松香胺制备试验初报

松香胺是松香的一种含氮衍生物,主要用于杀虫剂、除藻剂、润滑剂、阻蚀剂、浮选剂、光学析分剂、木材防腐剂以及制造油溶和醇溶性染料等。松香胺的中间产品——松香腈可用作增塑剂、润滑油添加剂等~[1]。为了进一步发展我国松香二次加工产品,扩大应用范围,提高其经济价值,我院林化系松香胺科研组于1976年开展了松香胺的试制的科学研究,经过一年多的努力,已试制出一批松香腈松香胺样品,并就松香腈用作聚丙烯树脂增韧剂,松香胺用作润滑油添加剂,光学活性析分剂以及松香胺的环氧乙烯、丙烯衍生物用作原油破乳剂等方面作了推广应用试验,试用效果良好,受到有关使用单位的好评。     

安全用药 防止药害

在苗圃的生产经营中，近年来育苗生产使用农药、化肥的品种及其范围在迅速扩大，各苗圃所使用的杀虫、杀菌农药、化肥、除草剂已达20余种之多，苗圃化学化程度有显著提高，但在化肥、农药的使用上出现了一些混乱现象。因此，安全使用化肥、农药，防止药害，是应当认真对待的一个技术问题。     

松香及其衍生物在胶粘剂中的应用

介绍了松香、改性松香及其衍生物在胶粘剂中的应用．应用于胶粘剂的松香有脂松香、未松香和浮油松香：改性松香包括它们的氢化、脱氢、歧化，聚合以及马来酸酐反应后的产物．松香衍生物包括松香和改性松香与各种醇反应生成的松香酯，氯化松香以及与其他物质的共聚物。松香及其衍生物在热熔胶和压敏胶中应用尤其广泛．     

“四合一”生物活性肥料

随着世界入口的日益增长，人们对蔬菜、水果、粮食等食品的需求量急剧增加，在土地不可增加的情况下，增产的根本途径主要在于增施化肥提高其单产，因而肥料的供需矛盾日益激化。由于 “石油工业”的兴起，人们大量地使用矿质化肥、农药、除草剂等工业制品。这些矿物质化肥和工     

优质无公害果品生产中农药化肥污染浅析

通过对优质无公害果品生产中农药及化肥污染的调查，重点分析了优质无公害果品生产中农药化肥污染的现状，研究提出了优质无公害果品生产中农药及化肥污染的科学综合治理对策。     

松脂油提炼工艺

目前,松脂油的提取只有蒸馏法,而用蒸馏方法不能把松脂油中含有的松香酸酐、松香酸、树脂烃和微量挥发油及苦叶物质提尽,而且只能在化妆品和工业上应用。我们利用小兴安岭已采伐过的红松根部木块作为提取松脂油的原料，通过黄豆提炼出的色拉油经过高温将其内含松脂油提炼出来，无任何毒副作用，并能作为药物用。     

松香及其衍生物改性高分子材料的研究进展

综述了松香及其衍生物在高分子材料中的研究进展。分别对松香及其衍生物改性有机硅、聚酯、环氧树脂、聚氨酯等高分子树脂的制备方法及其应用进行总结,并在此基础上针对松香及其衍生物改性高分子材料的研究热点及发展现状提出了该研究领域面临反应条件苛刻、内聚力差、环保安全性等主要问题,最后对松香及其衍生物在改性高分子材料领域的应用前景进行了展望。     

溶质上悬法的原理及应用

营林上施用化肥和农药的常规溶解操作方法是，将化肥或农药投放于装有水的容器底部，并加以搅拌。对于溶解缓慢的硫酸铜、硫酸亚铁等，则采用增加其细碎程度或用少量热水作溶剂．以加快溶解速度。实验发现，将清质是置于溶剂L部（简称L悬法），可以加快溶解速度、改善溶液质量。本义将探讨上是法的溶解协理及其应用。l＄质上悬法的原理港质在溶液中存在着溶解和结晶两个相反的过程，溶质表面的粒子和泡剂分子的互相作用下，离开了表面，分散在溶剂中，这个过程叫做溶解；与此同时，当已溶解的粒子撞击未溶解的清质表面时，可能被吸引住，回…     

松香树脂酸及其衍生物的分子自组装研究进展

松香树脂酸具有羧基、双键和苯环富电中心等多修饰位点,通过化学改性可得到具有丰富亲水基团的各种松香树脂酸衍生物;松香树脂酸及其衍生物分子中既含有独特的刚性三环萜烯疏水骨架基团和手性结构,又含有羧酸和新引入的各种亲水基团,使其在溶液中呈现出特殊的分子自组装性能,而赋予自组装聚集体高表面活性、智能响应和靶向载药等多种功能性。根据化合物的结构特点,对松香树脂酸及其衍生物的小分子自组装、超分子自组装、高分子自组装以及有机-无机杂化分子自组装进行综述;分析自组装聚集行为,归纳自组装特点,并总结其在表面活性、智能响应、载药和无机纳米材料修饰等领域的应用。最后,对松香树脂酸及其衍生物的自组装功能性材料的发展进行展望。     

替代农作物化肥、农药的方法

现在农民种植水稻等农作物需要大量化肥、农药，农业成本居高不下。化肥生产过程中排放废物有害环境，化肥使用过量，不利地力培养，造成恶性循环。农药使用后，所产谷物含有农药残毒，有害人们身体健康。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.