牙鲆秦皇岛弧菌HQ010712-1外膜蛋白及其抗原性分析

采用十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sarkosyl)和苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)2种方法提取秦皇岛弧菌HQ010712-1(Vibrio qinhuangdaora sp.nov.)外膜蛋白,结果显示 Sarkosyl法提取效果较好,且所提取的主要外膜蛋白分子量为102kD、45 kD、39 kD、36 kD、30 kD、28 kD、24 kD、22 kD;为比较该菌株与弧菌属其他细菌外膜蛋白组分及抗原性异同,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、溶藻胶弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)为对照,电泳图谱显示4种弧菌外膜蛋白的分子量主要集中在22～48 kD之间;利用抗秦皇岛弧菌HQ010712-1血清的免疫印迹表明菌株HQ010712-1外膜蛋白中分子量为45 kD、36 kD的蛋白条带呈现阳性反应,其他3种弧菌外膜蛋白中均有与该抗血清反应的条带,且分子量为36 kD的反应带为菌株HQ010712-1、副溶血弧菌、溶藻胶弧菌共有.本研究旨在为进一步筛选和研究致病性弧菌的共同保护性抗原提供参考.     

5株鲆鲽鱼类病原菌多克隆抗体的制备与应用

本研究制备了鳗弧菌Vibrio anguillarum、杀鲑气单胞菌Aeromonas salmonicida、副溶血弧菌V. parahaemolyticus、哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi和腐败希瓦氏菌Shewanella putrefaciens 5株鲆鲽鱼类病原菌的兔抗血清,建立了5种菌的间接ELISA检测方法,并将该检测方法用于鱼类细菌分离物病原检测。人工感染结果显示,5株菌对大菱鲆的半数致死量(LD50)在102~107CFU/fish;制备的兔抗血清效价分别为1∶2 048 000、1∶16 000、1∶16 000、1∶1 024 000、1∶128 000;交叉反应结果显示,鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、哈维氏弧菌3株弧菌与抗血清相互之间存在交叉反应;抗血清特异检测灵敏度分别为104、108、107、105、106cell/ml;对13株海水鱼类细菌分离物进行检测,有1株腐败希瓦氏菌阳性,两株哈维氏弧菌阳性;1株副溶血弧菌和哈维氏弧菌均为阳性,该结果与16S rDNA序列的分子分析方法一致。     

同时检测两种对虾病毒和4种弧菌的同步PCR方法的建立

通过检索、多重比对、分析和筛选GenBank中对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)、传染性皮下和造血器官坏死病毒(IHHNV)、副溶血孤菌、创伤弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和溶藻胶弧菌的基因序列,设计了10对特异性引物,以已知毒株和菌株的DNA为模板进行PCR,均能扩增出与实验设计相符合的DNA片段,对PCR扩增条件进行优化,建立了可同时检测鉴别WSSV、IHHNV、副溶血弧菌、创伤弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和溶藻胶弧菌,并且能同时区分WSSV不同地理毒株的同步PCR方法.研究结果表明,该方法检测特异性好,检测通量大,适合于对虾多种病原的同时检测.     

海水养殖中水产动物主要致病弧菌研究进展

随着海水养殖产业的发展和集约化养殖规模的不断扩大,海水养殖业中细菌性疾病的发病率越来越高。在导致养殖水产动物感染的病原菌中,致病性弧菌占有较高比例,这不仅给水产动物健康带来高风险,也给海水养殖产业造成严重的经济损失。文章针对中国常见的4种致病性弧菌:鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)和溶藻胶弧菌(V.alginolyticus),分别从菌体形态结构、生物学特性、流行病学特征、致病机理及相关分子生物学研究现状5个方面展开陈述,并对其相关研究进行了展望,以期为水产养殖中弧菌性疾病的防治和监管工作提供参考。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对3种弧菌的拮抗效果及对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构的影响

使用益生菌是预防和控制水产养殖细菌感染的非抗生素方法之一。嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)可在机体内分泌抗菌物质,具有抑制有害菌生长、调节肠道微生态平衡和增强抗毒抗病能力等功能。研究了不同氧环境和不同培养基条件下嗜酸乳杆菌、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V. harveyi)、溶珊瑚弧菌(V. coralliilyticus)的生长情况,并通过牛津杯法和液体培养法结合PCR荧光定量技术、高通量测序技术,系统评价了嗜酸乳杆菌对上述弧菌的拮抗效果及对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道菌群的组成和变化的影响。结果显示,在厌氧条件下,哈维氏弧菌的菌量显著高于在好氧环境培养后的菌量(P<0.05)。不同培养基配比对4种细菌的生长均具有显著性影响(P<0.05)。嗜酸乳杆菌对3种弧菌的生长均有良好的抑制效果。在对虾肠道菌群背景下,嗜酸乳杆菌对副溶血弧菌的生长有显著抑制作用(P<0.05)。处理组的弧菌属比例较对照组显著减少,高菌量组的有益菌属均显著增加。研究表明,嗜酸乳杆菌对上述3...     

对虾养殖池中一株弧菌拮抗菌的分离鉴定

从对虾养殖池中分离出1株编号为2013082515(简称菌株15)的菌株,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)为指示菌,分析了菌株15对指示菌的抑菌效果及最低抑菌浓度,同时,分析了菌株15对其他7株弧菌的抑菌效果.结果显示,菌株15对3株指示菌均具有抑菌效果,对鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为2.50×104、2.50×105、2.50×105 CFU/ml;对其他弧菌也具有一定的抑菌效果.采用注射及浸泡感染方法分析了菌株15对对虾的生物安全性,结果显示,在高浓度时,菌株15对对虾具有潜在毒性.分别用细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行分类鉴定,表明菌株15为一株假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).     

水产动物主要弧菌外膜蛋白结构的比较分析

用十二烷基肌氨酸钠(Sarkosyl)抽提结合超速离心纯化的方法提取了溶藻弧菌SR1、鱼肠道弧菌HQ010223-1和鳗弧菌S010610-1共3株水产动物致病弧菌及其他11株水产动物主要弧菌和4株非弧菌属细菌的外膜蛋白(Outer membrane proteins,OMPs),通过SDS-PAGE分析其外膜蛋白的组成结构。结果表明,3株致病弧菌分别有12、6和6条外膜蛋白带,且分子量主要集中在32~48kD和66~106kD之间。同时,分析其他11株水产动物主要弧菌和4株非弧菌属细菌共15株细菌外膜蛋白的SDS-PAGE图谱发现,11株弧菌的外膜蛋白图谱比较相似,而与非弧菌属细菌爱德华氏菌、荧光假单胞菌和大肠杆菌则差别明显,且36kD的外膜蛋白为这11株弧菌所共有,而4株非弧菌属细菌的SDS-PAGE图谱则没有36kD的蛋白条带出现。本试验发现,36kD的外膜蛋白存在于所供试的14株弧菌中,而非弧菌属细菌则没有,说明该蛋白有可能是弧菌特异性的外膜蛋白,可作为弧菌属的标志,对于弧菌鉴定有一定的参考价值。     

山东近海主要养殖动物的弧菌检测与现害防治的研究

本文从１９９９年秋季采集的山东近海鲈鱼、牙鲆、黑鲷、梭子蟹、牡蛎等５种主要养殖动物中分离出１１０个菌株,经形态、生理、生化测定,由计算机数值分类和《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》相结合,鉴定出溶藻胶弧菌、副溶血弧菌等９种菌属弧菌１种嗜水气单胞菌。文中尚对养殖生物弧菌病害的防治作了初步探讨。     

噬菌28系列在海水养殖动物中危害严重的共性疾病防治中的使用（二）

3.弧菌病也称溃疡病、烂身病,在绝大部分海水养殖动物中均可发生。该病的病原主要由鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、溶藻胶弧菌、哈维氏弧菌、创伤弧菌等。弧菌为条件致病菌,在海水和底泥中都可发现,在健康鱼类的消化道中也是微生物区系的重要组成部分,但是一旦条件适宜时就成为致病菌。     

Biolog GN法对不同地区养殖对虾弧菌区系的比较研究

采用Biolog细菌鉴定技术,分析来自5个国家的4个对虾养殖品种苗期及部分养成期虾体上的185株弧菌(其中24株来自成虾).结果表明:来源、种类不同的养殖对虾苗期的主要弧菌的区系组成相似,溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和鲨鱼弧菌(V. carchariae)(即哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi)是普遍存在的种类,同一种对虾在不同地区养殖,其区系组成略有差异;哈维氏弧菌多为对虾苗期致病菌,副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)主要为成虾致病菌;在健康虾苗和发病虾苗体内都可分离到溶藻弧菌.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.