历史时期关中地区气候变化与灾害关系的分析

根据关中地区历史时期洪涝、干旱、地震、饥荒等灾害史料的分析,统计出自公元前1000年至公元20世纪的3000年间每个世纪灾害发生的频率,并对此时间内历史气候变化进行分析,得出关中地区历史时期气候交替变化较为频繁;重大自然灾害,尤其是旱灾出现频率高,且集中于6-10世纪,14-18世纪。同时分析得出该地区历史时期灾害频数与气候变化有很好的对应关系,即灾害在气候突变时出现频率远高于气候平稳期。     

陕南汉江上游历史洪水灾害与气候变化

根据陕南汉江上游历史时期以来的洪水灾害史料和水文站记录,统计分析了189BC-2008AD近2200年间的洪水发生频率,并对此时间段内气候变化进行分析。结果表明:清后期到现代,是汉江上游洪水发生频率最高的时期,洪水发生频率为18.94次/50a;其次是明末至清前中期和唐末期,洪水发生频率分别为6.5次/50a和6次/50a;再次是西汉初、北宋中期至南宋前中期、明代,是3次/50a左右的频率。洪灾的出现往往与气候的异常波动有密切关系,历史时期,汉江上游的洪水在气候冷暖交替变化时期较为频繁,气候平稳期出现频率较低。     

唐代关中地区水涝灾害研究

通过对唐代关中地区历史资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期关中地区的降水规律和成因做了探讨。结果表明:唐代关中地区的降水主要集中在唐中期(公元703~公元840)137年间,这一时期共有水涝灾害41次,平均3.34年就有一次,占唐代水涝灾害次数的68%;唐前、唐后降水较少,水涝灾害次数各占16%;唐代关中地区水涝灾害唐前、中、后期分布很不均匀,水涝灾害在时间上的分布呈现出中间高两头低的态势,唐代关中地区水涝灾害在季节性上的特征也十分显著,多集中于夏秋两季,其中尤以农历八月份最为频繁,达16次之多;唐代关中地区气候整体上较湿润,降水丰沛。气候暖湿,年降水量较多,降水集中或持久是造成该时期水涝灾害的主要原因,人类活动导致植被遭到破坏也加剧了该时期水涝灾害的发生。     

古代黄河中游饥荒与环境变化关系及其影响

通过对地方灾害史料收集整理,统计出黄河中游近2000年来共发生了306次饥荒。分析表明:饥荒的发生与气候变化、自然灾害以及环境变化之间有显著的关系。主要表现为:气候寒冷时期,农业生产受到影响,饥荒发生频率较高;气候温暖时期,农业生产发展,饥荒发生频率较低。历史上严重的自然灾害常常引发饥荒,尤其是旱灾与饥荒的发生关系最为密切。历史时期黄河中游环境的恶化也是饥荒发生的重要原因。频繁发生的饥荒对社会经济及城市发展建设都造成一定的影响。     

历史时期以来渭河下游洪水灾害与环境演变关系

根据渭河流域下游历史时期以来的洪水灾害资料,统计分析170 BC-1992 AD近1 700多年洪水灾害的发生规律。结果表明：从170 BC-1992 AD渭河下游发生的有文字记载的洪水灾害约243次,其中,630 AD之前的洪水灾害发生较少,630 AD之后增多;从1920 AD开始,发生洪水越来越频繁,而且频率在波动中不断升高;1960 AD以后略有下降。根据洪水灾害发生频率,将所研究的时期分为7个阶段,并对每个阶段洪水灾害的发生与当时流域环境演变关系进行了分析,结果表明,历史时期以来环境的改变与洪水灾害的发生有直接关系。因此,加强生态与环境建设,对于当地的防洪减灾具有重要的意义。     

明清时期江苏地区旱涝灾害与气候变化的关系

通过对江苏地区1368-1911年旱涝灾害资料的统计和整理,利用滑动平均、累积距平及小波分析等方法探讨分析了明清时期该地区旱涝灾害与气候变化的关系。结果表明:1368-1911年江苏地区共发生旱涝灾害362次,其中旱灾发生108次,涝灾发生254次,在旱涝灾害中以涝灾为主;明清时期江苏地区旱涝灾害具有显著的阶段性特征,旱涝灾害在年内具有显著的季节变化特征,在时间尺度上大致存在7a、11a、17a和22a 4个周期,与太阳活动周期有着密切关系;明清时期江苏地区旱涝灾害在空间分布上具有明显的区域差异,整体上呈现出西部多于东部、南部多于北部的变化特点;明清时期江苏地区旱涝灾害的发生与长江中下游地区气候变化有很好的对应关系,18世纪60年代以来,人类活动对全球气候环境的影响导致区域性旱涝灾害频繁发生。     

黄河中游古代瘟疫与环境变化的关系及其对城市发展影响研究

通过对地方灾害史料和疫病专著资料的整理收集,统计出黄河中游近2000年来共发生了140多次瘟疫。通过深入的分析,表明瘟疫发生与气候变化和环境以及自然灾害之间有显著的关系。从长期来看,在气候恶化时期瘟疫发生频率较高;尤其是在气候异常变化、旱涝灾害频繁出现时最容易发生瘟疫;从一年之内来看,春夏季是瘟疫多发的时期。况且,瘟疫在人口集中的城市最容易发生,它对城市发展造成很大的影响。     

近200年来关中地区干旱灾害时空变化研究

通过对历史文献资料的收集、统计和分析,对1800-2000年关中地区干旱灾害的等级序列、时间变化、空间变化和干旱变化趋势拟合进行了研究。结果表明:关中地区近200年共发生干旱灾害94次,平均2.14年发生一次;干旱灾害的等级序列可分为四级,其中发生轻旱灾24次,占旱灾总数的26.6%;中等旱灾47次,占旱灾总数的48.9%;大旱灾19次,占旱灾总数的20.2%;特大旱灾4次,占旱灾总数的4.3%;从1900年代开始,干旱灾害发生频率有明显的增加;旱灾以夏旱和春旱最多,占发生次数的32%和28.1%;关中地区中部和东部为旱灾的高发区,其中渭南地区干旱的发生次数远远高于其他地区;从19世纪至20世纪40年代,拟合曲线有增加趋势;40年代至今旱灾略有下降。     

明清小冰期关中地区冻灾研究

通过对明清小冰期关中地区历史资料的搜集、整理和分析,对该时期关中地区的冻灾发生频率做了统计。结果表明:该时期冻灾的发生呈现波动变化,1451-1500A.D.(明景泰-明弘治)、1571-1730 A.D.(明隆庆-清乾隆)、1831-1910 A.D.(清道光-清宣统)这三个时期冻灾发生的频率较高,而1501-1570 A.D.(明弘治-明隆庆)、1731-1830 A.D.(清雍正-清道光)冻灾发生的频率较低。且冻灾的灾害程度与冻灾的发生频率密切相关,冻灾发生频率较高的时期,灾害的程度也较重。此外,与这一时期该地区的旱灾发生频率统计结果对比分析表明,冻灾与旱灾的发生频率基本上为同步变化。旱灾与冻灾的同步增多,对当时的社会经济发展、农业生产、社会稳定、人口数量变化等方面产生了重要影响。     

清末以来陕西省汉江上游暴雨洪水灾害研究

根据对搜集到的历史文献资料及地方统计资料的整理与研究,并结合前人工作经验,对汉江上游地区清末以来(公元1832～2010年)近200年中暴雨洪水的发生状况进行了深入研究。结果表明:清后期至今这一暴雨洪水高发期的洪水灾害类型可划分为三类:局部暴雨洪水灾害;大面积暴雨洪水灾害;长历时、大面积暴雨洪水灾害。这三种灾害类型各占灾害发生总次数的31%,42%,27%。清后期至今汉江上游灾害性大暴雨洪水共出现59次,平均每3.4年发生一次。从分析发现,清后期以来汉江上游暴雨洪水频次不断上升,尤其是1932年以来,虽然暴雨洪水灾害频次有所波动,但整体呈上升趋势,且大面积,长历时暴雨洪水明显增多。暴雨洪水主要在7,8,9月份即夏秋两季发生。汉江上游的暴雨洪水类别分布及发生特点不仅与当地地形及气候的异常波动有关,也与人为活动的影响密切相关。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.