肥会产生大量CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液,为减少厨余垃圾堆肥过程污染物的排放,该文以居民小区产生的经大类粗分后的厨余垃圾为研究对象,以菌糠为膨松剂,设置15%、25%、35% 3个添加质量比（湿基）的堆肥处理,以纯厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照处理,研究菌糠作为膨松剂对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中CH4、N2O、NH3和渗滤液排放的影响及其最佳添加比例。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加菌糠可以完全避免厨余垃圾堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生;堆肥结束时,添加15%和25%菌糠的处理堆肥达到腐熟标准,但添加35%的菌糠使堆肥高温期缩短,不利于有机质分解;与对照处理相比,添加15%、25%和35%比例的菌糠均可以减少堆肥过程中CH4和NH3的累计排放量,且减排量与添加比例正相关,但只有添加15%菌糠的堆肥处理明显降低了N2O的排放量;添加质量比为15%和25%菌糠的堆肥处理,CH4和N2O排放总量比厨余垃圾单独堆肥分别减少45.8%、19.6%,而添加质量比为35%的菌糠使CH4和N2O排放总量为厨余垃圾单独堆肥的1.14倍（每t物料,干基）。综上,菌糠作为食用菌种植废弃物,可用作厨余垃圾堆肥膨松剂,在适宜的添加比例条件下,能够在避免堆肥过程中渗滤液产生的同时,减少CH4、N2O和NH3的排放量。研究结果可为厨余垃圾堆肥过程温室气体减排、氮素损失控制和工艺改进提供理论依据和试验基础。     

城市污泥与稻草混合堆肥的最佳通风量优化研究

以城市污泥+稻草秸秆混合物料为研究对象,运用好氧堆肥方法,研究不同通风量对污泥堆肥过程的影响,测定了堆肥过程中温度、含水率、有机质含量和种子发芽指数的变化规律,分析了堆肥过程中通风与未通风之间的差异性。结果表明:(1)通风能够有效保证堆料升温和维持高温期,温度高达74.20℃,高温持续时间达到6 d,温度上升速率达到24.03℃/d。(2)通风条件下,含水率呈现先升高,后降低,然后趋于稳定的变化规律。(3)堆肥结束后,各处理有机质含量均达到国家标准。(4)通风能够显著影响种子发芽系数,各处理GI值的大小顺序为3号箱2号箱1号箱4号箱5号箱。当通风量为1.00 m~3/h,高温维持时间最长(6 d),种子发芽指数最高(84.25%),堆肥效果最理想。     

生物炭和菌剂对羊粪微好氧堆肥腐熟度和温室气体排放的影响

为探究微好氧堆肥方式对羊粪堆肥腐熟度和温室气体排放的影响，该研究以纯羊粪为研究对象，设置对照（CK）、生物炭添加（BC）和VT菌剂添加处理（MC）3个处理，在60 L的敞口发酵罐中进行42 d的堆肥试验，堆肥前14 d微量间歇强制通风，后28 d停止强制通风。结果表明：羊粪微好氧堆肥均能满足种子发芽指数（Germination Index，GI）≥70%、pH值不小于8等腐熟标准，与CK相比，BC和MC处理分别提高27.8%和38.8%的GI，并延长堆肥高温期至10 d以上，满足堆肥无害化和腐熟标准。NH3、CH4和N2O排放集中在前14 d，排放速率主要受温度、腐熟度等理化性质影响，且添加外源功能材料可不同程度减少气体排放量，其中添加生物炭使NH3、CH4和N2O排放量分别减少38.68%、14.26%和31.54%，总温室效应降低31.11%；菌剂添加降低18.41%的NH3排放，增加21.10%的N2O排放，总温室效应增加20.70%。因此，在羊粪微好氧过程，生物炭作为调理剂可促进堆肥腐熟，减少堆肥过程温室气体排放，加速有机质矿化和腐殖化，增加堆肥产品养分含量，为羊粪轻简化堆肥提供数据支撑。     

秸秆对厨余垃圾堆肥臭气和渗滤液减排的影响

厨余垃圾单独堆肥会产生大量渗滤液及臭气物质,严重影响环境质量。该试验以玉米秸秆作为添加材料,按质量比（湿基）为1∶3添加到厨余垃圾中进行堆肥试验,并以厨余垃圾单独堆肥为对照,对比分析了2个堆肥处理的腐熟度变化、主要臭气物质及渗滤液的排放规律。研究结果表明：从温度、pH值、电导率（EC）、固相C/N和发芽率指数（GI）来看,添加秸秆的堆肥处理其腐熟度明显优于厨余垃圾单独堆肥处理,且添加秸秆后,可有效稀释厨余垃圾堆肥产品的盐分含量;2个堆肥处理的臭气物质浓度分析表明：添加秸秆的厨余堆肥处理NH3的平均排放浓度比厨余垃圾单独堆肥提高了3.3%,而甲硫醚、硫化氢和甲硫醇的平均排放浓度分别降低了62.3%,67.9%和49.6%;厨余垃圾单独堆肥过程中渗滤液的产生量占堆肥原料质量的32.6%（湿基）,添加秸秆的处理在堆肥过程中不产生渗滤液。因此,玉米秸秆在提高厨余垃圾堆肥腐熟度、控制渗滤液和臭气物质排放方面具有显著的促进作用。     

适量通风显著降低鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失

【目的】研究不同通风量对鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中温度、含水率、种子发芽指数 (GI) 及氮素形态转化的影响，以期在达到鸡粪无害化要求的前提下，为减少鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中的氮素损失、提高堆肥成品品质、优化通风曝气工艺参数和节省能耗提供参考。【方法】试验在山东某有机肥厂好氧堆肥车间开展，以鸡粪和稻壳为原料，按照1∶1(质量比) 混合均匀之后作为堆肥初始物料。在间歇性强制通风和翻抛条件下，设置低、中、高3个通风水平，即通风量依次为0.1、0.2和0.3 m3/(m3·min)，好氧堆肥周期为28 天。通过现场定期采样，测定温度、全氮、NH₄+-N、NO₃–-N、pH、含水率和发芽指数等指标，研究不同堆肥阶段各指标的变化和氮素形态的转化。【结果】在整个好氧堆肥周期内，堆体温度呈现先升高后降低的趋势，低、中和高通风量的最高温度分别达到68.3℃、71.8℃和68.6℃，高温 (≥ 50℃) 持续时间均超过12 天，达到了畜禽粪便无害化卫生要求；含水率逐渐下降，各通风量处理分别由最初的63.2%、62.1%和64.5%降低到32.4%、30.1%和29.2%；pH先升高后降低，至好氧堆肥结束时，各通风处理的pH均处于7.5～8.0 之间；种子发芽指数 (GI) 均大于80%，说明经过28 天的好氧堆肥后，三个通风处理条件下的鸡粪堆肥成品均达到了腐熟度要求。NH₄+-N含量均呈现先增长后逐渐降低的趋势；NO₃–-N含量呈现明显的增加趋势；总氮 (TN) 含量在整个好氧堆肥周期内整体上呈现先降低后增加的趋势；经过28 天的好氧堆肥结束之后，低、中、高通风处理的氮素损失率分别为19.8%、20.2%和29.6%，低通风量与中通风量之间差异不显著，高通风量显著高于低通风量和中通风量 (P ≤ 0.05)。【结论】在鸡粪进行好氧堆肥过程中，通风量为0.1、0.2和0.3 m3/(m3·min) 下，堆肥成品均能达到腐熟度和无害化要求，其中采用中通风量0.2 m3/(m3·min) 时的氮素损失较少，且种子发芽指数较高。综合以上指标及实际工厂化运行过程的影响因素，在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中建议采用的通风量为0.2 m3/(m3·min)。     

国内外堆肥标准分析及其对中国的借鉴启示

中国农业废弃物产量巨大,堆肥是农业废弃物资源化利用的主要方式之一,也是养分和有机质回收到土壤中的方法。结合国内外堆肥标准制定情况,通过分析对比无害化指标、有机质、总养分、重金属、含水率等指标,指出中国存在就农业废弃物处理缺乏专业化堆肥及有机肥标准推进委员会、对堆肥产品中氮磷钾和有机质含量的最低限值较高及未建立堆肥标准体系等问题。建议国家组建堆肥标准制定专家委员会或堆肥协会,进一步规范有机肥生产运行管理,进一步修订有机肥、生物有机肥、沼肥等标准,建立完善的堆肥标准体系。     

盐含量对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥腐殖化过程及微生物演变的影响

含盐量过高会对堆肥有机质腐殖化过程产生抑制作用,但作用规律仍不清楚。该研究以餐厨垃圾为研究对象,以不添加盐分的处理为对照,设置添加食用盐的处理作为试验组（添加质量分数分别为0.5%、1%和1.5%）,进行好氧堆肥,研究不同盐分含量对基本腐熟度指标、有机质组成、腐殖质（Humus,HS）的影响,并结合微生物群落结构和相关性统计分析阐明其作用规律。结果表明,4个处理温度、碳氮比（C/N）、有机质组成等达到腐熟要求,但盐分添加提高了堆体电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）,添加比例达到1.5%时,高温期缩短至13 d,种子发芽指数（seed Germination Index,GI）降低至65.5%,总有机物降解率降低6.5%,有机质腐殖化过程受到限制。高通量测序和相关性分析的结果表明,添加1.5%盐分主要通过抑制高温双岐菌（Thermobifida）、糖单孢菌（Saccharomonospora）和曲霉（Aspergillus）、毛孢子菌（Trichosporon）的活性,降低总糖、木质纤维素等有机物质的降解和后续HS形成,从而限制餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖化效果的提升。本研究将为餐厨垃圾等农村有机废弃物处理技术应用提供理论指导。     

碳氮比对叶菜废弃物好氧堆肥效果的影响

为提高叶菜废弃物好氧发酵效率和堆肥质量,研究不同物料配比对叶菜废弃物好氧堆肥效果的影响,确定叶菜废弃物好氧堆肥的最佳碳氮比(C/N),以叶菜废弃物为主料,玉米秸秆、玉米秸秆+ 牛粪为辅料进行好氧发酵,调节初始C/N 为15、20、25,以pH、电导率、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾以及种子发芽指数来评价好氧堆肥腐熟度及堆肥质量,筛选出叶菜废弃物好氧堆肥的最佳C/N。结果表明:B1 处理(C/N 为20,底料为叶菜废弃物+ 玉米秸秆)种子发芽指数为115.30%,B2 处理(C/N 为20,底料为叶菜废弃物+ 玉米秸秆+ 牛粪)种子发芽指数为126.77%,其堆肥物料腐熟程度最高,腐熟效果最好,B1 处理有机质分解率最高(22.71%),全效养分含量最高(6.4%),全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别增加了26.61%、62.17%、57.23%。综合来看,叶菜废弃物和玉米秸秆联合好氧发酵的C/N 为20 时堆肥效果最好,堆肥底料中添加适量牛粪可以提高堆体物料腐熟程度。     

Physical,Chemical, and Engineering Properties of Landfill Stabilized Waste

In order to utilize landfill stabilized waste (LSW) as growing substrate for plants during restoration projects, LSW were sampled from five landfills; the properties of unconsolidated samples and those after 3 years of settlement were determined in comparison with farm soil. Results showed that (i) unconsolidated LSW was a soil‐like material with high porosity and infiltration rate, which also had low bulk density and shear strength. After 3 years of settlement, its physical properties were similar to those of farm soil. (ii) The contents of available K, available N, available P, and organic matter of LSW were 5·0–21·6 times higher than the values of surrounding farm soil. (iii) The waste samples from 3/5 landfills were suitable for cultivation based on their heavy metal contents, but two samples contained over‐limit Hg and/or Zn. (iv) LSW had higher water content, and generally, less surface runoff was generated on LSW slope under natural precipitation compared with the farm soil slope. (v) Water extract of LSW had no significant effect on seed germination, and the effect of LSW on seedling growth depended on plant species. On the basis of the results, LSW can be used in ecological restoration as plant‐growing substrate, but measures should be taken to prevent heavy metal contamination and soil erosion. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北方典型农村生活垃圾分类模式初探——以曲周县王庄村为例

以华北平原上的曲周县王庄村为研究对象,在对村民进行环境意识调查的基础上详细分析了生活垃圾组成及农业活动旺季垃圾的变化趋势,并对生活垃圾分类进行了典型示范。结果表明,村民对垃圾污染问题较为关注,并希望能回收利用,但主动改善性不强;王庄村生活垃圾成分较为简单,主要可分为有机垃圾、无机垃圾、塑料垃圾及有害垃圾4大类,产生量为有机垃圾〉无机垃圾〉有害垃圾〉塑料垃圾,其中有机垃圾占主要部分,达到56.76%;农户种植生产活动对有机垃圾和有害垃圾的产生有显著影响,无机垃圾产生量则主要与农户的燃料结构变化有关。通过对垃圾分类试验的效果进行分析得出,北方以种植业为主的农村地区适宜采取以村为单位的垃圾分类收集方法,并实施村委会-保洁员-农户三方的监督机制和适当奖惩措施,垃圾处理方式开始宜采取卫生填埋兼以废品回收的无害化模式,并逐渐过渡到分类利用的资源化模式。     

菌、热及菌热联合对垃圾堆肥腐熟的比较分析

为研究菌剂、余热及其联合作用对堆肥腐熟度的影响,采用强制通风静态堆肥系统,以现有堆肥工艺为对照（CK）,比较研究了添加菌剂（T1）、余热利用（T2）、添加菌剂并利用余热（T3）3种工艺垃圾对堆肥过程中腐熟度的影响。结果表明：从温度、pH、电导率（EC）、腐植酸光学特性（E4/E6）、水溶性碳（WSC）、固相C/N和发芽率指数（GI）来看,4个处理均达到腐熟;添加菌剂（T1）对EC、E4/E6、WSC、C/N和GI有显著影响;除E4/E6、WSC和C/N外,循环热风（T2）对其余腐熟度指标有显著影响,菌剂和余热的联合作用可显著提高堆肥的腐熟度,且二者对堆肥腐熟度的影响是一种协同作用。     

云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾特性与管理分析

鉴于当前农村生活垃圾的污染日益突出,且云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾的研究尚处于空白,随机选择了该地区9个自然村,通过访问式问卷调查、现场采样、实验室测试等方法,对当地农村生活垃圾的特性、群众对生活垃圾的认知以及参与管理的意愿进行了调研,以期为农村生活垃圾的管理与处理处置提供理论支撑和技术指导。研究表明：云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾产生量为160g·人-1·d-1;主要组分有厨余类、灰土类、橡胶类、纸类和木竹类;垃圾容重、含水率、灰分、可燃物和热值分别为106kg·m-3、39．16％、19．48％、41．37％和7615kJ·kg-1。此外,云贵高原农村地区群众对生活垃圾的污染性认知主要来自于直观感受,对可回收生活垃圾的认知直接受当地废品回收商的影响,对有毒有害生活垃圾的认知不足;群众对生活垃圾处理处置的支付意愿较好,参与生活垃圾保洁和管理工作的意愿较强,该地区已基本具备开展农村生活垃圾管理与处理的群众基础。     

香菇菌棒灭菌乏汽余热回收供热系统性能分析

香菇菌棒工业化生产灭菌工艺中余热外排浪费严重,同时造成了热污染和乏汽冷凝水无序飘洒等问题.为解决该问题,对灭菌工艺的乏汽和冷凝水进行了余热回收利用系统设计与实际应用,并对工程实测数据进行了分析.研究结果表明,供暖季余热用于香菇菌棒培养棚和厂区办公楼、宿舍楼等建筑的供暖,供水温度范围36～48℃,每日供热量在8～18 G...     

Effects of Food Waste Compost on Soil Microbial Populations,Tomato Yield,and Tomato Quality

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of food waste compost (FW) on soil microbial population and growth, fruit yield, and quality of tomato grown in a greenhouse compared to no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), decomposed chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM), horse manure (HM), and bull manure (BM). Results show that FW treatment had the greatest numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in soils and shoot biomass, fruit diameter, and fruit yield of tomato, and it increased fruit yield by 12.6, 28.5, 31.0, and 40.0% when compared to HM, CF, CM, and CK, respectively. The FW treatment also improved fruit quality, with the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, and organic acid and the sugar/acid ratio of 22.8 mg 100 g^?1, 3.84%, 0.50%, and 7.73, respectively. Thus food waste compost can be as an alternative to chemical fertilizer and other animal manures in vegetable cultivation.     

Redistribution and Availability of Iron,Manganese, Zinc,and Copper in Four Malian Agricultural Soils Amended with Solid Municipal Waste Compost

Abstract

Municipal waste compost can improve the fertility status of tropical soils. The redistribution of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in tropical soils after amendment with solid municipal waste compost was investigated. Four tropical agricultural soils from Mali characterized by poor trace‐element status were amended with compost and incubated for 32 weeks at 35°C. The soil were analyzed at the beginning and the end of the incubation experiment for readily available fractions, organic fractions, and residual fractions as operationally defined by sequential extraction. Readily available Fe increased significantly with compost application in most soils. Readily available Mn was mostly unaffected by compost application. After 32 weeks, readily available Zn had increased, and readily available Cu had decreased. Readily available levels of the elements remained greater than deficiency levels in the compost‐amended soils. Organic fractions of the elements increased after compost addition. The organic fractions and residual forms, depending on the element and the soil, remained constant or increased within the duration of the experiment.     

Physicochemical,including spectroscopic,and biological analyses during composting of green tea waste and rice bran

The aims of this study were to monitor the changes in physicochemical, including spectroscopic, and biological characteristics during composting of green tea waste–rice bran compost (GRC) and to define parameters suitable for evaluating the stability of GRC. Compost pile temperature reflected the initiation and stabilization of the composting process. The pH, electrical conductivity, NO₃ ⁻-N content, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio were measured as chemical properties of the compost. The color (CIELAB variables), humification index (the absorption ratio Q _4/6 = A ₄₇₂ / A ₆₆₄ of 0.5 M NaOH extracts), absorption at 665 nm of acetone extracts, and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured to evaluate the organic matter transformation; germination of komatsuna or tomato seeds was measured to assess the potential phytotoxicity of composting materials during composting. No single parameter was capable of giving substantial information on the composting process, the nutrient balance, phytotoxicity, and organic matter decomposition. The FT-IR spectra at 3,300, 2,930, 2,852, and 1,065 cm⁻¹ provided information on the molecular transformation of GRC during composting and they decreased over the composting. Most of the assayed parameters showed no further change after about 90 days of composting suggesting that GRC can be used for agricultural purposes after this period.     

Agronomic Evaluation of Manure Ashes: Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions,Maize (Zea mays) Yield,and Phosphorus Uptake

ABSTRACT

In order to reduce bulkiness and concentrate its nutrients, manures were burnt to ashes, and the effect of manures and their ashes on soil phosphorus fractions and maize performance in laboratory incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments was evaluated. Treatments were control, dried poultry manure (DPM), poultry manure ash, dried cattle manure (DCM), cattle manure ash (CMA), dried goat manure, goat manure ash and NPK 15-15-15, each applied at 120 kg P ha^?1. Periodic data were taken from soil P fractions, maize yield, and P uptake. Results showed that manures and their ashes increased soil P fractions in incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments. Available P and Ca-P increased with application of DPM while CMA only increased labile P, Al-P, and Fe-P at later weeks. Dry matter yield and P uptake increased with the application of manures and ashes while available P was positively correlated with P uptake. The impact of manure ashes was comparable to manures, hence recommended for use as alternatives, thereby getting rid of the problems of manure bulkiness and offensive odors.     

广州市兽用抗生素的环境残留研究

畜禽废物中的抗生素可造成土壤及水体的抗生素污染,利用高效液相色谱及高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析了广州市代表性养殖场畜禽废物、施用畜禽粪土壤和鱼塘水中尼卡巴嗪、喹乙醇、四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、氯霉素类抗生素的含量。结果发现：猪粪、鸡粪中抗生素含量最高的均为四环素类,分别为123.76、14.59 mg.kg-1;含量最低的均为氯霉素类,分别为2.35μg.kg-1、0.08 mg.kg-1;小猪猪粪中抗生素的含量明显高于大猪。鱼塘水中抗生素含量较高的是四环素（5.16μg.L-1）与磺胺对甲氧嘧啶（4.78μg.L-1）,土霉素在所有样点中均未被检出。施用禽畜粪土壤中四环素类、喹诺酮类含量较高,分别为70.40、49.77μg.kg-1;磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲噁唑、甲砜霉素、氯霉素、喹乙醇均未被检出。粪样中的抗生素可导致土壤和水体的抗生素污染,TCs、QNs和NCZ可能对生态环境和人类健康安全的威胁更大。