Simulation of peak-demand hydrographs in pressurized irrigation delivery systems using a deterministic–stochastic combined model. Part I: model development

This study describes a model named HydroGEN that was conceived for simulating hydrographs of daily volumes and hourly flow rates during peak-demand periods in pressurized irrigation delivery networks with on-demand operation. The model is based on a methodology consisting of deterministic and stochastic components and is composed of a set of input parameters to reproduce the crop irrigation management practices followed by farmers and of computational procedures enabling to simulate the soil water balance and the irrigation events for all cropped fields supplied by each delivery hydrant in a distribution network. The input data include values of weather, crop, and soil parameters, as well as information on irrigation practices followed by local farmers. The resulting model outputs are generated flow hydrographs during the peak-demand period, which allow the subsequent analysis of performance achievable under different delivery scenarios. The model can be applied either for system design or re-design, as well as for analysis of operation and evaluation of performance achievements of on-demand pressurized irrigation delivery networks. Results from application of HydroGEN to a real pressurized irrigation system at different scales are presented in a companion paper (Part II: model applications).     

Simulation of peak-demand hydrographs in pressurized irrigation delivery systems using a deterministic–stochastic combined model. Part II: model applications

A deterministic–stochastic combined model named HydroGEN was developed, as described in a companion paper (Part I: Model development), to enable the simulation of demanded daily volumes and hourly flow rates during peak periods in pressurized irrigation delivery networks. The model was applied to a pilot large-scale irrigation system located in southern Italy for calibration and for testing its reliability in analyzing the operation of large-scale pressurized delivery systems through the simulated flow configurations. Daily input data on rainfall, temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity were gathered from a meteorological station located within the study area, whereas information on local irrigation management practices were collected through interviews with farmers and from extension specialists. The model was tested at different management levels, from district to sector and hydrants. The model testing was supported by the use of high-resolution remote-sensing imagery acquired on a single overpass date in 2006 and then classified and recoded following a ground-truthing campaign conducted during the same year. Simulations were performed to identify the 10-day peak-demand period and to generate the hydrographs of daily volumes and of hourly flow rates. Results from the different simulations were compared with historical datasets of irrigation volumes and discharges recorded during the 2008 and 2009 seasons at the upstream end of the irrigation network under study, at a sector level during the 2007 season and at selected delivery hydrants during the 2005 season. Some discrepancies between simulated and recorded data were noted that can be related to small errors in estimating crop and soil parameters, application efficiency at field level, as well as to large variability in irrigation management practices followed by local farmers. Overall, the results from testing showed that the model is capable of forecasting with good accuracy the timing of peak-demand periods, the irrigation volumes demanded during the season, as well as the hydrographs of daily volumes and hourly flow rates withdrawn by farmers during these peak-demand periods, especially when it is applied to large multi-cropped command areas.     

Flow path and hydraulic analysis for on-farm pressurized irrigation systems

A model was developed to analyze the steady-state hydraulics of branching pipe networks as found in on-farm pressurized irrigation systems with multiple outlets at sprinklers or emitters. The model uses a new methodology to identify all flow paths based on a shortest-path algorithm. It also uses elevation and hydraulic parameters to determine which outlets are flowing and which (if any) are not. An iterative solution approach results in the calculated flow rates and pressures at all nodes in the network with a single source node, which can have a fixed head (reservoir) or a pump. The methodology provides a guaranteed steady-state hydraulic solution for the network, regardless of the available pressure, pipe layout and characteristics, or field topography.     

基于粒子群算法的低压管灌系统水力计算方法

为了应对水资源危机,中国大力推广低压管灌技术用于粮食作物的灌溉.基于水量平衡和能量守恒原理,以系统的水量偏差最小为目标函数,支管的能量守恒和水量平衡作为约束条件,支管进口流量为决策变量,建立了低压管道输水灌溉系统的一维恒定流水力模拟模型,并相应地提出了试算-粒子群算法(TPSA)进行求解,可以获得系统实际运行时水泵的工况点以及各级管道和出水口的实际流量.将该方法应用于上海市一灌区的低压管灌系统,对比了TPSA与梯度法的求解结果,证明在同时工作的支管数较多的情况下TPSA可以获得更佳的求解结果,误差最多可减小12.3%,耗时最多可减少16.3%.应用该方法可以对管灌系统的初步设计成果进行校核和调整,对提高设计可靠性具有一定作用.     

On-demand pressurized water distribution system impacts on sprinkler network design and performance

On-farm irrigation networks are designed for optimum performance at a specific upstream pressure head. In pressurized water distribution systems operating on demand, the upstream pressure head of the on-farm network can be subject to high and continuous fluctuations depending on the number of the hydrants being simultaneously opened. In this paper, a methodology combining network design and performance analysis of a sprinkler network is described and applied to an irrigation distribution system operating at two different water demands (1,200 and 600 l s⁻¹) using a case study in Italy. Four designs of the same sprinkler network were optimized at different upstream designing pressure and were evaluated at all the possible operating conditions of the system. The expensive large pipe size diameter design presented the best performance and the highest reliability at a wide range of hydrant pressure while the small pipe size designs have the tendency to fail during the peak water demand period as a result of low hydrant pressure. Flow regulators within the hydrants showed to have an important role in stabilizing the network performance at elevated upstream pressure head.     

Validation of a methodology for grouping intakes of pressurized irrigation networks into sectors to minimize energy consumption

A methodology to optimise the amount of energy consumed in pressurized irrigation systems was presented by Jimenez-Bello et al. (2010a). These authors proposed grouping pressurized irrigation network intakes, each of the water turnouts resulting from a shared hydrant, into sectors via a genetic algorithm. In the present research, the methodology was applied and validated in a water users association. Several energy efficiency indicators were calculated and compared during five consecutive seasons (2006–2010). The first two seasons, when the methodology was not employed, were used as reference for the results obtained from 2008 onwards, when the methodology was applied to the management of irrigation network. Results obtained in seasons 2008–2010 showed that the average energy savings were 16% in comparisons to the 2006 season. However, it should be noted that the potential, theoretical savings, could have been as high as 22.3% if the modelled grouping networks would have been accurately followed. There was in fact some discrepancy between the theoretical model outputs and the final groupings due to some intake restrictions. In addition, during the irrigation campaigns, the number of irrigation intakes that operated within each sector was not always equal to the modelled sectoring, a fact that reduced the overall water users association energy efficiency. This occurred particularly during rainy periods, when some users deliberately decided to close their manual irrigation intakes valves. Overall, results showed the potential of the validated methodology for optimising energy use. However, the final overall system efficiency might depend on specific constraints that need to be taken into account when attempting to use model output predictions.     

SPRINKMOD – pressure and discharge simulation model for pressurized irrigation systems. 1. Model development and description

A computer model was developed to simulate pressure and flow rate distribution along pipes and laterals of pressurized irrigation systems in operation. The software runs in a Windows environment and is capable of simulating irrigation systems having multiple pump stations combined in series and/or in parallel, booster pump stations, parallel pipes and looping pipes. Hand-move, wheel line and center pivot laterals with pressure regulators, one or two drop pipes per outlet and booster pump can be simulated. Leakage can be included in the main pipe network or along the laterals. Lateral inlet pressure can be set to an upper limit to simulate valve closure. Practically any type of nozzle and pump can be simulated since cubic spline functions are used to interpolate values from head-flow rate sets of data. To accomplish these capabilities, algorithms were developed and adapted to convert laterals into a set of head-flow rate data so that a simplified algorithm could be adapted to solve the entire pipe network. A user-friendly interface was designed to allow data for pumps, nozzle and pressure regulators to be interactively entered, edited and analyzed prior to the simulation run. The layout of the irrigation system can be drawn on screen using the mouse. Data can be independently entered and edited for each irrigation system component already drawn in the screen, at any time and in any order. Data for the entire irrigation system are verified at many levels before the simulation is run, to make the model less susceptible to crash. The model proved to be a practical tool for upgrading and designing pressurized irrigation systems. Received: 20 November 1997     

Performance analysis of pressurized irrigation systems operating on-demand using flow-driven simulation models

On-demand pressurized irrigation systems are designed to deliver water with the flow rate and pressure required by the farm irrigation systems, sprinkling or micro-irrigation, and respecting the time, duration and frequency decided by the farmers. Due to the variation in farm demand along the season and the day, a large spatial and temporal variability of flow regimes occurs in these systems, which may affect the performance of the farm systems and the yields of the irrigated crops. Therefore, there is a need to analyse those systems to identify and solve performance problems. In this research, two simulation models for the analysis of irrigation systems operating on-demand, ICARE and AKLA, are used and compared to assess the hydraulic performance of the irrigation network of the Lucefecit Irrigation System, in Southern Portugal. ICARE assesses the global performance of the irrigation system through the indexed characteristic curves, while AKLA provides for the identification of the relative pressure deficit and reliability at every hydrant. Both models adopt a flow-driven analysis approach, performing the analysis for multiple flow regimes. To support the hydraulic characterization of the system and for calibration of the steady-state hydraulic model, field measurements were performed at selected nodes of the network, including four hydrants. The analysis with ICARE does not provide for a sufficient identification of problems. In fact, poor performance is indicated when a few hydrants operate below the minimum pressure set at design. Differently, the analysis with AKLA, applied at the hydrant level, shows that the performance of the Lucefecit system is generally acceptable. AKLA identifies which hydrants operate below the required pressure and, therefore, allows to support any eventual related improvement. Results show that the performance of the system highly improved when changing the piezometric elevation from 260 to 265 m a.s.l. However, this improvement is not sufficient because three hydrants still have high relative pressure deficit and low reliability. Solutions for those hydrants require increasing diameters of network pipes supplying them.     

微孔渗灌管水力特性的试验研究

通过试验实测的方法,对埋入地下的微孔渗灌管灌水时管路的水力特性进行了研究。结果表明,随着进水口压力、管长和微孔渗灌管透水性能的增加,微孔渗灌管水流量、沿程的水头损失和水力偏差率增大,且水头损失主要发生在微孔渗灌管靠近进水口的前半段。实际设计管网时,应综合考虑供水压力、渗灌管透水性能对水头损失的影响,确定管网中毛管的长度,保证灌水均匀度。     

基于Excel规划求解的泵站加压灌溉管网优化设计研究

以管网系统年费用最小为目标函数,水泵扬程H和连续管径D为设计变量,建立了确定性的泵站加压灌溉管网优化设计模型,并应用Excel规划求解法对所建立的模型进行了求解。实例表明,在管网布置形式已知的情况下,与传统的经济流速法相比,Excel规划求解法是一种实用价值较高的模型求解方法,该方法不仅能够节省一定的工程投资,还提高了设计人员的设计水平和效率。     

基于CAD的滴灌系统水力自动计算模型

针对滴灌CAD系统中水力计算与管网布置的耦合问题,研究了管网图形识别及有效性判定,并基于AutoCAD二次开发思想,应用步进法水力学解析原理,建立了滴灌系统计算机辅助设计水力计算模型,有效地将管网图形与水力计算耦合,使水力计算结果及时反馈到管网图形中,为实际工程管网水力性能的优化提供了技术手段.通过算例对该模型进行了验证,结果表明,应用该模型计算出的流量和水头偏差率均在允许范围内,管网识别及水力计算过程可在10min内完成.     

灌溉管网非恒定流计算机实现方法

为了研究灌溉管网非恒定流计算机实现方法,基于非恒定流的基本原理及其特征线(MOC)解法,探讨了采用节支关联表和支节关联表建立管网结构信息,并对管网数据进行储存、计算和结果输出的方法,在计算过程中通过数组储存不同的节点类型及管网参数供计算机调用。通过实例对典型喷灌管网的非恒定流过程进行了计算并分析。结果表明,该方法储存管网结构信息简单方便,计算机能够快速识别节点类型并调用相应的边界条件子程序,本方法可用于复杂灌溉管网的非恒定流建模与分析。     

Influence of cross-regulator settings on the offtake discharge in a modern irrigation network

The hydraulic performance of canals and related delivery structures is highly dependent on the management of cross-regulators. The HEC-RAS model was applied to Ordibehesht Canal at the Doroodzan irrigation network, northwest of Fars province in Iran for evaluation of water delivery performance due to operation of cross-regulators. Discharge deviations of offtakes due to cross-regulator gate position changes and deviations of water delivery equity were evaluated. Results showed that small changes in gate positions of check structures (cross-regulators) cause considerable changes in the offtake discharges and equity (spatial uniformity) of water delivery to the offtakes along the main canal. Results of the study led to the development of two sensitivity indicators. “Offtake sensitivity to check setting” that represents the changes in offtake discharges due to changes in cross-regulator setting, and “Sensitivity of the equity indicator to the gate position change” are the two developed indicators which can be used for better management of water delivery systems.     

轮灌条件下的灌溉管网优化设计

在灌溉输配水管网的设计中，不同的灌溉工作制度会在管网中产生不同的流量分配模式，直接影响管网工程总的投资。本文研究在轮灌工作制度下灌溉管网优化设计，提出了将轮灌组的划分也进行优化，用基于整数编码的遗传算法进行优化，通过VB和Matlab混合编程来实现。计算结果表明提出的方法优化结果明显，可以应用于生产。     

基于嵌入式的农田灌溉管网漏损智能无线监测系统设计

农田灌溉对于提高农作物产量具有重要作用,灌溉管网漏损实时在线监测对提升农田用水效率具有积极的现实意义。本文设计基于嵌入式的农田灌溉管网漏损智能监测系统,通过压电加速度传感器、压力变送器和超声波流量计等传感器信号采集,获取农田灌溉管网的振动噪声、水压和流量等数据,通过嵌入式单片机自适应滤波处理后,应用4G无线数据通信模块,将传感器采集的数据传输到云平台,云平台应用管理软件系统对灌溉管网监测数据进行实时处理和分析,从而准确确定灌溉管网漏损情况。试验结果表明,在非灌溉时间测试管网漏损状态,系统能够有效采集噪声、水压和流量等传感器数据,噪声数值超过预警值80 dB并进行报警。数据在无线网络中传输稳定高效,数据无线传输延时小于1.8 s。云平台应用管理软件系统功能正常,数据查询平均响应时间小于1.2 s。系统部署实施快捷,可广泛应用于农田灌溉管网运行状态实时监测,有效提高农田灌溉用水效率进而实现用水精细化管理。     

平原河网一维水流计算模型在洪水期和枯水期的应用

平原河网在洪水期注重行洪要求,在枯水期要提供一定的用水功能,不同时期的水流变化具有不同的特点,需要了解水流的变化规律以调控河网水位。河网一维水动力模型作为水流模拟的基础,在洪水期和枯水期的边界条件及过流工程的运行方式差异明显,应该综合加以考虑,在洪水水流模型的基础上,对枯水水流模型进行相应局部调整,以适应边界条件的变化状况。通过建立的河网水动力计算模型,结合不同水文时期河网与概化湖泊的水量交换以及边界条件的变化,对研究区实际发生的洪水和枯水水流进行模拟验证。计算分析表明,模型能够适应不同时期的水动力计算要求,且精度相对较高,为平原河网在急流和缓流不同状态下的稳健交替模拟以及普适性研究提供了基础。     

基于混合蛙跳算法的自压微灌管网系统优化设计

[目的]解决自压微灌管网系统布置与管径优化设计的问题,节省工程投资造价.[方法]以新疆某灌区一微灌工程为研究对象,以微灌系统中各级管道的管段长度、管径为决策变量,支毛管允许水头差、工作压力、管径、流速等为约束条件,以管网总投资最小为目标,分别建立了双向毛管布置和单向毛管布置的自压微灌管网数学模型,并采用混合蛙跳算法进行...     

膜下滴灌系统设计

为黑龙江省某国营农场面积约66.67hm2小麦种植区进行膜下滴灌系统设计。首先,介绍了工程概况;其次,计算了滴灌设计的耗水强度、灌水定额和灌水周期,确定了一次灌水延续时间、滴灌的轮灌制度、毛管的极限长度和水头差分配,确立了各级管道的直径和长度,并进行了滴灌管网系统的布置,推算了各级管道的流量,进行了管网的水力计算;最终选择了水泵的型号。膜下滴灌系统为实际生产提供了技术支持和帮助。实践表明,膜下滴灌系统较传统种植方式节水灌溉,平衡施肥,可大幅度提高产量。     

环状喷灌系统水力解析的数值方法

分析了环状喷灌系统中存在的节点流量连续性方程、管段压降方程和节点流量压力方程等水力学关系式,建立了环状喷灌系统水力解析的方程组,并提出了方程组切实可行的数值求解方法,编制了相应的计算机程序。通过算例,验证了该算法的正确性。根据对计算结果的分析,评价了算例系统的优缺点,并提出了合理的改进建议。     

灯泡贯流泵装置内部流动及水力特性

为了深入研究灯泡贯流泵装置内部流动与水力特性之间的联系,采用数值计算、性能试验与PIV流场测试方法,获得了灯泡贯流泵装置在大流量、小流量和最优工况下的流动和水力特性.采用RNG紊流模型和SIMPLEC算法,基于多旋转坐标系模型,计算了灯泡贯流泵内部定常流动.分析了泵装置内部流动,指出小流量工况下泵叶轮的进口有较大范围的旋涡区,出水灯泡体内流态较为紊乱;而在最优工况及大流量工况下,泵装置内未见明显回流区.研究表明,灯泡贯流泵进水流道水力损失符合传统管道内局部水力损失规律,而出水流道的水力损失表现为与泵装置运行工况相关的规律,最优工况点附近损失最小,小流量和大流量工况点水力损失均较大.计算结果与二维PIV流动测试结果均表明在小流量下进口近泵壳侧有明显的回流区,而在叶轮出口靠近轮毂处有大面积的脱流.因此,灯泡贯流泵装置优化水力设计应当重视小流量工况下叶轮和导叶处的流动特性.