Fungal community succession following wildfire in a Mediterranean vegetation type dominated by Pinus pinaster in Northwest Spain

This study examined the succession of fungal communities following fire in a Mediterranean ecosystem dominated by Pinus pinaster Ait. in northwestern Spain. A large wildfire occurred in August 2002. During the autumn seasons from 2003 to 2006, fruiting bodies were collected and identified, production in burned (early stage) and unburned (late stage) areas was measured. For statistical analysis, data were grouped into the following four categories: saprotrophic, mycorrhizal; edible and inedible. A total of 115 fungal taxa were collected during the four sampling periods (85 in the late and 60 in the early stage). The number of mycorrhizal species increased from early to late succession and there were shifts in community composition. After fire, pyrophytic species such as Pholiota carbonaria, Peziza violacea, Rhizopogon luteolus and Rhizopogon sp. appeared. Fire strongly affected the production of fungal species in the studied area. Thus, yields in the early stage treatment were significantly lower than those observed in the late stage. Total fungal fresh weight decreased from 209.95 kg fw ha⁻¹ in the late stage to 162.45 kg fw ha⁻¹in the early stage when richness and production of mycorrhizal species and production of edible fungi were significantly lower. Fresh weight for saprotrophic and inedible species was higher than for mycorrhizal fungi in the early stage treatment. The results obtained can be useful to forest managers for optimization of management and harvesting of these increasingly appreciated non-timber resources.     

草坪9种真菌病害诊断

简述草坪上发生的常见真菌病害类型、发生特点,以及同类病原引起不同病害症状的区别。为了正确地鉴定各种真菌引起的病害,每一种病害都附有中、英文病原菌学名、症状描述以及典型症状图片。     

多菌灵和青霉素在组培污染中的应用

为了消除植物组织培养过程中出现的真菌和细菌污染 ,而又不杀伤植物组织 ,采用多菌灵和青霉素混合溶液浸泡污染的组培苗茎段的结果发现 ,多菌灵对真菌有杀灭作用 ,对细菌没有明显作用 ;青霉素只对细菌有抑制作用 ,继代后细菌污染照常存在 ;而对污染的组培苗采用 75 %乙醇和 0 .1% Hg Cl2 处理可彻底杀灭真菌和细菌     

Testing of selected South African <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus</Emphasis> hybrids and families for tolerance to the pitch canker pathogen, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium circinatum</Emphasis>

Plantations of Pinus spp. constitute approximately 50% of the South African forestry industry. The first aim of this study was to develop a reliable inoculation technique to screen Pinus spp., for tolerance to infection by F. circinatum, which threatens pine forestry in South Africa. Inoculation of branches was compared with stem inoculations and we considered the number of branches or trees required to obtain statistically significant results. Furthermore, variation in the susceptibility of some Pinus families, clones and hybrids was considered. Results showed that branch inoculations were closely correlated with those from stem inoculations, and that it is important to consider branch and stem diameters when assessing susceptibility of trees. Subsequent trials using branch inoculations showed significant differences in F. circinatum tolerance amongst a range of pine species and hybrids of potential interest to forestry in South Africa. Significant differences in susceptibility were also found among clones of two P. radiata families. The most tolerant trees were P. elliottii × caribaea and P. patula × oocarpa hybrids, while the most susceptible species were P. patula, P. greggii and hybrids of these two. This is the first trial considering the susceptibility of Pinus hybrids, Pinus clones and some P. patula provenances, and the results indicate excellent potential for breeding for tolerance to pitch canker in South Africa. Application The accurate selection of disease tolerant planting stock for the South African forestry industry is crucially important for the continued sustainability of this important industry. The work described here provides valuable information on an artificial inoculation technique that will assist the industry in screening trees for tolerance to the pitch canker fungus, F. circinatum. It also provides some indication of the relative susceptibility of a number of Pinus spp., hybrids and families currently being evaluated in the country.     

Influence of windbreak orientation,shade and rainfall interception on wheat and lupin growth in the absence of below-ground competition

In the temperate cropping regions of Australia, the benefits of shelter from windbreaks are often offset by tree-crop competition. The aim of this trial was to quantify microclimate and crop growth close to shade-cloth windbreaks with various orientations, to determine the effect of shelter and above-ground competition on the growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and lupins (Lupinus angustifolius) in the absence of below-ground competition. The trial was conducted in southwestern Australia in 2000 and 2001. The windbreaks modified windspeed, temperature, light and rainfall both spatially and temporally. Consequently, there were spatial differences in the phenology, morphology and productivity of the crops and the incidence of fungal disease adjacent to the windbreaks. Mean grain yield within three times the height of the windbreaks (H) was 97, 102, 82, and 98% of yield beyond 3 H on the northern, eastern, southern and western aspects respectively for wheat and 99, 87, 90, and 87% respectively for lupins. Changes in windspeed and rainfall were not significantly correlated with the relative yield of either crop. However, photosynthetically active radiation was significantly correlated with yield for wheat but not for lupins. Given these responses, and the practical difficulties of reducing below-ground tree-crop competition to the point where light is more limiting for crop growth than water, it is recommended that windbreaks continue to be oriented primarily to protect against damaging winds, rather than to minimise shading in the medium and low rainfall areas of Australia.     

Dutch elm disease on the island of Gotland: monitoring disease vector and combat measures

The island of Gotland (Sweden) possesses the largest (more than one million trees) wild population of elms in northern Europe, which until recently was not affected by Dutch elm disease (DED). In 2005, DED was observed for the first time in the northeastern part of Gotland, and in the following years, it rapidly spread in all directions, generally following the major distribution of elms. Implementation of intensive control measures including ground surveys and geographic information system mapping of DED-diseased trees, their felling and destruction, and stump treatment with the herbicide glyphosate allowed reduction of the source of infection and probably suppression of an otherwise very rapid spread of the disease. Monitoring the flying periods of Scolytus multistriatus vector beetles between the years 2007 and 2011 showed that the abundance of trapped beetles in most cases differed significantly among individual years. Over the entire monitoring period, 55.2% of the beetles were trapped in June, 31.2% in July and 13.5% in August (difference among individual months significant at p?S. multistriatus, suggesting that the removal of trees attacked in the previous vegetation period as a combat measure should be completed before the beginning of the flying season of S. multistriatus, and that the application of the integrated DED management has the potential to arrest the development of the disease in a geographically isolated area such as Gotland.     

白僵菌与溴氰菊酯混用防治竹节虫效果分析

本文结合多年来当阳市白僵菌与溴氰菊酯混用飞机防治竹节虫的效果,比较了白僵菌与溴氰菊酯混用和单一的溴氰菊酯的防治效果。结果表明:无论何种药剂飞机防治的效果都不错,平均达75%以上;菌药混配防效要好于单一的溴氰菊酯施放效果。     

Fungi Isolated from Diseased Nursery Seedlings in Spain

Fungal endophytes in container-grown seedlings in forest nurseries located in the North Plateau of Spain have been studied. Influences of nursery, season (spring and autumn), host genus and plant part on those fungal assemblages have been also evaluated. Four nurseries were sampled in spring and three in autumn. Analysed material consisted of stems, roots and rhizosphere from five host species, Quercus ilex, Q. pyrenaica, Pinus pinea, P. nigra and P. sylvestris. A total of 581 isolates corresponding to 13 taxa were found in this study. Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum and Trichoderma viride were the most frequently isolated fungi. Number of fungal species per observation differed significantly among the sampled parts. Multivariate Correspondence Analysis allowed the discrimination of samples in five groups based on nursery, season, host genus and plant part. Isolation frequencies of F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum were higher in the roots and in spring, whereas those of T. viride were higher in the rhizosphere and in autumn. A relationship was observed between presence of T. viride and absence of Fusarium spp. in forest nurseries. T. viride, could serve as a biological control agent against Fusarium spp. in forest nurseries.     

Estimation of the biomass of fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi: a case study in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) stand

As part of a study on soil carbon flow in forest ecosystems, the biomass of fine roots (2.0mm in diameter) and root-associated fungi, including ectomycorrhizal fungi, were estimated in the summer season in 1998 at a Pinus densiflora (Japanese red pine) stand in western Japan. Fine roots of pine were classified into three categories: class I roots (0.5–2.0mm in diameter), long class II roots (long roots with diameter 0.5mm; II_L), and short class II roots (short roots with diameter 0.5mm; II_S). Total biomass of fine roots (I + II_L + II_S) at this stand was estimated to be 91.0gm^–2, about 23% of which was class II roots (II_L + II_S). Ergosterol, which is a component of fungal membranes, was analyzed to estimate the biomass of root-associated fungi in roots. In the upper soil layers (from the surface to 13.4cm in depth), ergosterol contents in the class I, II_L and II_S roots were in the ranges 43.1–82.2, 126.1–196.3 and 271.2–321.0µgg^–1 root DW, respectively. The ergosterol content was converted to fungal biomass using the median (minimum–maximum) value of ergosterol concentration reported for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Root-associated fungal biomass in this stand was estimated to be 2.0 (0.5–9.6) gm^–2. The data suggest the biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the P. densiflora stand is small compared with that in other forest ecosystems.     

安徽板栗真菌性枝干病害的种类及其识别

当前,安徽省板栗枝干病害已成为板栗生产中的主要障碍之一。本文通过对广德、舒城、金寨、岳西、宁国、太湖等重点板栗产区的调查或标本鉴定,基本摸清安徽省板栗枝干病害的种类,分布,危害性及其发生规律。     

Could artificial reforestations provide as much production and diversity of fungal species as natural forest stands in marginal Mediterranean areas?

The aim of this work was to study and describe fungal communities in different habitats in dry Mediterranean areas. The objective was to determine whether artificial reforestations can develop fungal communities as productive and diverse as those found in natural stands. The results could provide ecological and economical implications for forest management in marginal areas, in order to recover the original forest dominated by Quercus, establishing as intermediate stage new forest stands dominated by Pinus which might play an essential role in restoring some type of degraded or marginal areas.     

云杉八齿小蠹体内外和坑道内真菌多样性初步研究

2009年8月在黑龙江丰林国家级保护区云杉八齿小蠹危害的红皮云杉林内,对云杉八齿小蠹体内外和坑道内真菌进行了分离.研究结果表明,黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区内云杉八齿小蠹体内外和坑道内栖息真菌多样性比较丰富,获得真菌13属26种,其中Alternaria、Fusarium、Hypocrea、Ophiostoma、Peni...     

High diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos uva-ursi in subalpine and alpine zones: Potential inoculum for afforestation

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi plant associations have long been suggested to be a suitable location for afforestations, but systematic studies on the observed beneficial effect are still missing in Alpine areas. In this study we address the question which ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities exist in Austrian alpine and subalpine Arctostaphylos habitats, and if they persist in A. uva-ursi stands even hundred of years after disappearance of trees in these areas. The diversity of fungal communities associated with A. uva-ursi was assessed in four study sites (1800–2450 m a.s.l.) in the Central European Alps of Tyrol (Austria). Three approaches were applied: (i) collecting and identifying fungal fruit bodies; (ii) studying the arbutoid mycorrhiza morphotypes of A. uva-ursi; (iii) molecular identification of the most common arbutoid morphotypes. The detected diversity of ECM fungal species was very high (99 taxa), and the occurrence of e.g. Boletus, Cantharellus, Suillus, Tricholoma, Russula spp. in sites that have been treeless for centuries is especially remarkable. Fruit bodies of 82 fungal species were found in association with A. uva-ursi, 63 of them were ECM. Seventy arbutoid morphotypes were detected on 2072 mycorrhized root tips, and 39 taxa of basidiomycete mycobionts were identified with molecular methods. Twelve Cortinarius spp. clearly dominated the mycobiont species richness, followed by nine spp. of Thelephoraceae and four spp. of Boletaceae. Most mycobionts of A. uva-ursi were generalists, but fungal taxa (e.g. Lactarius deterrimus and Suillus spp.) known to be specifically associated with other host plants were also detected. We therefore consider A. uva-ursi as a “non-selective” host, providing mycorrhizal inoculum of highly specialized and effective mycorrhizal fungi for afforestation. This explains why A. uva-ursi plant associations represent suitable locations for forest regeneration and afforestation, especially in the harsh environmental conditions of subalpine and alpine sites.     

粤北地区杉木真菌性病害种类

对粤北地区 ( 小坑林场、龙山林场、大坑山林场 ) 杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）真菌性病害进行全面调查,共采集 86 份标本,分离病组织获得菌株 162 份,主要归属于炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）、拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotiopsis）、腐皮壳属（Diaporthe）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、黑孢菌属（Nigrospora）、拟茎点霉属（Phomopsis）、叶点霉属（Phyllosticta）以及散斑壳属（Lophodermium）等。根据病害症状粤北地区主要杉木病害包括：杉木立枯病、杉木炭疽病、杉木溃疡病、杉木顶枯病、杉木梢枯病、杉木赤枯病、杉木球果坏死。各林场杉木林中,杉木炭疽病普遍发生、分布广;种子园中杉木球果病害危害严重,直接影响球果的产量和质量;在大坑山林场 4-5 年生的林分中,杉木顶枯病大面积发生,但在其它地区少有发生;此外,杉木溃疡病、杉木赤枯病和杉木立枯病在个别无性系或者苗圃中零星发生,但危害较轻。     

榧树容器育苗菌糠复合基质的筛选

以香菇菌糠、木耳菌糠、泥炭、谷壳、大田土和缓释肥配制育苗基质,开展不同配方基质对榧树Torreya grandis容器苗生长的影响研究.结果表明:不同配方基质对榧树的容器苗的苗高、地径和生物量影响有显著差异,木耳废菌糠复合基质、香菇菌糠复合基质培育的榧树苗木平均质量指数均优于泥炭基质,其中以木耳菌糠、谷壳、大田土体积比...     

Dynamics of physicochemical properties and occurrence of fungal fruit bodies during decomposition of coarse woody debris of Fagus crenata

The pattern of changes in the physicochemical properties of wood, and its relationship with fungal succession during decomposition of coarse woody debris (CWD) of beech (Fagus crenata Blume) were investigated. In total, 47 snags and 66 logs were assigned to a system of five decay classes, and were used for analysis of the decomposition process. The decomposition process consists of two phases characterized by their dominant organic chemical constituents. In the first phase (decay class 1–3), acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) and holocellulose decreased simultaneously. In the second phase (decay class 3–5), holocellulose decayed selectively. Fruiting bodies of ten fungal taxa occurred frequently on decomposing logs and/or snags. These fungi were divided into early and late colonizers according to their occurrence during CWD decomposition. The relationship between fungal community composition and the physicochemical properties of CWD was analyzed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to the Monte Carlo permutation test, decay class, water content, and type of CWD (log or snag) significantly affected the fungal community structure. Our results suggested that white-rot basidiomycetes, especially Omphalotus guepiniformis, play a central role in the simultaneous decomposition of AUR and holocellulose in the first phase of decomposition. On the other hand, fungal taxa occurring in the second phase of decomposition may not be responsible for the decomposition of holocellulose. Three possible mechanisms of holocellulose decomposition and AUR accumulation in the second phase of decomposition are proposed and discussed. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

孟加拉国Madhupur林区内不同森林树种中丛枝菌根多样性的研究

从 Madhupur 林区的不同地点采集了 Acacia auriculi-formis A. Cunn. ex Benth., A. mangium Wild., Artocarpus het-erophyllus Lamk. C., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex A. P. D., Euca-lyptus camaldulensis Dehnn., Hevea brasiliensis (Wild. ex Juss) Muell. Arg., Swietenia macrophylla King. and Tectona grandis L. 8个树种的根和根际土。采用简单常规的根围土壤真菌孢子分离、形态鉴定和树木细根染色、显微镜观察等方法,进行了孟加拉国Madhupur林区内不同森林树种中丛枝菌根多样性的研究。图2表2参46。     

Tree cavities in forests - The broad distribution pattern of a keystone structure for biodiversity

We explored the main factors affecting the global distribution of tree cavities - a habitat component of mostly biotic origin that is crucial for many animal species. We considered the influence of eight environmental variables (ranging from the single-tree to the biogeographic-region scale) on cavity density in a meta-analysis of 103 published studies. The global median density of cavities was 16 ha⁻¹, with densities highest in Australasia and lowest in the Palaearctic region. Two major factors influencing density were identified: cavity density was positively related to the amount of precipitation, and was higher in natural than in managed forests. These effects suggest that the distribution of tree cavities largely reflects the incidence of fungal heart-rot in trees, and that forest management, by affecting wood decay processes, can have a broad-scale impact on tree microhabitat availability. Although air temperature, forest composition and wood hardness had suggestive univariate effects, neither these variables nor biogeographic region explained any additional variation in multifactor models. In regions where woodpeckers are present there was an upper limit to the density of woodpecker-excavated cavities (approximately 10-20 cavities ha⁻¹) that was considerably lower than the highest total cavity densities encountered (up to 140 ha⁻¹). This indicates that primary cavity-nesters are particularly important keystone species in cavity-poor forests where wood decay processes are suppressed either climatically or by forest management.     

Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different trees of madhupur forest, Bangladesh

Roots and rhizosphere soils of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., A. mangium Wild., Artocarpus heterophyUus Lamk. C., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex A. P. D., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnn., Hevea brasiliensis （Wild. ex Juss） Muell. Arg., Swietenia macrophylla King. and Tectona grandis L. were collected from different locations of Madhupur forest area to study the biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal （AM） fungal colonization and spore population. All the plants showed AM colonization. Out of eight selected plants, mycelial colonization was lowest in the roots of A. heterophyllus （22%） and the highest was in the roots of H. brasiliensis （78%）. Mycelial intensity was observed poor （25%-77%） and moderate （23%-57%） in all plants species and abundant （11%-40%） was in most of the plant species. Vesicular colonization was observed in five plant species. The lowest was recorded in E. camaldulensis （4%） and the highest was in H. brasiliensis （21%）. Poor （24%-56%）, moderate （16%-100%） and abundant （11%-40%） type of vesicular intensity were observed. Arbuscular colonization was observed in three plants. The highest was in A. mangium （72%） and the lowest was in S. macrophylla （17%）. Arbuscular intensity was recorded as poor （12%-44%）, moderate （22%-100%） and abundant （4%-47%）. The highest AM fungal spore population was in A. auriculiformis （714） and the lowest was in D. sissoo （102）. Five AM fungal genera were recorded. Glomus was found to be dominant. A few spores remained unidentified. Significant correlation was observed between percent coloniza- tion and spore population. The results of the present study indicate the occurrence of AM fungi and the mycotrophism of the plants of Madhupur forest area and the applicability of AM technology in the forest management of Madhupur forest.     

黔北撑绿竹真菌病害种类的初步调查与鉴定

在黔北撑绿竹主要栽培区赤水市的部分乡镇进行真菌病害调查、并采集症状典型的新鲜病株供室内鉴定,共分离出14种真菌病害.分别阐述了每种病害的症状与病原.