干旱胁迫下水杨酸浸种对小麦萌发期保护酶活性的影响

以小麦品种周麦22为材料,用10%聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了不同浓度水杨酸(SA)浸种对干旱胁迫下小麦萌发期SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响。结果表明,小麦萌发期SOD活性呈先升高后下降的趋势,POD、CAT活性呈逐渐升高的趋势;不同浓度的SA浸种均提高了SOD、POD、CAT活性,在0.6 mmol/L和0.8 mmol/L浓度的SA处理下,SOD、POD、CAT活性增加幅度高于其他组。本研究可为SA在小麦的抗旱应用方面提供参考。     

厚皮甜瓜衰老过程中保护性酶类的变化

以黄河蜜、银帝、玉金香3个不同品种的厚皮甜瓜为试材,分析测定其在衰老过程中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化情况.结果显示,POD活性与CAT活性变化相似,呈上升-下降-上升趋势,而SOD则呈下降-上升-下降趋势.3种酶活性的高低与品种耐贮性相关,耐贮品种的POD、SOD活性高于不耐贮的品种;而CAT活性则低于不耐贮的品种.     

阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶活性变化的研究

[目的]研究阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶的活性及酶谱变化规律,为阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程生理调控机制的分析探讨奠定基础.[方法]以赤霉素浸种前、浸种后、培养10 d、种子露白、胚芽长至1 cm时各阶段的阳春砂种子为材料,测定其种子中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术研究建立过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及酯酶(EST)同工酶的电泳酶谱.[结果]阳春砂种子在休眠和萌发过程中,POD、SOD、CAT和EST同工酶的活性及酶谱带的数量均发生了一定的变化,其中POD和SOD同工酶活性均呈先减弱后增强的趋势;CAT同工酶在萌发前期变化不明显,后期酶的活性增强,且酶的种类也增加;EST同工酶的酶活性呈先减弱后增强再减弱的变化趋势,且在种子露白时活性达到最强.[结论]阳春砂种子休眠与萌发过程中同工酶谱的变化特点一定程度上可反应出种子休眠与萌发不同阶段的生理特性,这些同工酶基因的差异表达导致了阳春砂种子打破体眠和最终的萌发.     

棉田杂草龙葵种子萌发对温度的生理响应

【目的】龙葵（Solanum nigrum L.）是棉田恶性杂草。本研究旨在通过抗氧化酶活性、淀粉酶活性及丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）含量等生理指标分析龙葵种子萌发与温度的关系,为龙葵萌发预测和防除时机的选择提供依据。【方法】以采自我国不同省（自治区）的6个龙葵种群为研究对象,测定不同萌发温度（10～40℃）条件下种子的抗氧化酶活性、MDA含量和淀粉酶活性,分析比较不同种群对温度的生理响应差异。【结果】6个龙葵种群种子中超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）、过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）活性随萌发温度升高呈先增加后降低的趋势。XJ1600种群的SOD活性变化幅度最小,而LN2209种群的SOD活性变化幅度最大;HN2160和LN2209种群的POD活性在10～30℃时相对较高,但在35～40℃时相对较低;XJ1600种群的CAT活性在10～30℃时较稳定,而LN2209种群的CAT活性在20～35℃时变化较小。各种群龙葵种子的MDA含量随温度的升高表现为先下降后上升,高温胁迫可...     

毛竹种子萌发过程中生理生化特性变化的研究

以毛竹种子为材料,研究测定了种子萌发过程中部分生理指标的动态变化.结果表明:种子萌发期间,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性整体都表现出逐渐升高的趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈逐渐下降趋势;可溶性糖含量先升高再降低;可溶性蛋白含量呈总体上升趋势.     

厚皮甜瓜叶片展开至衰亡过程中保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化的变化

以日光温室栽培的伊丽莎白和蜜世界厚皮甜瓜为试材,通过测定不同叶龄叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,探讨了在叶片展开至衰亡过程中保护酶活性和膜脂过氧化变化。结果表明,在叶龄7~21 d,SOD活性不断升高,之后短时下降,在叶龄28~35 d(伊丽莎白;蜜世界延续到42 d),酶活性迅速升高,随后急剧下降。POD,CAT活性和MDA含量均呈"先升后降"的变化趋势:伊丽莎白、蜜世界CAT活性上升分别从7 d叶龄持续到21 d和28 d,之后不断降低;而POD活性上升则分别持续到49 d和56 d叶龄,随后大幅下降;MDA含量与POD活性变化基本一致。在叶片衰老期间,中晚熟品种SOD和CAT活性显著高于早熟品种,而POD活性和MDA含量则明显偏低。     

温度胁迫对豇豆种子萌发生理指标的影响

以3个豇豆品种为材料,采用完全随机设计,重复3次,设置低温15℃、常温25℃(对照)和高温35℃3个处理,进行种子萌发实验。确定供试种子批种子活力正常后,在萌发种子胚根长到1 cm时,分胚根和子叶两个部位取样测定其可溶性蛋白质含量(TSP)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理指标。结果表明:温度胁迫使胚根中TSP含量均较常温显著或极显著降低,子叶中的TSP含量在低温处理下极显著高于对照,而在高温下与之相反;温度胁迫下,各豇豆品种胚根和子叶中MDA含量均较显著或极显著高于对照;SOD活性变化与之相反,但品种间有差异。胚根POD活性在低温下极显著高于对照,在高温下却显著或极显著低于对照,而子叶中与之相反。子叶中CAT活性在低温下上升,高温下下降,而胚根中均上升。因此,低温和高温都明显阻碍豇豆种子萌发,但生理基础上不完全一致,且胚根和子叶的反应有明显差别,其中比较一致的是种胚萌发时MDA含量升高和SOD活性下降,反应不一致的有TSP含量、POD活性及CAT活性变化。     

百合种球低温处理过程中抗氧化酶活性的变化及其与休眠解除的关系

选用7个观赏百合品种为试验材料,研究冷藏处理 (2-5℃)打破种球休眠以及冻藏处理 (-1℃)抑制种球发芽过程中抗氧化酶活性及MDA的变化规律。结果表明：在127天的冷藏处理中,SOD、POD、CAT活性在处理的前期、中期持续下降,后期上升,除SOD活性在末期略有下降外,POD、CAT活性持续上升至冷藏结束。在151天的冻藏处理期,3种抗氧化酶类活性在初期下降,后持续升高,至贮藏中后期下降。MDA含量在冷藏处理前中期大幅上升,至后期略有下降。冻藏处理期MDA含量变化变化幅度较小,同一品种大种球MDA含量大于小种球MDA含量。冷藏前期POD酶活性降低对百合种球休眠解除具有重要作用。长期冻藏及冷藏处理所引起的活性氧代谢失调是种球产生低温逆境损伤的原因之一。     

油菜秸秆水提液对烤烟种子萌发的影响

研究了0 ～40 g/L浓度范围内的油菜秸秆水提夜对烤烟种子萌发以及萌发后幼苗根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响.结果表明,油菜秸秆水提液具有抑制烤烟种子萌发的作用,抑制作用随浓度的增高而增大,随处理时间的延长而减小;烤烟种子的活力指数均高于对照,但呈先升高后降低的趋势;烤烟种子萌发后根系活力、SOD、POD和CAT活力都呈先升高后降低的趋势.     

外源信号物质对肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成POD、CAT活性及ROS含量的影响

利用外源信号物质氟草敏(norflurazon)和2,6-二甲氧基对苯醌(2,6-DMBQ)分别诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成,研究它们在此过程中对过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明：在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发时,经norflurazon处理0~168 h后,种子中POD和CAT活性呈现显著升高的变化趋势,种子中ROS含量显著升高。在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发体吸器形成时,经2,6-DMBQ处理0~72 h后,肉苁蓉种子萌发体中POD和CAT活性呈现显著升高的变化趋势,萌发体中ROS含量显著升高。表明在诱导肉苁蓉种子萌发与吸器形成过程中,外源信号物质norflurazon和2,6-DMBQ能影响POD、CAT活性及ROS含量的变化。

     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.