Transfer of Scientific Expertise into Successful Forest Policy： Assessment for Monitoring and Evaluating Sustainable Forest Management in China

INTRODUCTION Forest monitoring and forestry policy monitoring and evaluation systems play an important role in forestry policy making and improvement. Transfer scientific expertise into forest policy making is one of the most important factors to improve Chinese forestry development. CERN (Chinese Ecosystem Research Network) and CFERN (Chinese Forest Ecosystem Research Network) are two main forest scientific monitoring systems in China. CERN is managed by CAS (Chinese Academy o…     

Drivers and Barriers to Change to Governance in Small-Scale Forestry

The progressive introduction of new modes of governance promoted by the international dialogue on forests during the last 20 years has resulted in a concrete change of the management of the forests, with a new style of relationship between the public authority and the local actors. The change has been considerable in some specific situations, for instance when the State plays a major role in public decisions and when the continuing economic transformation increases the importance of private estates. In both cases, small-scale forestry is especially concerned. Based on detailed examples selected in various situations where this change is significant, in western Europe (Belgium, France, Germany) and in transitioning (Kyrgyzstan, Ukraine) and developing (Marocco) countries, this special issue of the Small-scale Forestry sheds a new light on the capability of small-scale forestry to adapt to a transformation of the system of public decision-making. In most cases analysed, the barriers to adaptation, usually presented as resulting from fragmentation of the management decisions and a great number and diversity of stakeholders, also appear as drivers to change, in a global process where networks of actors are recomposed and power redistributed along a new scheme of national and regional links.     

福建省集体林权制度改革绩效评价

对福建省10个县的林改进行了问卷调查,就福建省集体林权制度林农林改知情度、政策了解度、林改参与度、税费减免对林农收益影响、林改过程评价、集体林地分配意愿、林改赞成率和满意度等林改绩效评价进行了定量分析。分析表明,绝大多数林农对集体林权制度改革持满意态度,但林改过程中林农参与林改的思想意识、法律意识不足,同时纠纷调处、勘界勾图等问题严重。     

从"2605"项目的教训看退耕还林成果巩固的政策支持

1999年先期实施的退耕还林工程全部进入政策兑现结束期,退耕还林工程的成果巩固工作进入到关键期。为保证工程取得成效,有必要总结工程实施的教训,制定完善工程的后续政策措施。     

Forest Taxes,Timber Concessions,and Policy Choices in the Amazon

Abstract

In many countries of Africa and Asia, timber production is dominated by concession contracts in public forests. In the neo-tropics, however, timber production occurs on both public and private lands; a mixture that moves countries of the neo-tropics towards the complex systems of forestry sectors in the developed world. Therefore, much of the forest taxation and public forest management literature that currently exists is pertinent to new forest policy decisions in developing countries. Unfortunately, the similarities between forest policies in the neo-tropics and those of developed countries have largely been ignored. This paper begins the process of bridging that gap to show how existing literature is important to the design of timber concessions and accompanying policy instrument design. Although the principles we discuss here apply in any mixed harvest forest economy, we use Brazil as an example because it is in the process of adopting a system of timber concessions in national forests. In our discussion, we suggest that concessions are not a perfect substitute for private forestry in the neo-tropics; concession and other instrument policies must be designed jointly; and because concession policies and government revenue objectives may be linked, the expansion of concessions must be carefully monitored.     

我国退耕还林政策存在的问题及其建议

我国退耕还林政策是为了保护生态环境而提出的,但该政策本身以及在实施过程中存在着一些问题。文章主要针对退耕还林政策存在的问题,提出一些可行性的建议和对策。     

Impact Analysis of Green Procurement Policy for Forest Products in France and Its Reference

In order to combat illegal logging and associated trade and promote sustainable forest management, major developed countries, including France, have implemented green procurement policy for forest products. This paper described the background of why France implements green procurement policy for forest products, analyzed the basic content of the policy, and made a comprehensive assessment of the impact of green procurement policy on suppliers, processors, eco-environment and competitiveness of forest produc...     

回顾20世纪西方7国森林与林业政策的变迁

回顾了西方7国20世纪的森林与林业政策的变迁.欧美7国的森林与林业政策有其特定的历史背景和各自的长短:根据笔者短期赴现地的调查研究和大量的文献资料查阅,简单总结了西方7国的林业生产状况、环保运动起因、政策转变过程等情况,并简述了各国最终都逐步走向"生态系统管理(EM)"或"近自然林业(CTNF)"等趋势;笔者从立足东亚、"旁观者清"的角度试图提供一点比较客观的欧美所谓的"林业发达国家"的线索,以供中国读者对21世纪初的"广义新林业"引发新的思考.     

贵州省退耕还林亟需解决的问题及政策建议

通过对当前贵州省退耕还林总体情况的摸底分析,提出下一步退耕还林政策建议。     

山西省疏林地成林情况调查与分析预测

对山西省2005年、2010年2次连续清查涉及的179块疏林地固定样地进行了全面调查,分析了"十一五"疏林地动态变化情况,并预测了"十二五"期间现有疏林地向有林地转化的趋势和潜力。     

韩国森林福祉现状及对北京的启示

自20世纪70年代以来,韩国由于全体国民的努力,植被恢复取得极大成功,韩国提出利用森林为国民提供从出生到死亡包括休养、文化、保健、教育等多种福利服务。文中概述了韩国林业发展历程以及森林福祉类型、发展历程、机构、法律、人才培养等方面内容,并对北京如何借鉴韩国森林福祉发展经验提升森林服务功能提出了制定总体规划、打造示范基地、加大政策扶持力度等对策。     

地理信息系统在森林公园评价及规划中的应用

分别从研究对象和研究方法入手,重点探讨GIS在森林公园规划中应用的优势,并以牡丹江三道关国家森林公园规划为实例进行图文说明。介绍利用GIS进行森林公园规划的基本步骤,包括建立数据库及利用ARCVIEW软件进行森林公园规划的基本步骤。探讨GIS在森林公园规划普及中应注意的问题。     

Sustainable forest management as an approach to regional development in the Russian Federation: State and trends in Kovdozersky Model Forest in the Barents region

Abstract

The Russian forest sector is under transformation, and the Model Forest (MF) concept is used as an innovative approach to regional sustainable development based on forest goods, ecosystem services and values. This study evaluates the development of the MF concept in north-west Russia's Barents region, using Kovdozersky MF in Murmansk region as a case study. This report (1) describe the main historical phases of forest use, (2) summarizes the state and trends of the economic, ecological and sociocultural situation, (3) explores reasons for establishing the MF, and (4) evaluates the main steps towards implementation of the MF concept. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied. Actors were identified and interviewed to understand the process of MF development. Statistic data were collected and analyzed. The main goal of this MF is to support development through participatory collaboration regarding (1) balancing needs and interests among actors and stakeholders, (2) implementation of sustainable forest management, (3) encouraging the development of ecotourism and bioenergy production in the area, and (4) increasing public awareness with respect to sustainable forest management. Potential challenges for the MF partnership include: (1) domination by partners from the traditional forest sector, with their potentially more narrow needs and interests in the partnership development, and (2) disparity in sharing responsibilities and power between regional and local levels in MF management.     

美国森林健康理念及在城市林业健康维护中的实践启示

首先,介绍了美国的森林健康理念、森林健康监测、条件保障;其次,从软件系统、能力建设、火灾防控等方面分析了森林健康理论在美国城市林业建设中的具体实践;最后,借鉴美国森林健康思想,针对我国的实际情况,对推进我国森林健康发展提出了建议。     

森林防火指挥系统、ArcGIS和Google Earth结合在新一轮退耕还林工程中的应用

在永平县新一轮退耕还林工程作业设计和管理中,利用森林防火指挥系统、ArcGISI0.2和Google Earth的功能优势互补、取长补短,完成工程地块定位、落实勾绘、面积求算、编辑成图等工作.结果 表明以上3种软件(系统)结合易学易用、工作效率高、成本低、结果准确、在无地形图识图能力的情况下也能进行工程小班、地块空间位...     

Stem and Crown Relations in Four Species from an Evermoist Forest in Sri Lanka

Abstract

The volume of a tree's crown represents the accumulated historic crown surfaces integrated over time and environmental conditions. As such the crown volume of a tree should be correlated to the stem diameter, which represents accumulated historic wood increment. This study examines the relationship between crown and stem metrics of four tree species, Macaranga peltata, Schumacheria castaneifolia, Shorea megistophylla, and Shorea trapezifolia, from an evermoist forest in southwestern Sri Lanka. Shorea megistophyllahad the highest correlation between crown volume and stem diameter of the four species (r² = 0.55). The addition of an inverted parabola, to represent historic crown surfaces not included by the current crown volume, improved correlations with stem diameter significantly, especially in the flat-topped pioneer species, Macaranga peltata. Schumacheria castaneifoliashowed poor correlations between stem and crown dimensions, suggesting that allocation to fruit and flower production may receive higher priority than diameter growth. The relative importance of current crown volume and cumulative crown volume in explaining variation in stem diameter offers insight into species life-history patterns.     

1950-2010年中国森林火灾时空特征及风险分析

[目的]开展森林火灾时空特征和风险分析,有利于把握森林火灾发生规律,为预测和防治森林火灾、制定差异化森林火灾财政补贴和保险政策提供科学依据.[方法]根据年鉴数据,借助主成分分析、聚类分析和信息扩散理论,对我国1950-2010年森林火灾的时空分布特征和风险状况进行研究,全面分析森林火灾发生的时空特征,结合灾情指标对全国各省进行评价并分类,并定量分析风险水平.[结果]1)1950-2010年间,年均发生火灾12 683次,年均火场面积67.48万hm2,年均火灾次数和火场面积均呈下降趋势;1988-2010年间年均成灾面积7.95万hm2,总体表现为上升趋势;1988-2010年间年均成林蓄积损失167.5万m3,没有明显年际变化;1988-2010年间年均伤亡214人,总体呈波浪式下降趋势.2)人为火源占已查明火源的80％以上,烧荒烧炭是最主要的生产性用火火源(38.47％),上坟烧纸是最主要的非生产性用火火源(19.92％).3)华东、西南地区相比于其他地区火灾次数明显较大,东北地区火场面积明显较大.4)按照一般和较大火灾次数、重大和特大火灾次数、火场面积、受害森林面积、成林蓄积、幼林株数、受伤人数、死亡人数8个指标,通过主成分分析对31个省(区、市)的火灾状况进行评价并排序,然后根据主成分得出的综合得分进行聚类分析,根据受灾程度将31个省区按照严重、较重、中度、一般和轻度分为5类,其中,湖南受灾最严重,其次是黑龙江、贵州和云南等.5)基于信息扩散理论进行森林火灾风险分析,全国每年发生3 000 ～9 000次一般和较大火灾的概率较大(＞ 0.482 4),每年发生0～30次重大和特大火灾概率较大(＞0.430 2),每年受灾森林面积在15万hm2以下概率较大(＞0.407 2).[结论]我国森林火灾频发、面积大,火灾高发与气候变化息息相关.引发森林火灾的主要原因是人为火源,必须严格控制和管理野外火源,规范生产、生活用火行为.森林火灾具有显著的区域性特征,我国森林资源面临的火灾风险压力较大.建议在准确把握全国森林火灾时空分布特征和风险基础上,加强宣传教育,采取科学的森林防火、预报、监测措施,制定合理的森林火灾财政补贴和森林保险政策,维护森林健康和国家生态安全.     

分层抽样法在退耕还林工程水土流失监测中的应用

在预调查的基础上,运用分层抽样技术,计算出了既定可靠性下,退耕还林工程(陕西富县2002年)造林地监测样点的样本容量。在90％可靠性和92％的估计精度下,退耕还林造林地植被盖度估计值和误差限分别为15．81％和1．2％;在90％可靠性和90．52％的估计精度下,土壤侵蚀强度估计值和误差限分别为1715．14 t／km2和162．595 t／km2。     

森林资源管理与监测地理信息系统在伐区调查设计中的应用

应用以"3S"技术为基础的黑龙江省森林资源管理与监测地理信息系统,可以进行林相图、地形图等图库一体化查询,对小班属性查询具有"快捷"、"详细"2种查询方式.应用于伐区调查设计,分别对主伐年伐量、择伐年伐量、散生木年伐量、抚育年伐量、低产林改造年伐量、更新年伐量、卫生伐年伐量的计算方法进行了论述.     

南水北调中线水源区天然林恢复与保护的生态经济问题研究

针对南水北调中线水源区天然林的现状和存在的生态经济问题,阐述了水源区天然林恢复与保护建设的必要性,分析实施天然林恢复和保护的基础条件和有利因素,提出天然林恢复、保护与生态经济建设实施的政策建议。