罗氏沼虾淡化养殖的现状与展望

为了解超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)分子生物学特性和免疫功能,实验克隆了罗氏沼虾胞质锰SOD基因 (MrcMnSOD),制备多克隆抗体,并分析在嗜水气单胞菌感染下该基因的表达模式。结果显示,嗜水气单胞菌感染可显著诱导MrcMnSOD在转录水平和蛋白质水平进行高表达。为探究MrcMnSOD参与免疫应答的机制,进一步的抑菌实验表明,该蛋白质可显著抑制3种革兰氏阴性细菌 (大肠杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌)和2种革兰氏阳性细菌 (无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)的生长,且抑制作用与蛋白质浓度的关系不显著。研究表明,MrcMnSOD可能作为一种免疫相关分子参与免疫应答反应。本研究初步探讨了MrcMnSOD的免疫生物学功能,旨在为深入研究罗氏沼虾SOD的功能奠定相关基础。

     

养殖密度对罗氏沼虾生长、性别分化与性腺发育的影响

通过比较4个养殖密度(7.50×104、12.75×104、42.00×104、97.50×104尾/hm~2)条件下罗氏沼虾的生长、存活、性别分化、性腺发育等指标,研究养殖密度对罗氏沼虾生长、性别分化和早期性腺发育的影响。结果显示,在实验密度范围内,养殖密度显著影响罗氏沼虾的生长、规格整齐度、性别分化与性腺发育,随着实验时间延长,密度对生长的抑制效应越明显;7.50×104尾/hm~2组罗氏沼虾体质量增速加速度与97.50×104尾/hm~2组的倍数由养殖10 d时的2.3上升到80 d时的3.4;低密度组罗氏沼虾性别分化与性腺发育比高密度组早约10 d,但规格显著大于高密度组;7.50×104尾/hm~2组雌虾初始平均体长(4.158±0.592)cm比97.50×104尾/hm~2组大1.09 cm;养殖密度对性别比没有影响,但对雌虾成活率影响较大。研究表明,养殖密度显著影响罗氏沼虾生长和性腺发育,合适的养殖密度是预防罗氏沼虾性早熟的有效措施。     

罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响

通过围隔实验比较罗氏沼虾不同养殖模式对水体浮游生物的影响。实验设置6种养殖模式:罗氏沼虾单养(MP)、罗氏沼虾+浮萍(水面覆盖率5%)(PP)、罗氏沼虾+鲢(PF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+鲢(PMF)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍(PMP)、罗氏沼虾+背角无齿蚌+浮萍+鲢(PMPF)。养殖64 d后,测定不同模式中浮游植物和三大类浮游动物(轮虫、枝角类及桡足类)的种类和数量。结果显示,上述6种模式中浮游植物共同优势种有4种,但优势度指数最大的浮游植物不同,MP组是锥囊藻属,有浮萍的PP和PMP组均为细小平裂藻,混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组均为针杆藻。不同养殖模式无共同的浮游动物优势种。养殖模式对浮游生物密度具有显著影响,PF组浮游植物密度最高,MP组浮游植物密度最低,PF组浮游植物密度比MP、PP和PMP组分别高78%、53%和61%。相反,浮游动物密度MP组最高,PF组最低。混养鲢的PF、PMF和PMPF组浮游动物密度显著低于其他3组。研究表明,罗氏沼虾养殖中混养鲢可增加浮游植物密度而降低浮游动物密度,浮萍和鲢影响池塘优势种。     

罗氏沼虾SNP标记筛选及不同群体的遗传多样性

罗氏沼虾因其自身的生长优势,已成为我国重要的养殖虾类,为保证其养殖的持续健康发展,对其进行遗传多样性分析。利用罗氏沼虾性腺组织转录组测序结果,参考NCBI数据库,选取60个SNP位点,以马来西亚野生群体(MW)为样本,采用直接测序技术进行位点多态性检测,得到25个(41.7%)具有二态性等位基因位点。并对罗氏沼虾上海(SH)、浙江(ZJ)、马来西亚养殖群体(MF)、生长快速品系选育群体(BG)及MW群体5个群体的150尾个体进行遗传多样性分析,其观测杂合度Ho和期望杂合度He的分布范围分别为0.18～0.30和0.28～0.37,平均多态性信息含量依次为0.29、0.24、0.21、0.26和0.33,表现为中低等多态水平;群体间的遗传相似性系数和遗传距离变化范围分别为0.659～0.968和0.032～0.417,MF群体和BG群体遗传相似系数最小、遗传距离最大,SH群体和ZJ群体遗传相似系数最大、遗传距离最小;遗传分化指数和基因流的范围分别为0.045～0.363和0.440～5.293,MF群体和MW群体之间出现最高值,SH群体和ZJ群体出现最低值,SH群体和ZJ群体基因流最高,MF群体和MW群体最低;AMOVA分子方差分析显示,遗传变异主要来源于群体内,群体间的变异为26.33%。5个群体近交系数为0.151～0.342,3个养殖群体的平均近交系数均高于野生群体,对25个位点在5个群体中的基因型进行统计分析,有9个位点处的BG群体的基因型与其他3个养殖群体基因型分离方向相反,14个位点处3个养殖群体中杂合个体频数较MW群体低。研究结果为进一步开展罗氏沼虾遗传育种研究及保护政策的制定提供了参考。     

Serotonin induces ovarian maturation in giant freshwater prawn broodstock, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man

This study investigated the effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5HT) on ovarian development in Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Adult female prawns at the ovarian stage I (spent) were injected with 5HT at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg g^− 1 body weight (BW) intramuscularly on days 0, 5 and 10, and sacrificed on day 15. The doses as related to the effect could be categorized into three levels: low (1 and 5 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT), medium (10 and 20 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT) and high (50 μg g^− 1 BW of 5HT). The low-dose, especially at 1 μg g^− 1 BW, caused prawns to exhibit a significant increase in ovarian index (ovarian weight/body weight × 100) (5.79 ± 0.09%) as compared to the control (1.49%). The ovaries of most of these prawns could develop to stage IV (mature) and contained synchronously mature oocytes while most of the control ovaries remained at stage I and II (proliferative), and contained only oogonia to previtellogenic (Oc1, Oc2) and early vitellogenic oocytes (Oc3). The medium- and high-dose treated prawns exhibited ovaries that could reach stages III and IV and contained various types of oocytes of different maturity. Pretreatment with 5HT receptor antagonist, cyproheptadine (CYP), at 10 μg g^− 1 BW before 5HT injection significantly suppressed the effect of 5HT. Intramuscular injection of the 5HT-primed thoracic ganglion culture medium into CYP-pretreated prawns resulted in the increase of ovarian index about 5–6 times more than in the control, and in the groups injected with 5HT-primed media from muscle strip, eyestalk and brain. The ovaries of most prawn could develop up to stage IV and contained synchronously developed vitellogenic (Oc4) and mature oocytes (Oc5). These findings suggest that 5HT indirectly induces ovarian development and oocytes maturation in M. rosenbergii, probably via a putative ovarian stimulating factor released from the thoracic ganglia.     

罗氏沼虾性成熟前后形态性状对体质量的通径分析

为探明罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)养殖群体在性成熟前后表型性状间的相互关系,本研究随机选取人工养殖的罗氏沼虾1106尾,对其体质量、全长、体长等15个性状进行测量,并采用相关分析和通径分析阐明形态性状对体质量的影响。结果表明：在性成熟前后及同一阶段雌雄群体之间,影响体质量的关键指标以及所构建的关键表型性状多元回归方程是截然不同的;在性成熟后,雌雄个体呈现出明显的性二态现象,除第二步足长和第二步足重雄性极显著大于雌性(P<0.01),雌性全长、体长、额剑长、头胸甲宽、头胸甲高、腹长、腹宽、腹高和腹部重极显著大于雄性(P<0.01),这可能与雌性为提升其繁殖能力有关。统计结果显示被保留的性状与体质量的复相关系数大于0.85,表明本研究已确定影响各群体体质量的主要性状。因此在选育过程中,建议将罗氏沼虾的性成熟状态和雌雄群体的优良表型作为选育依据,并有效利用影响体质量的关键性状指标。本研究可以为罗氏沼虾的良种选育提供参考依据。     

Classification of differentiating oocytes during ovarian cycle in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de man

Based on the light microscopic observations of cells' sizes, chromatin patterns, amount of lipid droplets and yolk granules, the female germ cells could be classified into four different phases, which include 1) oogonia (Oog), 2) primary oocytes (pOc), 3) secondary oocytes (sOc), and 4) mature oocyte (mOc). Oog are small oval-shaped cells with irregular-shaped nuclei sizing 4–6 μm in diameter. They rest on the connective tissue germinal cord at the tip of each ovarian pouch (lobule). Oogonia increase their number through mitotic division, and the daughter cells move into ovarian pouch where they undergo first meiotic division to become primary oocytes, which have various steps of 1st meiotic prophase accumulating at the innermost zone of the ovarian pouch. The primary oocytes are small oval-shaped cells (8.5–10 μm in diameter) with large nuclei containing chromatin in various states of condensation that finally transform into chromatids. Their nuclei are surrounded by thin rim of faint blue-stained cytoplasm. The secondary oocytes derived from 2nd meiosis and comprise five steps: Oc1 and Oc2, classified as previtellogenic oocytes, Oc3 and Oc4, classified as vitellogenic oocytes, and mature oocyte (mOc) The zones of ovarian pouch are defined based on the accumulation of various steps of developing oocytes, namely, oogenic, previtellogenic, vitellogenic and mature zones, respectively. The ovarian cycle is divided into five stages based on the number and types of oocytes present in each stage. Stage 0 and I are spawn and spent stages. Stage II and III are proliferative and premature stages, while stage IV is mature stage. During ovarian stage I, each ovarian pouch contains primarily oogonia, primary oocytes, Oc1 and a few Oc2. In stage II, the pouch contains mainly Oc2 and Oc3, while in stage III the predominant cells are Oc4. Mature oocytes appear synchronously, in stage IV. The ovulating mature oocytes pass through the thin disrupted wall of ovarian pouch into subcapsular space, that leads into the oviduct situated on the ventro-lateral side of the ovarian lobe. At spawning, the ovarian pouches break down and only connective sheaths and hemolymph sinuses remain. The germinal cords and islets of oogonia remain in the central area of stage 0 ovary. The ovarian capsule, including the muscular layer, becomes attenuated as the ovary progresses from stage 0 to IV. The hemolymph vessels become highly convoluted in the central area of the ovary, and they branch radially into smaller hemolymph sinuses around each oogenic pouch.     

Hemagglutinating activity and electrophoretic pattern of hemolymph serum proteins of Penaeus monodon and Macrobrachium rosenbergii to white spot syndrome virus injections

The giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii is known to be highly tolerant to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infections when compared to the widely cultured marine tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. At present, the exact mechanism of tolerance by M. rosenbergii to WSSV is not known. In this study, we attempt to study the effect of WSSV injections on the hemagglutination activity of the hemolymph serum of both P. monodon and M. rosenbergii and look for changes if any, on their hemolymph serum protein electrophoretic patterns. Our results show that M. rosenbergii had significantly (p < 0.05) higher hemagglutinating activity against mouse erythrocytes when compared to P. monodon. As the infection progressed to 48 h there was a further increase (p < 0.05) in the hemagglutination activity in M. rosenbergii, while it decreased in P. monodon. 12% SDS-PAGE analysis of the hemolymph serum of M. rosenbergii infected with WSSV did not show any new protein bands, whereas few bands with decreased intensity was observed in moribund P. monodon where the hemagglutinating activity was also observed to be decreased. The results indicate that hemolymph hemagglutinin levels are modulated in crustaceans as a response to viral infections.     

Salinity effects on reproduction of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Understanding the role of salinity in breeding and growth has the potential to enhance production of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. This study investigated the reproduction of females reared in salinities of 0, 6, 12, and 18 g L^− 1. Mean weight of females decreased with increased salinity (31.40 ± 1.54, 25.14 ± 1.16, 20.80 ± 0.81, and 16.62 ± 1.04 g at 0, 6, 12, and 18 g L^− 1, respectively). Larval production was delayed by 2 months in females reared in 12 g L^− 1 compared to 6 and 0 g L^− 1 and the cumulative number of berried females decreased with increased salinity. The number of larvae produced was positively correlated to weight of female. A larval production not only differed between salinity treatments, but also that larval production per gram of female differed between treatments. Females reared in lower salinity of 0 and 6 g L^− 1 produced larger numbers of larvae (12,155 ± 480 and 6519 ± 323, respectively) compared to 12 and 18 g L^− 1 (3751 ± 256 and 0, respectively). The number of larvae produced per gram of female was inversely related to the salinity levels (Y = − 37.54X + 685.65, n = 339, r² = 0.995, p < 0.05). Survival of larvae from females reared at 0 and 6 g L^− 1 was higher than those from females reared in 12 g L^− 1. This study clearly shows that female broodstock reared in lower salinity was larger, reproduced early, and produced more offspring than at higher salinity and this could significantly impact coastal prawn culture where seasonal fluctuation of salinity in the hatchery is common.     

全氟辛烷磺酸对罗氏沼虾幼虾代谢和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用静水毒性实验法和非靶向代谢组学法探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctae sulfonate, PFOS)对罗氏沼虾 (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼虾的急性致死和代谢的影响, 同时通过慢性毒性实验分析不同质量浓度(0.1 ng/mL、 1 ng/mL、5 ng/mL) PFOS 胁迫下幼虾鳃、肝胰腺和胃肠道中抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明, PFOS 对罗氏沼虾幼虾的 96 hLC50 为(0.68±0.22) mg/L, 安全质量浓度为 0.068 mg/L。经 20 ng/mL 的 PFOS 胁迫 24 h 后, 幼虾鳃中鉴定到具有显著差异的代谢化合物共 30 种、肝胰腺中 19 种、胃肠道中 24 种, 这些代谢差异物主要涉及氨基酸代谢、 脂肪酸代谢和磷脂类代谢等代谢通路。慢性毒性实验中, 不同暴露时间下不同浓度的 PFOS 胁迫对幼虾各组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响存在差异; 随着暴露时间的延长, SOD、CAT 和 ACP 活性受到抑制, MDA 含量随着暴露时间的延长而增大。PFOS 可造成幼虾鳃、肝胰腺和胃肠道组织发生氧化损伤, 并对幼虾的生理代谢产生影响。本研究旨在为探究 PFOS 对水生生物的毒性效应提供基础数据和借鉴。     

Effects of dissolved oxygen on hemolymph parameters of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Profiles of changes in physiological parameters of freshwater giant prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, exposed to various dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 7.75, 4.75, 2.75, and 1.75 mg l⁻¹ are reported. The parameters involved in osmoregulation and oxygen transport were monitored for a 6-day period. Notable depressions in hemolymph osmolality, Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ contents were observed within 24 h after exposure to hypoxia at 2.75 and 1.75 mg O₂ l⁻¹, and thereafter remained at rather steady levels, which were significantly lower than those under normoxic conditions (4.75–7.75 mg O₂ l⁻¹). The extent of depression of osmotic-related constituents, hemolymph osmolality and Cl⁻ in particular, increased with decreased DO.

Oxyhemocyanin constituted 65.46–65.84% of total hemolymph proteins under the various DO levels examined; both hemolymph oxyhemocyanin and proteins showed notable elevations 24 h after exposure to hypoxic conditions, and reached the highest and constant level by 48 h after exposure. The compensatory responses of prawns to reduced O₂ were manifested by increased O₂ uptake through augmentation of hemocyanin, which results in enhancement of oxygen binding capacity of the hemolymph. In the same period, a significant surge of the respiratory products, PCO₂ and HCO₃⁻, was also demonstrated 6 h after exposure to hypoxic conditions which resulted in hemolymph alkalosis. These processes likely resulted in an increase in water influx and consequent declines in hemolymph osmolality and ion composition. Furthermore, hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis, indicated by increased oxyhemocyanin and pH, respectively, were found to be predominant responses of M. rosenbergii to hypoxic stress.     

罗氏沼虾胞质锰超氧化物歧化酶的功能

为了解超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)分子生物学特性和免疫功能,实验克隆了罗氏沼虾胞质锰SOD基因 (MrcMnSOD),制备多克隆抗体,并分析在嗜水气单胞菌感染下该基因的表达模式。结果显示,嗜水气单胞菌感染可显著诱导MrcMnSOD在转录水平和蛋白质水平进行高表达。为探究MrcMnSOD参与免疫应答的机制,进一步的抑菌实验表明,该蛋白质可显著抑制3种革兰氏阴性细菌 (大肠杆菌、副溶血性弧菌、嗜水气单胞菌)和2种革兰氏阳性细菌 (无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)的生长,且抑制作用与蛋白质浓度的关系不显著。研究表明,MrcMnSOD可能作为一种免疫相关分子参与免疫应答反应。本研究初步探讨了MrcMnSOD的免疫生物学功能,旨在为深入研究罗氏沼虾SOD的功能奠定相关基础。     

罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼体病原肠杆菌PCR检测技术的建立与应用

根据罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼体培育期主要细菌性病原阴沟肠杆菌omp A基因序列、产气肠杆菌gry B基因序列设计特异性引物,通过对PCR扩增产物进行测序鉴定与特异性和敏感性试验,建立了两种病原菌的PCR快速检测方法,并对发病样品进行了检测。结果显示,设计的阴沟肠杆菌与产气肠杆菌检测引物能分别扩增出与预计大小一致的385 bp和201 bp的特异性片段,与其余供试菌株无交叉反应。两种检测方法的灵敏度分别为103 CFU/ml和102 CFU/ml。罗氏沼虾幼体样品的检测结果与实际发病情况一致,建立的检测方法也可直接对样品进行PCR检测,而无需细菌分离培养。本研究建立的阴沟肠杆菌与产气肠杆菌PCR检测方法具有较高的特异性与灵敏度,可缩短检测时间,该方法的建立对罗氏沼虾幼体病原的快速诊断、分子流行病学的调查及无特定病原(SPF)群体的建立具有重要意义。     

罗氏沼虾谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的克隆与表达

谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)是一种广泛分布在动植物体内的酶,并参与细胞多种代谢调控。在甲壳动物中,GS在能量代谢和渗透压调节过程中起着重要作用。实验克隆了罗氏沼虾GS基因。GS基因cDNA全长1 965 bp,开放读码框(ORF)为1 086 bp,编码361个氨基酸(aa),分子量大小为40.75 ku,等电点为5.81。进化树分析发现,罗氏沼虾GS基因与凡纳滨对虾、斑节对虾和中国明对虾GS聚为一支,氨基酸相似性达到95%。氨基酸多序列比对分析结果显示,罗氏沼虾GS属于无脊椎动物分支的GSⅡ群,有5个保守区域。实验对罗氏沼虾GS蛋白进行表达并制备了多克隆抗体。采用荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)和免疫印迹(Western blot)对罗氏沼虾蜕壳前后的不同组织GS表达进行检测。qRT-PCR结果显示,GS基因在所检测的8个组织中均有表达;蜕壳前,其相对表达量顺序为:肝胰脏肌肉胃肠鳃心脏脑血淋巴。蜕壳后和蜕壳前GS基因在组织中的差异表达比较结果显示,除了在肝胰脏表达下调外,其他7个组织都表达升高,其相对表达量的差异顺序为:脑鳃胃肠肌肉心脏血淋巴。Westernblot结果显示,蜕壳后GS蛋白在鳃和肌肉组织表达量上调,与其mRNA表达一致。此外,罗氏沼虾蜕壳后肝胰脏GS酶的活性和谷氨酰胺的含量下调,而其在鳃、肌肉和血淋巴中上调,结果与其基因表达一致。研究表明,GS基因在不同组织中表达的差异可能和罗氏沼虾的能量代谢、渗透压调节有关。     

Shipping studies with juvenile and adult Malaysian prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

Four studies examined shipping factors of packing technique, density, duration, type of water and use of habitat material for shipping juvenile and adult prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Prawns were shipped in double polyethylene lined 38 × 38 × 20 cm deep styrofoam boxes containing oxygenated water. At temperatures of 19–20°C, 17 g prawns could be shipped safely for 42 h at a density of 10–12 prawns per box (12–15 g liter⁻¹ shipping water). Juveniles, mean size about 6 g, could be shipped at a density of 40 per box (18 g liter⁻¹) for 24 h or 20–25 per box (9–11 g liter⁻¹) for 48 h. Use of mesh material to increase surface area in the box did not appear beneficial nor did shipping in brackish water (salinity8‰). Adults packed unrestricted resulted in survival rates substantially higher than those obtained from immobilized prawns wrapped in mesh.

During the shipment, pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased whereas ammonia concentrations increased. The decreased pH levels may have reduced the ammonia toxicity by decreasing the amount of toxic unionized ammonia (NH₃) in solution. In general, dissolved oxygen concentrations appeared more closely related to survival rates than did other water quality parameters which were measured.     

罗氏沼虾RXR基因克隆及其对蜕皮相关基因的调控

为研究维甲酸类X受体 (RXR) 在甲壳动物蜕皮过程中的调控作用,实验采用RACE技术克隆获得罗氏沼虾Mr-RXR基因,通过实 时 荧 光 定 量 PCR (qRT-PCR)分析了Mr-RXR及其他蜕皮相关基因 (MIH、EcR、E75和CHIT) 在罗氏沼虾不同组织、不同蜕皮阶段的表达情况,并采用RNA干扰(RNAi)探究Mr-RXR对罗氏沼虾蜕皮相关基因表达的调控作用。结果显示,Mr-RXR基因cDNA全长2 241 bp (GenBank登录号MZ501612),包括36 bp的5′末端非翻译区 (UTR) 和719 bp的3′UTR,开放阅读框 (ORF) 为1 386 bp,共编码461个氨基酸。罗氏沼虾RXR氨基酸序列与甲壳动物同源性较高,存在保守的DNA结合域 (DBD) 和配体结合域 (LBD)。Mr-RXR在罗氏沼虾所有组织中均表达,精巢、眼柄、心脏等组织中表达量较高,其表达水平随蜕皮周期改变,眼柄和肌肉组织中均在蜕皮前期表达量最高,与EcR基因表达模式基本同步;E75和CHIT基因表达模式较为相似,眼柄和肌肉组织分别在蜕皮前期和蜕皮后期高表达;MIH基因仅在眼柄组织表达,且蜕皮间期表达量最高。采用3 μg dsRNA/g虾的剂量进行为期12 d的RNAi实验诱导Mr-RXR沉默,罗氏沼虾出现大量死亡,qRT-PCR显示,眼柄和肌肉中Mr-RXR干扰效率分别为79%和55%。眼柄组织中Mr-RXR基因沉默后,MIH基因表达未受影响,EcR、E75和CHIT基因表达水平显著降低,肌肉组织中,Mr-RXR沉默仅造成CHIT基因表达水平的显著下降,推测Mr-RXR可能通过影响EcR、E75和CHIT基因表达调控罗氏沼虾蜕皮过程。本研究结果将为甲壳动物蜕皮调控机制研究提供基础资料。     

壬基酚(NP)对罗氏沼虾幼虾生长和性别分化的影响

采用外部形态观察和性腺组织学连续切片方法,确定罗氏沼虾幼虾的性别分化时期,并探讨壬基酚(NP)对罗氏沼虾幼虾(体长约1.5 cm)生长和性别分化的影响。结果表明,罗氏沼虾仔虾后15 d出现生殖原基;仔虾后24 d,部分仔虾第四至第五步足基部明显凹陷,腹甲出现皱折和突起,并出现生殖管;仔虾后45 d,部分仔虾第二游泳足内侧出现雄性附肢,性腺明显区分为精巢和卵巢。处理时间短于15 d,NP对罗氏沼虾幼虾生长无显著影响;但处理超过20 d,NP以明显的剂量依存关系显著抑制罗氏沼虾体长和体重(P<0.05)。实验结束时(30 d),对照组个体均已完成性别分化,精巢和卵巢内分别出现大量精原细胞和卵原细胞,但NP处理组无法鉴定性别的幼虾比例随NP剂量增加而增加。研究表明,罗氏沼虾幼虾外部性征出现略早于内部性征的分化,早期性别分化发生在仔虾变态后21～45 d;此外,NP可能通过干扰蜕皮及卵黄蛋白原合成从而抑制罗氏沼虾幼虾生长和精巢发育。     

大黄蒽醌提取物对罗氏沼虾高温下抗氧化能力与热应激蛋白70基因表达的影响

将罗氏沼虾随机分成5组,每组3个平行,每个平行1 000尾,第1组为对照组,投喂基础日粮;另外4组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%大黄蒽醌提取物。饲养10周后,对罗氏沼虾进行连续35 ℃高温应激48 h,测定肝胰腺总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛、一氧化氮以及应激蛋白70的mRNA相对含量变化。结果表明:应激前,0.05%组显著提高了肝胰腺过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著降低了肝胰腺丙二醛含量;0.2%试验组显著增加了肝胰腺总抗氧化能力、一氧化氮浓度,显著降低了肝胰腺丙二醛含量;0.10%、0.2%试验组显著增加HSP70 mRNA的相对含量;高温应激后,各组肝胰腺总抗氧化能力、过氧化氢酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、一氧化氮浓度呈现降低趋势,其中0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物相对较高,对照组较低;肝胰腺丙二醛含量呈现增加趋势,其中加0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物比对照组低。应激6 h后0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物组的HSP70 mRNA的相对含量仍比对照组高。因此添加0.1%和0.2%大黄蒽醌提取物提高了虾的抗氧能力,促进HSP70 mRNA的相对含量,对高温应激有一定的保护作用。     

罗氏沼虾几丁质酶3B基因的克隆及其在蜕皮周期中的表达

罗氏沼虾的生长发育及繁殖都与蜕皮紧密相关。几丁质酶是甲壳动物在蜕皮过程中最重要的酶之一。本研究对罗氏沼虾蜕皮周期外观特征和腹肢刚毛进行了观察描述,克隆并分析了罗氏沼虾的几丁质酶Ⅲ基因(MrChi3B),制备了几丁质酶Ⅲ蛋白的多克隆抗体,研究了其在蜕皮周期中的表达。罗氏沼虾几丁质酶基因cDNA的开放阅读框为1 143 bp,编码380个氨基酸,大小为41.91 ku。通过氨基酸序列比对发现,MrChi3B与日本沼虾几丁质酶基因(Chi3B)的同源性最高,为94%。MrChi3B含有一个糖苷键水解酶家族18的催化域。实时定量PCR (qRT-PCR)和蛋白印迹法(WB)检测结果显示,MrChi3B在罗氏沼虾多个组织中均有表达,但是不同组织中的表达有差异。在蜕皮期之后,其在胃、表皮和肌肉中的表达量显著上升。在胃中其表达量在蜕皮间期达到最高;在表皮和肌肉中其表达量在蜕皮后期达到最高;肠中的表达量在蜕皮前期和蜕皮期有所上升;眼柄期的表达量在所有蜕皮期都偏低。本研究结果为进一步研究几丁质酶的功能提供参考依据。     

温度和盐度对红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耗氧率与排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法,研究了不同温度(7、12、17、22、27℃)、盐度(23、26、29、32、35、38)对两种体重S组(1.68–3.48 g)和L组(15.78–20.79 g)红刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)耗氧率(OCR)和排氨率(AER)的影响。结果显示,温度对红刺参OCR和AER均有极显著影响(P<0.01);体重对红刺参OCR无显著影响(P>0.05),而对AER有极显著影响(P<0.01)。温度和体重交互作用对红刺参OCR和AER有极显著影响(P<0.01)。S组红刺参的OCR和AER随温度的升高而增加;L组红刺参OCR和AER均随温度的升高而升高,而在22℃有所降低后又升高。盐度、体重对红刺参OCR和AER均有显著影响(P<0.05)。盐度和体重交互作用对红刺参OCR和AER均无显著影响(P>0.05)。S组和L组红刺参的OCR和AER均随盐度的升高而呈M形变化,在盐度为29和32时较低,而在盐度为26和35时较高。红刺参OCR和AER与体重呈负相关的幂函数方程R = aW b。不同温度下S组和L组红刺参O : N范围分别为4.75–11.74和10.71–15.52;不同盐度S组和L组红刺参O : N范围分别为6.37–12.29和8.24–12.10。综上所述,L组红刺参对高温的耐受能力较S组弱;S组和L组红刺参对低盐和高盐的耐受性较差,其最适盐度范围为29–32。