Somatomedin-C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary

Somatomedin-C stimulates somatostatin release to a maximum of 390 percent of basal release during short-term (20-minute) incubation of rat hypothalamus. It has no effect on basal or stimulated growth hormone release from primary cultures of rat adenohypophyseal cells during a 4-hour incubation, but inhibits stimulated release by more that 90 percent after 24 hours. These findings suggest that somatomedin-C participates in the growth hormone negative feedback loop with an immediate effect on hypothalamic somatostatin and a delayed effect on the anterior pituitary.     

Primary structures of human pituitary growth hormone and sheep pituitary lactogenic hormone compared

The primary structures of human pituitary growth hormone and sheep pituitary lactogenic hormone have been compared with regard to similarities in their sequence. Three homologous segments in each molecule, comprising approximately 45 percent of either peptide chain, have been found. These two proteins have apparently evolved from a common ancestor molecule.     

Synthetic polypeptide antagonists of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor

Two analogs of the hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing factor modified at the histidine-2 position were tested for biological activity (secretion of luteinizing hormone) in cultures of dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. The analog in which glycine was substituted for histidine at position 2, [Gly(2)]LRF, behaves as a partial agonist releasing less than 50 percent of the luteinizing hormone secreted at maximum concentrations of the releasing factor, while the analog in which histidine at position 2 is deleted has no significant agonist activity at any of the doses tested. When added to the cultured cells at molar ratios 10(3) to 10(4) times that of the luteinizing hormone releasing factor, both analogs decrease the amount of luteinizing hormone secreted in response to the releasing factor.     

Thyroid hormone induction of an autocrine growth factor secreted by pituitary tumor cells

Thyroid hormones stimulate the rate of cell division by poorly understood mechanisms. The possibility that thyroid hormones increase cell growth by stimulating secretion of a growth factor was investigated. Thyroid hormones are nearly an absolute requirement for the division of GH4C1 rat pituitary tumor cells plated at low density. Conditioned media from cells grown with or without L-triiodothyronine (T3) were treated with an ion exchange resin to remove T3 and were tested for ability to stimulate the division of GH4C1 cells. Conditioned medium from T3-treated cells was as active as thyroid hormone at promoting GH4C1 cell growth but did not elicit other thyroid hormone responses, induction of growth hormone, and down-regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors, as effectively as T3 did. A substance or substances associated with T3-induced growth stimulatory activity migrated at high molecular weight at neutral pH and was different from known growth-promoting hormones induced by T3. The results demonstrate that thyroid hormones stimulate the division of GH4C1 pituitary cells by stimulating the secretion of an autocrine growth factor.     

Pheromone-induced changes in the acidophil concentration of mouse pituitary glands

Pituitaries of female mice in anestrus resulting from colony housing were characterized by a 58.0-percent (acidophil content. Subsequent exposure to restrained male mice for one and two nights failed to evoke significant acidophilic degranulation and resulted in pituitary acidophil values of 57.4 and 55.1 percent respectively. Exposure to released males on the third night produced marked acidophilic degranulation resulting in a significant decline in pituitary acidophils to 38.0 percent. These findings support the view that female pheromone suppresses and male pheromone favors the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and indicate that luteotrophic hormone is secreted at its assigned time in the sequence of cyclic ovarian events initiated by the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.     

Control of the rhesus monkey menstrual cycle: permissive role of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone

In rhesus monkeys with hypothalamic lesions (which appear to abolish the endogenous production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone), normal ovulatory mestrual cycles were reestablished by an unvarying, long-term replacement regimen consisting of one intravenous pulse of synthetic gonadotropic-releasing hormone per hour. This finding is in accord with the hypothesis that the pattern of pituitary gonadotropin secretion throughout the menstrual cycle (basal secretion interrupted, once every 28 days on the average, by a preovulatory surge) is not directed by alterations in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion but by the ebb and flow of ovarian estrogens acting directly on the pituitary gland.     

外源6-BA对不同生育时期淹水花生根系生长和荚果产量的影响

【目的】土柱栽培条件下,研究外源细胞分裂素(6-BA)对花生不同生育时期淹水胁迫下根系呼吸酶活性、内源激素含量及荚果产量的影响,为提高淹水胁迫下花生抗性及采用外源激素调控花生生长提供理论依据。【方法】选用山花108为试验材料,以全生育时期正常水分管理(CK)为对照,设置苗期(V3)、花针期(R3)、结荚期(R5)、饱果期(R7)4个淹水时期,于淹水10 d后喷施15 mg·L^-1的6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA),共9个喷施组合处理,即全生育时期正常水分管理(CK)、苗期淹水(V3-W)、苗期淹水后喷施外源细胞分裂素(V3-S)、花针期淹水(R3-W)、花针期淹水后喷施外源细胞分裂素(R3-S)、结荚期淹水(R5-W)、结荚淹水后喷施外源细胞分裂素(R5-S)、饱果期淹水(R7-W)、饱果期淹水后喷施外源细胞分裂素(R7-S)。处理后每隔5 d,取样测定根系无氧呼吸酶、有氧呼吸酶活性,内源激素含量,根系干重及根长密度等指标。【结果】淹水显著降低了20—60 cm土层的根系干重及根长密度。淹水结束后,V3-W处理20—40 cm土层无根系。2018与2019生长季,R3-...     

Release of multiple hormones by a direct action of interleukin-1 on pituitary cells

Exposure to bacterial endotoxins has long been known to stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones; administration of endotoxin was at one time a common clinical test of anterior pituitary function. Endotoxin is a potent stimulus for production of the endogenous pyrogenic protein, interleukin-1 (IL-1), by macrophages and monocytes. The possibility that IL-1 has a direct effect on the secretion of hormones by rat pituitary cells in a monolayer culture was investigated. Recombinant human IL-1 beta stimulated the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Increased hormone secretion into culture supernatants was found with IL-1 concentrations ranging from 10(-9) M to 10(-12) M. Prolactin secretion by the monolayers was inhibited by similar doses. These concentrations of IL-1 are within the range reported for IL-1 in serum, suggesting that IL-1 generated peripherally by mononuclear immune cells may act directly on anterior pituitary cells to modulate hormone secretion in vivo. Incubation of IL-1 solutions with antibody to IL-1 neutralized these actions. These pituitary effects of IL-1 suggest that this monokine may be an important regulator of the metabolic adaptations to infectious stressors.     

猪生长激素启动子的克隆及功能分析(英文)

[目的]克隆猪生长激素启动子,确定其启动子核心序列和主要的顺式作用元件。[方法]根据NCBI上公布的序列设计引物,PCR扩增了猪生长激素5’端-1821~+61bp的序列,并通过移步缺失的方法,获得9段长短不一的启动子序列,将其分别构建到双荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-basic上。通过重组质粒瞬时转染大鼠垂体瘤细胞(GH3)、猪髋动脉血管内皮细胞(PIEC)和猪肾细胞(PK15)和转染后细胞荧光素酶活性的测定,检测这些5’末端缺失质粒在垂体及非垂体细胞中的相对转录活性。[结果]成功扩增了猪GH基因5’上游启动区1882bp的片段并构建了9个pGL3-mGHpromoter报告基因载体;双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统证实插入报告基因载体中的启动子具有非常强的细胞特异性。[结论]猪生长激素特异性在垂体细胞中表达,其最小启动子位于-110bp以内,启动子区-218~-110bp和-429~-218bp间存在正向调控元件。     

猪生长激素启动子的克隆及功能分析

[目的]克隆猪生长激素启动子,确定其启动子核心序列和主要的顺式作用元件。[方法]根据NCBI上公布的序列设计引物,PCR扩增了猪生长激素5’端-1 821～+61 bp的序列,并通过移步缺失的方法,获得9段长短不一的启动子序列,将其分别构建到双荧光素酶表达载体pGL3-basic上。通过重组质粒瞬时转染大鼠垂体瘤细胞(GH3)、猪髋动脉血管内皮细胞(PIEC)和猪肾细胞(PK15)和转染后细胞荧光素酶活性的测定,检测这些5’末端缺失质粒在垂体及非垂体细胞中的相对转录活性。[结果]成功扩增了猪GH基因5’上游启动区1 882 bp的片段,并构建了9个pGL3-mGH promoter报告基因载体;双荧光素酶报告基因检测系统证实插入报告基因载体中的启动子具有非常强的细胞特异性。[结论]猪生长激素特异性在垂体细胞中表达,其最小启动子位于-110 bp以内,启动子区-218～-110 bp和-429～-218 bp间存在正向调控元件。     

日本海马（Hippocampus japonicus）仔鱼期脑垂体发育的组织学研究

本文研究了日本海马（Ｈｉｐｐｏｃａｍｐｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）仔鱼期脑垂体形态变化和激素分泌细胞的分化。１日龄仔鱼脑垂体的形态已建成，属于前后型，类同于海马成体脑垂体。腺垂体内各种激素分泌细胞均未分化，根据细胞大小和排列方式可区分出ＲＰＤ、ＰＰＤ和ＰＩ三个区域。神经垂体只见于ＲＰＤ和ＰＰＤ交界的背上方。５日齿仔鱼腺垂体内ＧＨ细胞已分化，占ＰＰＤ的２／３，其他激素分泌细胞未见分化。１０日龄仔鱼脑垂体内除ＧＨ细胞外，未见其他种类激素分泌细胞分化。１５日龄仔鱼脑垂体ＲＰＤ内ＡＣＴＨ细胞已分化，ＰＰＤ和ＰＩ内除ＧＨ细胞外，其他种类激素分泌细胞均未分化。３０日龄仔鱼ＲＰＤ、ＰＰＤ和ＰＩ内各种激素分泌细胞都已分化，共有６种激素分泌细胞，分别是促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）分泌细胞，催乳激素（ＰＲＬ）分泌细胞，生长激素（ＧＨ）分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）分泌细胞、促性腺激素（ＧＴＨ）分泌细胞和促黑激素（ＭＳＨ）分泌细胞。     

三种砧木对月季‘红衣主教’切花产量及生理学特性的影响

该文通过对粉团蔷薇和多花蔷薇无刺品系No .3、No.4为砧木 ,切花月季‘红衣主教 (Cardinal)’为接穗的嫁接植株生长量、内源玉米素核苷 (ZR)和脱落酸 (ABA)含量 ,以及 3种砧木自根苗生长量、根系活力、内源ZR和ABA含量进行测定 ,探讨砧木对接穗生长及生理学特性的影响 .结果表明 :花枝鲜重和地上部生物量以‘红衣主教’ No.3嫁接苗最高 .3种蔷薇自根苗的根系活力在冬季有显著差异 ,表现为No .4 >粉团 >No .3.砧木影响接穗的内源激素ZR含量 ,‘红衣主教’ No .3嫁接苗叶片中ZR含量及ZR ABA比值最高 ;而ABA含量无显著差异 .砧木可能通过改变植株内源激素ZR含量来影响月季切花产量 .     

Induction of ovulation in immature hypophysectomized rats

Immature rats given minute doses of highly purified pituitary gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) 7 to 100 days after hypophysectomy ovulated and formed corpora lutea. Neither hormone alone was effective. Luteinizing hormone repaired in part the atrophied theca interna and interstitial tissue, and follicle-stimulating hormone stimulated the development of the granulosa cells.     

宁乡猪生长激素基因的克隆及其原核表达载体的构建

[目的]研究了宁乡猪生长激素基因(nxGH)的克隆及其原核表达载体的构建。[方法]根据已报道的猪生长激素基因序列设计了1对特异性引物,应用RT"PCR技术从宁乡猪脑垂体中克隆了nxGH编码区序列。[结果]扩增片段全长651 bp,共编码216个氨基酸。该序列与已报道的三元和五指山猪生长激素cDNA基因核苷酸序列同源性为99.85%。将nxGH cDNA序列定向插入pET"32a原核表达载体中,成功构建重组原核表达质粒pET"GH。[结论]为下一步制备宁乡猪生长激素抗体奠定了基础。     

Mechanism of gonadotropin action in amphibia: involvement of mitochondria

Luteinizing hormone (a pituitary gonadotropic hormone) stimulates Delta(5)-3beta- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the microsomal fraction of frog testes when incubated together with the mitochondria; incubation together with the nuclei instead of the mitochondria does not result in increased, Delta(5)-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The increase is not, induced by adenosine triphosphate, it appears to be hormone-specific, and it is sensitive to puromycin and actinomycin D. These data suggest that the mitochondrial DNA may be involved in mediating the action of luteinizing hormone in amphibian steroidogenesis.     

不同栽培架式和生长调节剂对京亚葡萄产量及品质的影响

为了确定适宜的栽培架式和生长调节剂,以京亚葡萄为供试品种,研究不同栽培架式、不同生长调节剂对京亚葡萄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,京亚葡萄比较适宜的架式为单臂篱架;用植物生长调节剂12.5 mg/L GA3+10 mg/L CPPU浸渍,最佳处理时期为全开花后2 d,花后15 d再喷12.5 mg/L GA3,京亚葡萄的果实品质最佳。     

遮荫处理对早熟花椰菜花球的生长和抗氧化系统的影响

以早熟花椰菜品种丰喜45天'为材料,在花球开始形成期进行遮荫处理,以研究遮荫对花球生长和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:(1)遮荫处理使花椰菜花球纵径、横径和鲜重分别比对照减少17.97%、18.9%和38.59%.(2)除了叶片中愈创木酚过氧化物酶(G-POD)活性显著提高外,遮荫处理降低了花椰菜叶片、花蕾和花茎中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和G-POD的活性,但与叶片相比,花蕾和花茎中这些酶活性的下降幅度较小.(3)遮荫处理显著降低了花椰菜叶片、花蕾、花茎中脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性.(4)遮荫处理降低了花椰菜叶片、花蕾和花茎中抗坏血酸含量(花蕾中还原型抗坏血酸除外)和叶片中谷胱甘肽含量,但花蕾和花茎中谷胱甘肽反而有所提高(花茎中还原型谷胱甘肽除外).     

培养基及培养条件对青钱柳愈伤组织生长和黄酮含量的影响

在固体培养条件下,研究了不同外植体来源、培养基、植物激素、接种量、培养时间对青钱柳愈伤组织生长和黄酮含量的影响.结果表明:①不同外植体来源的愈伤组织增长量茎段大于叶片,而黄酮含量叶片大于茎段;②8种基本培养基中,改良MS培养基上的愈伤组织增长量及黄酮含量均显著高于其它培养基;③促进青钱柳愈伤组织增长量和黄酮含量积累的最佳激素组合为:1.0 mg.L-1KT+0.5 mg.L-12,4-D+0.3 mg.L-1NAA;④愈伤组织增长量最大时的接种量为0.65 g;⑤愈伤组织培养至12 d增长量最大,培养16 d,黄酮含量达最高值.     

Phenobarbital: effects of long-term administration on behavior and brain of artificially reared rats

Two doses of phenobarbital were given daily for 2 weeks to infant rats fed by intragastric cannulas. The larger dose (60 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) resulted in decreased spontaneous activity and increased responses to novel stimuli. The smaller dose (15 milligrams per kilogram) resulted in increased spontaneous activity and also an increase of responses to novel stimuli. The larger dose produced a 12 percent reduction in brain growth, while the smaller dose was associated with a 3 percent reduction in brain growth.