冷鲜肉辐照异味和脂肪氧化控制技术的研究

以猪肉为原料,通过单因素试验、正交试验、感官及电子鼻试验研究辐照剂量、TBHQ浓度和包装中氧气含量对冷鲜肉辐照异味和脂肪氧化作用的影响,确定最佳辐照工艺。结果表明,在处理条件为辐照剂量24kGy,TBHQ油溶液浓度1g/L,真空包装时,辐照冷鲜肉产生的异味达到不可察觉程度,并能较好地抑制脂肪氧化。电子鼻试验表明,通过最优控制方法,辐照后的冷鲜肉与未处理的冷鲜肉气味相似度达到9103%。     

抗氧化剂对辐照猪肉理化和感官品质的影响

为减少猪肉辐照灭菌后产生的异味和脂肪氧化,研究了叔丁基对苯二酚、虾青素、维生素E、茶多酚4种抗氧化剂对辐照猪肉理化和感官品质的影响。采用2 g/L抗氧化剂浸泡处理,透氧包装,辐照剂量2.6 kGy,冷藏10 d。分析测定辐照猪肉感官品质、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物、挥发性物质、抗氧化剂对羟自由基清除能力,筛选出适合猪肉辐照的高效抗氧化剂。结果表明：叔丁基对苯二酚在储藏期可以很好地减轻辐照异味并抑制脂肪氧化,效果优于虾青素、维生素E、茶多酚。叔丁基对苯二酚和维生素E可以有效地降低脂肪辐照后产生的挥发性物质含量。叔丁基对苯二酚（0.5 g/L）对羟自由基的清除率为52.5%,高于其他抗氧化剂,可抑制猪肉辐照过程中羟自由基参与的反应。     

真空包装冷却猪肉低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化

研究真空包装冷却猪肉经保鲜液处理或未经保鲜液处理，再分别经0 kGy、0.5 kGy、1 kGy和2 kGy低剂量辐照后的理化和感官特性变化，进而确定最佳的辐照处理方式以延长冷却猪肉的货架期。结果表明：经2 kGy辐照的真空包装冷却猪肉在(3±1)℃下贮存21 d时，TVB-N值、TBARS值和汁液流失率分别为20.17 mg/(100 g)、0.347 mg/kg、9.69%；而同样条件下，冷却猪肉首先用保鲜液处理，再经2 kGy辐照，其TVB-N值、TBARS值和汁液流失率分别为17.43 mg/(100 g)、0.237 mg/kg和9.18%。试验说明保鲜液处理可以在一定程度上提高辐照效果。在本试验设定的辐照剂量范围内，随着辐照剂量的增加，冷却猪肉的色泽逐渐变红，当辐照剂量达到2 kGy时，冷却猪肉的色泽达到最佳的鲜红状态，而且在贮存过程中鲜红色泽始终保持稳定，但其TBA值比对照组高(α<0.05)，不过大大小于1.0 mg/kg的脂肪氧化酸败临界范围值。冷却猪肉经过保鲜液处理+真空包装+2 kGy剂量辐照+冷藏，可以最大程度地延长冷却猪肉的货架期。     

包装形式对辐照调理鸡肉理化特性的影响

为探明不同包装协同抗氧化剂对辐照调理鸡肉理化指标的影响,对添加抗氧化剂的辐照调理鸡肉分别采取普通包装、真空包装及气调包装后经5kGy辐照处理,4℃下贮藏,分别在辐照的第0、3、7、10、14、18和21天对鸡肉pH值、TBA值、TVB-N值及色度a*值进行测定.结果表明:添加抗氧化剂结合气调包装的调理鸡肉在贮藏期间pH...     

旋毛虫猪肉辐射无害处理研究

实验表明,用辐照旋毛虫猪肉感染小鼠,0.04kGy可减少第2代幼虫的产生;0.08kGy导致肠旋毛虫不育;0.1kGy使其发育受到阻碍,感染后4天内被排出体外;0.2—0.8kGy辐照则48小时內被全部排出体外;7kGy与8kGy辐照,肠内查不到虫体存在。0.3kGy与1kGy辐照旋毛虫猪肉对其营养品质无不良影响。综合考虑,对旋毛虫猪肉进行辐射无害处理的最低剂量宜控制在0.3kGy。     

γ辐照对鸡枞菌保鲜的研究

以野生鸡枞菌子实体为供试材料 ,经γ射线 0、0 2 5、0 5和 1kGy的剂量辐照后 ,在 1 4℃打孔自发气调储存。结果表明。辐照抑制了鸡枞菌膜脂的过氧化过程 ,保持了膜结构的完整性 ,延缓了鸡枞菌的衰老过程。其中 0 5kGy辐照处理可得到较好的储藏效果。     

电子束辐照对鱿鱼发酵食品及其配料微生物和感官特性的影响

为使电子束辐照在Jeotkal食品产业中得到广泛利用,对鱿鱼Jeotkal发酵食品及配料实施电子束辐照后,分析了鱿鱼Jeotkal发酵食品及配料的微生物和官能特性。结果表明,电子束处理前鱿鱼Jeotkal好氧菌数为2.88logCFU/g,经5kGy处理后,下降为1.76logCFU/g;酵母和霉菌及大肠杆菌初期污染度分别为3.04logCFU/g和4.20logCFU/g,经5kGy辐照后,下降到1.27和1.34logCFU/g,降低2～3log cycle。辣椒粉辐照处理前好氧菌数为4.07logCFU/g,酵母菌和霉菌为3.91logCFU/g,大肠杆菌为4.34logCFU/g。辣椒粉经5kGy辐照后,好氧菌及酵母菌和霉菌显示为ND。蒜糜中初期好氧菌数为4.41logCFU/g,酵母及霉菌为4.48logCFU/g,大肠杆菌为4.32logCFU/g;经5kGy电子束辐照后好氧菌、酵母及霉菌、大肠杆菌都显示为ND。电子束不仅对鱿鱼Jeotkal微生物具有显著的杀菌效果,而且没有引起鱿鱼Jeotkal的pH和官能特性的变化。因此,电子束杀菌技术在低盐或发酵食品储藏工艺中具有很好的应用前景。     

~(60)Coγ射线辐射对鲜兔肉品质影响的研究

本文叙述了γ射线对鲜兔肉品质的影响。试验测定了鲜兔肉辐照后各项品质指标,结果表明:1到60kGy的辐射剂量对鲜兔肉的基本化学组成和氨基酸的含量无明显影响,没有改变兔肉食品的营养结构。辐照后兔肉的挥发性盐基氮随着辐射剂量的增加而增高.与对照组比较有明显差异.但未超过规定的鲜兔肉标准(小于15mg/100g).γ射线对鲜兔肉的蛋白质分解和脂肪的氧化有一定作用,但作用程度很小,并且在适宜的辐照剂量范围内不能引起兔肉的变质。10kGy以上辐射剂量处理的鲜兔肉均出现不同程度的“异味”,并随着辐照剂量的增加而加重,但在低温下,“异味”随着贮藏时间的延长而减弱或消失。密封包装的鲜兔肉用10kGy剂量辐照后,在2±1℃条件下贮藏3个月以上仍属于次鲜兔肉等级。     

适宜电子束辐照延长醉泥螺货架期及蛋白质保持

为探明电子束辐照对醉泥螺的杀菌效果及辐照后醉泥螺感官品质与蛋白质营养价值的变化,为生食醉泥螺的辐照保鲜应用提供理论依据。以生食醉泥螺为研究材料,研究不同剂量电子束辐照对醉泥螺菌落总数、感官评分、蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组成的影响,并分析辐照后醉泥螺在冷藏和常温贮藏条件下的货架期变化。结果表明：1）经1～9 kGy剂量电子束辐照,醉泥螺的色泽和形态几乎没有变化,但7、9 kGy剂量组醉泥螺产生异味;2）辐照剂量越高,杀菌效果越好,当醉泥螺的初始菌落总数为1200 cfu/g时,菌落总数降至初始值10%所需的辐照剂量D10为3.46 kGy;3和5 kGy剂量的辐照对醉泥螺的抑菌效果明显,无论是冷藏还是常温贮藏,360 d内菌落总数均未超过5000 cfu/g;3）辐照对醉泥螺蛋白质含量无明显影响(P?0.05),不改变醉泥螺的限制性氨基酸种类,但经1、3、5 kGy辐照后,氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及各必需氨基酸的氨基酸评分增加;4）结合电子束辐照对醉泥螺菌落总数及感官评分的影响,辐照剂量以3 kGy为宜,醉泥螺保质期冷藏条件下由对照组的5个月延长至12个月,常温条件下由对照组的不到1个月延长到3个月。该结果能为电子束辐照保鲜醉泥螺提供依据。     

辐照对扒鸡氨基酸及感官品质的影响

研究辐照、包装形式、抗氧化剂和辐照温度对扒鸡氨基酸组成及感官变化的影响.利用氨基酸分析仪对扒鸡18种氨基酸进行了测定,并采用双盲法对辐照扒鸡贮藏过程中异味变化进行了评分试验.结果表明:6.5kGy剂量辐照时,包装形式、抗氧化剂以及辐照时的温度对扒鸡的氨基酸组成均没有明显的影响(P＞0.05),扒鸡在辐照后产生了明显的异...     

The role of packaging film permselectivity in modified atmosphere packaging

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is commercially used to increase the shelf life of packaged produce by reducing the produce respiration rate, delaying senescence, and inhibiting the growth of many spoilage organisms, ultimately increasing product shelf life. MAP systems typically optimize O(2) levels to achieve these effects while preventing anaerobic fermentation but fail to optimize CO(2) concentrations. Altering film permselectivity (i.e., beta, which is the ratio of CO(2)/O(2) permeation coefficients) could be utilized to concurrently optimize levels of both CO(2) and O(2) in MAP systems. We investigated the effect of modifying film permselectivity on the equilibrium gas composition of a model MAP produce system packaged in containers incorporating modified poly(ethylene) ionomer films with CO(2)/O(2) permselectivites between 4-5 and 0.8-1.3. To compare empirical to calculated data of the effect of permselectivity on the equilibrium gas composition of the MAP produce system, a mathematical model commonly used to optimize MAP of respiring produce was applied. The calculated gas composition agreed with observed values, using empirical respiration data from fresh cut apples as a test system and permeability data from tested and theoretical films. The results suggest that packaging films with CO(2)/O(2) permselectivities lower than those commercially available (<3) would further optimize O(2) and CO(2) concentration in MAP of respiring produce, particularly highly respiring and minimally processed produce.     

果蔬微孔膜气调包装模型与试验验证

建立微孔膜气调包装的理论模型是保证气调包装质量、进行微孔膜气调包装系统设计的关键。基于孔径与分子平均自由程的关系,应用Fick扩散定理,结合果蔬呼吸速率模型,建立微孔膜果蔬气调包装内外气体交换的数学模型。以香菇为对象,利用密闭系统法确定其呼吸速率;采用硬质罐加PE膜封合包装香菇并在25℃、50%RH下储藏50 h以上,测定不同初始气体组分、微孔孔数与孔径条件下包装内气体浓度变化,对香菇微孔膜气调包装模型进行试验验证。结果表明,模型预测值与试验数据吻合度较高,所建模型能较准确地预测香菇微孔膜气调包装内外气体交换过程。     

参数估算法在气调包装果蔬呼吸速率测定中的应用

根据果蔬呼吸作用与薄膜透气特性的相互关系,建立了果蔬薄膜包装数学模型，在此基础上运用参数估算法测算出番茄呼吸速率值。新方法克服了传统密闭法的缺点，适用于包括非平衡状态的整个贮藏阶段，因而更能客观地反映果蔬呼吸速率的真实值。另外，根据已建立的果蔬自发气调包装(MAP)数学模型，通过仿真模拟出不同温度条件下袋内气体浓度和体积变化的情况，为实际果蔬MAP设计和系统内气体控制提供了依据。     

更接近于气调包装条件下薄膜透气系数的测算方法

提出了更接近于气调包装条件下薄膜透气系数测算的新方法。新的测算方法是先假设一系列薄膜透气系数值，并逐一代入气调包装数学模型中，计算出相应时刻的气体浓度值，并将该计算值与包装中气体浓度实测值比较，当两者差的平方和最小值时，对应的薄膜透气系数假设值即为测算值。结果表明新方法测定的透气系数能客观地反映气调包装条件下薄膜的透气系数。     

薄膜气调包装对枇杷果实冷藏期间呼吸和品质性状的影响

通过对呼吸速率、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、pH值、果肉硬度、维生素C、失重率和品质及感官指标的变化进行分析，研究了薄膜气调包装对枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.，品种：解放钟）果实冷藏期间呼吸和品质特性的影响，气调包装用的薄膜为低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE，厚度20 μm)，以打孔的低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装为对照。结果表明，低密度聚乙烯薄膜包装枇杷果实后，3～4 d后可维持一个相对稳定的适宜枇杷贮藏的O₂和CO₂的气体浓度，即CO₂(4.8±0.67)%，O₂(11.5±0.85)%；薄膜气调包装结合低温可明显地降低枇杷果实的呼吸速率；薄膜气调包装可以最大限度地减小冷藏期间的枇杷果实的失重率、果肉硬度、维生素C、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和固酸比的变化，维持枇杷的新鲜品质，延长货架期。因此，低密度聚乙烯薄膜（LDPE，厚度20 μm）气调包装可用于枇杷的贮藏保鲜。     

Protease activity in post-mortem red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) muscle stored in modified atmosphere packaging

Protease activity during storage is thought to be an important contributor to decreased shelf life of fresh seafood. To examine this, three batches of red swamp crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii) tails, placed on trays, were packed with a polyvinyl chloride film (aerobic packaging or AP), under vacuum (vacuum packaging or VP), or under a modified atmosphere (MAP: 80% CO 2/10% O 2/10% N 2), and proteolytic activity was measured on days 0, 1, 3, 6, and 10 during storage at 2 degrees C. The crude extract from the crayfish digestive system (gut) did not have an apparent role in muscle proteolysis as negligible proteolytic activity was detected. However, the loss of calpastatin (the endogenous calpain inhibitor) was identified in MAP-stored muscle samples on day 10, suggestive of high m-calpain activity. Tail samples stored in AP showed no appreciable proteolysis, but those stored in MAP and VP showed significant decreases in the levels of 53, 66, 71, and 110 kDa polypeptides during storage. The observed proteolytic activity and myofibrillar protein degradation did not correspond to muscle textural properties as the MAP samples had an increased toughness ( P < 0.05) after storage for 10 days. These findings suggest that other physicochemical mechanisms are involved in postmortem alteration in the crayfish muscle structure under the packaging systems investigated.     

抗氧化剂及壳聚糖对减轻辐照猪肉异味的影响

将茶多酚、芝麻酚、壳聚糖单独以干粉或溶液的形式与猪肉混合均匀,经辐照后低温4℃±1℃冷藏,研究抗氧化剂对辐照异味的影响。结果表明,添加茶多酚和芝麻酚干粉对减轻猪肉辐照异味有一定的作用,但添加不匀易造成局部变色或其他附带味道;添加中高浓度茶多酚和芝麻酚溶液在贮藏前期辐照味较轻,贮藏后期出现难闻的气味,茶多酚和芝麻酚减轻异味最佳浓度为0.01%。     

Influence of temperature, modified atmosphere packaging, and heat treatment on aroma compounds in broccoli

The aroma compounds in broccoli stored in different modified atmospheres were studied. The packaging materials used were oriented polypropylene (OPP), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) containing an ethylene-absorbing sachet. All samples were stored for either 1 week at a constant temperature of 10 degrees C or for 3 days at 4 degrees C, followed by 4 days at 10 degrees C. The atmospheres that developed inside the packaging materials differed significantly. The broccoli samples were analyzed raw and after cooking, with regard to volatile compounds, using gas-phase (headspace) extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-olfactometry. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), hexanal, 3-cis-hexen-1-ol, nonanal, ethanol, and a group of thiocyanates were selected for a detailed study because these compounds cause off-odor and can be used as indicators of stress. Significant differences were found in the aroma profiles of the broccoli samples relative to the packaging materials used for storage. Storage in OPP (14% O(2), 10.5% CO(2)) resulted in most of the off-odors, while storage in LDPE (6% O(2), 7% CO(2)) and PVC (17.9% O(2), 4% CO(2)) was found to maintain the concentration of DMS, DMDS, and DMTS during storage. Heat treatment of the broccoli increased the content of aroma compounds as well as the number of compounds containing sulfur.     

气调和真空包装对腌制海鳗货架期的影响

该文主要考察25℃下气调和真空包装对腌制海鳗货架期的影响.4个样品分别是M1:空气包装(对照),M2:真空包装,M3:CO2/N2,40%/60%,M4:100%CO2,以挥发性盐基氮,三甲胺,pH值,硫代巴比妥酸值,菌落总数和感官为指标.结果表明,气调包装的货架期为20 d,真空包装为19 d,对照为16 d.对照组细菌增加很快,而M4增加最慢.挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺都随着储存时间延长而增加,在气调包装下的感官质量明显好于对照组.气调和真空包装,特别是100%CO2包装是保藏腌制海鳗的最有效方法.     

The effect of post-harvest and packaging treatments on glucoraphanin concentration in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)

The effects of post-harvest and packaging treatments on glucoraphanin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate), the glucosinolate precursor of anticancer isothiocyanate sulforaphane [4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate], were examined in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) during storage times. The results showed that at 20 degrees C, 55% loss of glucoraphanin concentration occurred in broccoli stored in open boxes during the first 3 days of the treatment and 56% loss was found in broccoli stored in plastic bags by day 7. Under both air and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, glucoraphanin concentration appeared to fluctuate slightly during 25 days of storage and the concentrations under CA was significantly higher than those stored under air treatment. In modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments, glucoraphanin concentration in air control packaging decreased significantly whereas there were no significant changes in glucoraphanin concentration in MAP with no holes at 4 degrees C and two microholes at 20 degrees C for up to 10 days. Decreases in glucoraphanin concentration occurred when the broccoli heads deteriorated. In the present study, the best method for preserving glucoraphanin concentration in broccoli heads after harvest was storage of broccoli in MAP and refrigeration at 4 degrees C. This condition maintained the glucoraphanin concentration for at least 10 days and also maintained the visual quality of the broccoli heads.