8种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内杀虫活性及毒力测定

为筛选农业生产中防治草地贪夜蛾幼虫效果较好的杀虫剂,以草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫作为试材,采用浸叶法,研究了8种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内杀虫活性和毒力测定。结果表明：8种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫在田间推荐最低剂量下药后72 h、对3龄幼虫在田间推荐最高剂量下药后96 h的校正死亡率均为100%,都具有很好的杀虫活性;在室内毒力测定中,10%多杀霉素甲维盐WG和5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WG对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫药后24 h和48 h的LC₅₀值分别为0.010 8 mg/L和0.010 9 mg/L,以及0.009 1 mg/L和0.007 7 mg/L,相对毒力较高;5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WG对3龄幼虫药后24 h和48 h的LC₅₀值分别为0.024 6 mg/L和0.017 9 mg/L,相对毒力最高;8种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫均表现为同一杀虫剂对初孵幼虫的LC₅₀值小于处理相同时间下对3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值,且同一杀虫剂处理48 h的LC₅₀值小于...     

几种杀虫剂对白粉虱的毒力测定

几种杀虫剂对白粉虱的毒力测定剧正理张友军朱国仁徐宝云（中国农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所北京１０００８１白粉虱（Ｔｒｉａｌｅｕｒｏｄｅｓｖａｐｏｒａｒｉｏｒｕｍ）是世界性园艺和观赏植物的主要害虫。我国保护地面积的迅速发展，为白粉虱扩大分布和严重危害提供了良...     

微胶囊技术在植物源杀虫剂中的应用研究进展

对微胶囊技术在植物源杀虫剂中的应用进行总结,采用微胶囊技术制备植物源杀虫剂可提高其稳定性,通过控制释放时间及释放速度来提高其活性。微胶囊技术也是植物源杀虫剂在实际应用中最能模仿自然植物灭虫过程的技术。     

植物源杀虫剂的研究与应用

本文简要综述我国植物源杀虫剂的研究现状,介绍了杀虫活性物质的类型、有效成分、防治对象、杀虫机理及开发前景。     

粘着辅助剂在杀虫剂中的应用

在杀虫剂应用中,粘着剂可加强其有效成分的粘着和持效,还有某些次生效应。本文报道了合成胶乳对两种除虫菊酯的粘着性、生物效应、持效性及残留量的影响。     

几种杀虫剂对南瓜实蝇蛹的毒力测定

在室内条件下采用浸渍法,分别测定了12种杀虫剂对南瓜实蝇蛹的毒力和二元混剂的共毒系数。供试杀虫剂对南瓜实蝇蛹的毒性大小依次为:毒死蜱>喹硫磷>氯唑磷>甲基异硫磷>辛硫磷>敌敌畏。高效氯氟氰菊酯、阿维菌素、敌百虫、丁硫克百威、噻虫嗪、高效氯氰菊酯对南瓜实蝇蛹的药效较差。敌百虫和辛硫磷(1:9)对南瓜实蝇蛹的LC50为96.2879mg/L,辛硫磷和毒死蜱(9:1)的共毒系数为590.77。     

4种增效利对杀虫剂的增效毒力测定

在杀虫剂中添加增效剂以提高防治效果，已经被广泛应用和认知。但是，增效剂的滥用、误用。不仅会增加成本，还可能降低农药的防治效果。本文拟通过4种常用增效剂对3种杀虫剂的增效效果测定，为增效剂合理使用提供理论和实践认知。[第一段]     

几种杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒力测定

在室内条件下采用药膜法，分别测定了11种杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒力。供试杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒性大小依次为：乐斯本＞农哈哈＞功夫＞内溴磷＞好年冬＞阿克泰＞绿福＞敌敌畏＞歼灭乳油＞奎硫磷＞高效大功臣。     

20种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的杀卵活性

在前期测定14种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾杀卵活性的基础上,本文采用浸渍法又测定了20种不同类型杀虫剂的杀卵活性,以期为草地贪夜蛾卵期防治药剂的选择提供更全面的参考。结果表明,所测的20种杀虫剂均具有一定的杀卵活性。在100 mg/L浓度下,溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和乙基多杀菌素表现出出色的杀卵活性,能够完全抑制卵的孵化,杀虫双的杀卵活性最差,低于10%。而噻虫胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯、多杀霉素、联苯菊酯、噻虫啉、氧乐果、噻虫嗪、甲氰菊酯、烯啶虫胺和啶虫脒的杀卵活性相对较好,其校正死亡率在70.95%～98.52%之间,毒死蜱、吡虫啉、辛硫磷、虫螨腈和杀虫单的杀卵活性相对较差,在42.26%～61.51%之间。在10 mg/L浓度下,噻虫胺、乙基多杀菌素和噻虫啉的杀卵活性均在70%以上,而杀虫双、毒死蜱和烯啶虫胺的杀卵活性低于15%。特别是在100 mg/L和10 mg/L浓度下,新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺和噻虫啉对草地贪夜蛾表现出较高的杀卵活性,分别为98.52%、76.91%和89.37%、72.44%。上述药剂在田间对草地贪夜蛾的杀卵效果还有待进一步验证。     

几种杀虫剂对斑翅果蝇室内毒力测定

在实验室条件下,选取6种常用杀虫剂,采用胃毒触杀联合毒力测定方法测定了室内成虫种群对这几种药剂的敏感性。毒力测定结果表明:藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯的毒力相对较高,而阿维菌素、氟虫腈、异丙威的毒力较低。藜芦碱、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯可作为防治斑翅果蝇的候选药剂。     

生物测定中30种杀虫剂母液的配制方法

介绍了浸渍法生物测定中30种常用杀虫剂母液的配制方法。对于杀虫剂原油以及在环己酮中溶解度高的固体原药可配制成1%的水乳或微乳剂母液,表面活性剂选用1%的1602#,溶剂用量为0￣2.5%。易溶于水的原药可配制成1%可溶液剂,加入102#,以增加湿润展布性能。对于选择溶剂困难的固体原药可配制成1%水悬浮剂母液,其中润湿分散剂为2.502#和1.0%农乳500#,黏度调节剂为0.2%黄原胶。上述母液体系组成简单,减少了有机溶剂、表面活性剂等对毒力测定结果的干扰,便于提高生测结果的可靠性和可比性。     

几种药剂对吐伦球坚蚧的毒力及田间防效

为确定防治吐伦球坚蚧效果好的药剂及最佳防治时机,对吐伦球坚蚧越冬、越夏若虫进行了室内毒力测定及田间防效试验.室内毒力测定结果表明,5％啶虫脒乳油对越冬、越夏若虫活性最高,LC50分别为31.268 mg/L和22.056mg/L.田间喷雾试验,14.6％噻虫嗪+9.4％高效氯氟氰菊酯悬浮剂对越夏若虫防效达99％以上.5％啶虫脒乳油对越冬若虫防效为98.76％.注干试验,25％噻虫嗪水分散粒剂200倍液和20％吡虫啉乳油50倍液注干15 d后,对涌散期若虫防效为90.46％和94.16％;对越夏固定期若虫防效为92.51％和82.57％.以5％啶虫脒乳油和20％吡虫啉乳油对越冬若虫进行喷雾,防治效果与防治时机最佳.     

Application of bioassay techniques to herbicide investigations

Bioassay techniques used in herbicide studies are based on the response of chosen organisms, superior plants or microorganisms, to the chemical. Various means of assessment are used: germination, weight or size of plant parts, modifications in physiological activities such as photosynthesis and transpiration, and typical symptoms. Several special bioassays are described. Dose-response relations are affected by the age of the indicator plant and environmental conditions of growth. Results can be estimated visually or by objective measurements; for correct interpretation appropriate controls and standards must be included in each experiment. Examples are given of bioassay procedures developed to investigate various aspects of herbicide behaviour: soil effects, dissipation from the soil surface, movement in soil, degradation and persistence.     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在烟叶烘烤过程中的消解动态与最终残留

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,测定了良好农业规范(GAP)条件下3种常用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯及溴氰菊酯在山东、四川、云南、辽宁和江西5地烟叶中的消解动态及最终残留。样品经乙腈提取,SPE-PSA柱净化,气-质联用、选择离子监测模式(GC-MS/SIM)下测定,外标法定量。结果表明:在0.01 ~1 mg/kg添加水平下,3种农药在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的平均回收率分别在82.9% ~ 110.9%和85.2%~108.3%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.7% ~4.4%和2.3% ~5.7%;3种农药在鲜烟叶和干烟叶中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.01mg/kg;方法的准确度和精密度均符合农药残留检测要求。烘烤过程中残留农药消解明显,高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的消解率分别高达78%、89%和91%。高效氯氟氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯乳油分别按有效成分450~675 g/hm2、600~900 g/hm2及450~675 g/hm2于烟叶采 烤初期喷雾施药2次,距末次施药后14d,干烟叶中3种农药的残留量分别为0.022~ 0.50、0.14~0.82和0.046~0.21 mg/kg,均低于国际烟草合作研究中心(CORESTA)提出的指导性农药残留限量标准(GRL)值(0.5、1和1mg/kg),因此建议其安全间隔期可定为14d。     

Some alternatives to insecticides

Results of work in progress on the elucidation of insect responses to attractant substances of various kinds is reviewed, and the possibility of developing practical alternatives to insecticides is discussed.     

Insect resistance to insecticides

The past 40 years have seen insect resistance to insecticides develop from a scientific curiosity to an immense practical problem that threatens man's ability to control not only the insect pests of agriculture but also the insect vectors that transmit major human and animal diseases. The spread of genes for cross and multiple resistance among insect pests has rendered most of our present insecticides obsolescent and very few novel insecticides are under development as substitutes. The most feasible strategy to maintain adequate control of insect pests is integrated pest management or I P M, in which insecticide management is a useful component. However, much of our present planning for the future of insect control is carried out in ignorance of past failures. We must learn from the past if we are to retain the use of chemical insecticides as a viable component of IPM.     

Toxicology of insecticides to mammals

Many insecticides target structures or functions in non-target species, including mammals. This is particularly true of those that target the insect nervous system, such as the organochlorines, anticholinesterases and GABA antagonists. Another group of insecticides target structures or functions not present in mammals, and this group of insecticides has considerable target species specificity, but there are often potential targets in mammals. Octopamine is closely related to adrenaline and amitraz (an octopamine receptor agonist) and acts in mammals at α2-adrenergic receptors. Although there are potential targets in mammals for juvenile hormone mimics and ecdysone receptor agonists, there is no evidence that the mammalian toxicity of either group is related to their insecticidal activity. Nor do chitin synthesis inhibitors have high mammalian toxicity. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Susceptibility of tomato borer,Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations from Turkey to 7 different insecticides in laboratory bioassay

The tomato borer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), was first recorded in Turkey in August 2009 and rapidly became a serious pest in the Mediterranean and Aegean coastal regions in field and greenhouse grown tomatoes. Currently, insecticides are considered one of the major tools for the management of T. absoluta in Turkey. This study, investigated the efficacy of 7 different insecticides, against T. absoluta in laboratory bioassays. To determine the lethal concentration (LC) values and feeding activity of the larvae, tomato leaf parts mined by 1–3 day old L1 larvae were dipped into different insecticide concentrations. Mortality was recorded 5 days after insecticide treatments. Spinosad, chlorantraniliprole + abamectin or indoxacarb treatment resulted in 100% mortality with minimal or no feeding in all populations at their recommended doses of 120, 50.4 and 60 mg a.s. L^?1, respectively. In general, the LC₉₉ values of populations for these insecticides were similar and also lower than that of the recommended field doses. The effect of pyridalyl was low, resulting in low mortality with serious feeding damage at the dose of 125 mg a.s. L^?1. The efficacies of abamectin, metaflumizone and azadirachtin were found to be moderate to low at the recommended doses (4.5, 240 and 50 mg a.s. L^?1, respectively). However, these insecticides may affect pupation and adult emergence rates hence further studies are recommended to investigate these insecticides.     

二化螟对不同药剂的敏感度研究

为了解江西省不同地区二化螟对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感度水平,科学指导二化螟的田间药剂防治,应用点滴法测定了江西省代表性稻区二化螟对5大类8种杀虫剂的敏感度。结果表明,靖安、南昌、吉安稻区二化螟对三唑磷、毒死蜱、稻丰散和杀虫单敏感度极低,对丁烯氟虫腈和氯虫苯甲酰胺敏感度较高,对甲维盐和阿维菌素敏感度最高;3个稻区的二化螟种群对试验药剂的敏感度,除毒死蜱和阿维菌素外（相对敏感性指数为3.88、3.85）,对其他药剂的敏感度差异不大（相对敏感性指数均低于1.5）。