芝麻抗茎点枯病及枯萎病种质的评价

1997－1998年,对“八五”期间收集的芝麻种质资源初鉴获得的高抗茎点枯病和高抗枯萎病种质共85份及4个育种单位提供的8个新品系,在芝麻主产区三个生态试验点（病圃）进行了鉴定评价,均与当地优良品种进行比较,评价出抗性稳定、相对病情指数＜15％的抗茎点枯病种质34份、抗枯萎病种质38份,其中兼抗两种病害的27份,并明确了不同基因型抗源在不同生态系统中的抗性表现及利用价值、对抗、感品种酯酶同工酶分析表明,在A区检测出感病品种的相似性和抗、感品种间的带型差异。     

Biological control of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid by Trichoderma harzianum

Four isolates of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai inhibited linear growth and microsclerotia production in Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. The antagonist proliferated in dual liquid culture with M. phaseolina and significantly decreased the number of its viable propagules. Peat bran preparation of T. harzianum reduced disease incidence, in greenhouse-planted beans, by 37–74%. Coating melon seeds with T. harzianum conidia reduced disease incidence by 37·5–46·3%. In vitro growth of T. harzianum was affected less than that of the pathogen by applications of pentachloronitrobenzene or dazomet. The biocontrol agent was as effective as the chemicals, and combining the two under greenhouse conditions slightly enhanced disease control. In the field, charcoal root rot of melons and corn was reduced by 22% and 28%, respectively. Moreover, T. harzianum treatments in melons resulted in an earlier development of fruit.     

Evaluation of Cluster Bean Genotypes for Resistance to Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Using Different Host Inoculation Methods

Abstract

Ten different isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina from cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) selected on the basis of wide geographical distance and potassium chlorate sensitivity, showed remarkable variation in virulence on the susceptible cluster bean genotype, FS 277. Four different host inoculation techniques were employed for resistance screening of six elite cluster bean genotypes under artificial infection conditions using the most pathogenic isolate, MP-6D. The symptoms induced in the plant tissues from seedling to maturity following artificial inoculation clearly simulated lesions produced under natural conditions. Both greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated significant differences in all parameters-plant weight, plant death, root lesion length and stem lesion length-in all the genotypes tested from seedling stage to pod set. The host inoculation methods described in this study might be useful for screening and analysis of crop varieties' resistance to various other disease infestations. The present investigation involved evaluation of pathogenicity of isolates of M. phaseolina as well as a critical examination of occurrence of resistance to charcoal rot in selected cluster bean genotypes. This is the first report on cluster bean resistance to M. phaseolina.     

First report of tobacco root rot caused by Gelasinospora reticulata

In August 2012, a new tobacco root disease was observed in a number of tobacco fields in Shi-Ka Village, Pianbai Town, Youyang County of Chongqing City, China. The disease incidence varied from 10% to 40%, and the seedling mortality ranged from 50% to 80%. Affected tobacco plants developed symptoms characterized by a progressive yellowing and wilting of leaves, brown or black streaks in the stems, and root necrosis that eventually lead to the death of the plant. In this study, we were able to confirm field observations in the greenhouse using fungal isolates. The seedling mortality rate under artificial inoculation was 100%. The results of a pathogenicity test and morphological studies as well as rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β-tubulin sequence analyses indicated that the disease was caused by Gelasinospora reticulata. This is a novel root rot disease on tobacco caused by this pathogen.     

防治花生腐霉果腐病的化学药剂筛选

花生果腐病是一种重要的土传病害,一旦发生会造成荚果腐烂落果,重病田可致绝收。群结腐霉菌(Py thium myriotylum)是引起花生果腐病最主要的病原菌。为寻找防治花生果腐病的有效药剂,本研究对6种化学药剂进行室内筛选,实验结果表明,96.8%的咯菌腈对引起花生果腐病的群结腐霉有较好的抑菌效果,EC50为3.16×10-5 mg/L,较低浓度的药剂就可以达到很好的抑制效果。盆栽接种后,用6种杀菌剂进行灌根,待荚果成熟后对病害发病情况进行调查统计,结果表明96.8%咯菌腈是防治花生果腐病最有应用潜力的药剂品种。     

Long-term effect of tillage systems on soil microbiological,chemical and physical parameters and the incidence of charcoal rot by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid in soybean

A 20-year field experiment was employed with the aim of evaluating the effect of tillage systems on biological, chemical and physical aspects of the soil, and to establish whether there was a correlation of these parameters with the incidence of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) of soybean and crop yield. The tillage systems evaluated were direct seeding (DS), DS + scarifier (DS + S), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). DS presented higher values than CT in culturable total fungi (26.33 × 10⁵ vs. 2.33 × 10⁵ CFU g⁻¹ dry soil), total bacteria (182 × 10⁷ vs. 64 × 10⁷ CFU g⁻¹ dry soil), microbial respiration (0.77 mg CO₂ g⁻¹ week⁻¹ vs. 0.45 mg CO₂ g⁻¹ week⁻¹) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis (4.17 ug fluorescein g⁻¹ h⁻¹ vs. 1.70 ug fluorescein g⁻¹ h⁻¹ in CT. Fungal and bacterial community fingerprints, by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, of Intergenic spacer regions of rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, respectively, were influenced by the tillage system. Also FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) profiles showed that microbial community structure in DS and CT was clearly different. DS samples contained significantly higher total microbial biomass than the other tillage treatments, but there were no significant differences in fungal biomass or any consistent trend with respect to stress index. Our results showed that microbial communities were more abundant and active in DS than in CT in response to high nutrient content in soil. Indeed, DS systems presented higher soil OM, total N, K and Ca than CT. Electrical conductivity and aggregate stability (AS) were also improved by DS. Soybean grown in high-quality soil was not affected by charcoal rot, however, under CT, disease incidence in soybean was 54%. These differences were correlated to the higher microbial abundance and activity under DS, the biological component being a key factor determining soil capacity to suppress the soilborne pathogen.     

Evaluation of yeasts for biological control of Fusarium dry rot of potatoes

Thiabendazole-resistant strainsof Fusarium sambucinum andF. solani var.coeruleum threaten to negate chemical control options for post harvest treatment of Fusarium dry rot. Biological control of dry rot of storage tubers is feasible using bacterial antagonists (25). The impact of yeasts on dry rot has not been investigated. Initial biological control tests employed strains of twenty species of yeasts from the ARS Culture Collection (NRRL). Strain selection was based on strain isolation from plant matter or from environments that would indicate a high likelihood of strain survival in soil. The control potential of these and 29 additional strains isolated from soil adhering to recently harvested tubers was evaluated using a whole Russet Burbank tuber bioassay. At 2xl0⁶ cells/ml, only two unidentified strains andCryptococcus laurentii strain NRRL Y-2536 reduced disease (P=0.05, P=0.10, respectively) while bacterial strainPseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 (NRRL B-15132) was more effective (P=0.01). Conversely,Debaryomyces robertsiae increased disease (P=0.05). No yeast strains significantly controlled disease in a subsequent trial. One of six additional strains ofC. laurentii (P=0.10), none of five strains ofPichia farinosa and neither unidentified strain controlled disease at 5 x 10⁷ cells/ml whereasP. fluorescens again reduced disease (P=0.01). After 6 h, four yeast strains decreased and three increased conidial germination ofF. sambucinum R-6380 though there were no differences after 18 h. Five yeast strains, including two strains ofC. laurentii (NRRL Y-2536, NRRL Y-7139) were marginally effective in controlling disease incited byF. solani var.coeruleum S-1257. Though additional testing may identify yeast strains with considerable promise as biological control agents active against Fusarium dry rot, evidence to date indicates bacterial agents have a greater potential for commercial development.     

东北三省大豆种质资源对大豆疫霉根腐病的抗性表现

以大豆疫霉根腐病病原菌1、25号生理小种，对黑龙江、吉林、辽宁省的大豆品种（系）956份进行了抗源筛选，筛选出了23个品种（系）兼抗25号和1号生理小种，占供试材料的2．54％。筛选出抗25号生理小种的品种（系）68份，占7．48％，抗1号生理小种的品种（系）251份，占27．77％。     

Efficacy of essential oils in the control of cumin root rot disease caused by Fusarium spp.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of some natural safe essential oils in control of cumin root rot disease to reduce the pollution of environment as a result of wide distribution of synthetic chemicals which are employed as fungicides.     

Evaluation of in-furrow fungicide treatments to control rhizoctonia root rot of wheat

The efficacy of eight fungicides, placed in-furrow at sowing, to reduce rhizoctonia root rot and increase yields of wheat was examined in glasshouse and field experiments. Under glasshouse conditions three of the fungicides, coated on clay granules at a rate equivalent to 400 g a.i. ha⁻¹, reduced root rot of wheat grown in soil inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani. None of the chemicals stimulated growth of wheat in the absence of disease, but three retarded growth. Experiments at six sites with different soil types and rhizoctonia risk in north-west Victoria, Australia, showed that the fungicide-coated granules were generally ineffective at reducing both incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. However, tebuconazole was effective at two sites and at one of these flutriafol, RH-7592, cyproconazole and diniconazole also reduced disease severity. Yields were increased by 51% with tebuconazole at one site, by 40% with diniconazole at another and by between 23 and 30% with RH-7592, diniconazole, flutriafol and flutolanil, at a third site.     

Breeding maize for resistance to ear rot caused by Fusarium moniliforme

Maize ear rots are among the most important impediments to increased maize production in Egypt. The present research was conducted to estimate combining abilities, heterosis and correlation coefficients for resistance to ear rot disease in seven corn inbred lines and their 21 crosses under field conditions. Results demonstrated that both additive and non-additive gene actions were responsible for the genetic expression of all characters with the preponderance of non-additive actions for days to 50% silking. The parental line L51 was the best combiner for earliness, low infection severity %, high phenols content, short plants and reasonable grain yield, while L101 was good combiner for low ear rot infection only. The cross: L122 x L84, L122 x L101, L51 x L101, L76 x L36, L76 x L84, L36 x L84, L36 x L81 and L36 x L101 which involved one or both parents with good General Combining Ability (GCA) effects expressed useful significant heterosis and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) effects for low infection severity %, high phenol contents, early silking, tall plants and high grain yield. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients suggest that selection for resistance to ear rot should identify lines with high yielding ability, early silking, tall plants, high phenols content and chitinase activity.     

筛选用于防治大豆尖孢镰刀菌根腐病的木霉菌株

采用平板对峙培养、温室盆栽的方法筛选来自黑龙江省海伦大豆轮作区的木霉菌,用于防治大豆尖孢镰刀菌根腐病.共测试了80个木霉菌株,筛选出3个防治效果较好的木霉菌株MM35、MM9、MM3 ,相对防效分别为26.95%～66.34%、21.52%～63.70%、22.78%～51.05%.盆栽试验表明MM35能够降低大豆根腐病的主要病原菌-尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)在土壤中的种群数目.其中MM9对大豆植株能起到增生作用,MM35、MM3则无明显的促生作用.     

Comparative susceptibility of some potato cultivars to dry rot caused byFusarium sulphureum andF. solani var.coeruleum

Summary The susceptibility of 15 potato cultivars to dry rot caused byFusarium sulphureum andf. solani var.coeruleum was examined over 8 years. Tubers were wounded, inoculated, incubated at 10°C for 7–8 weeks and the size of the rot assessed.F. sulphureum was the more aggressive species. There was little correlation between the rank order of susceptibility of the cultivars to the two pathogens, but a higly significant correlation between years. Two years' tests are deemed sufficient to assess susceptibility to both species.     

吉林、辽宁大豆品种(系)对大豆疫病的抗病基因鉴定

采用下胚轴伤口接种法评价了吉林和辽宁省49个主栽品种(系)对Phytophthora sojae13个不同致病型标准菌系的抗性。与鉴别寄主的比较分析表明,铁丰29,吉育67,沈农9号,吉育80推导含有Rps3a基因;铁丰31,吉育45,吉育90,九农34,铁豆42,铁豆43,铁豆44推导含有Rps3a和Rps1d双基因;辽豆18推导含有Rps3a和Rps1k双基因;辽豆17推导含有Rps1d和Rps6双基因;辽豆21,辽豆22和辽豆24推导含有Rps1a基因;九农29和九农35推导含有Rps1k基因。     

2%好普水剂防治大豆根腐病药效研究

为明确2%好普(氨基寡糖)水剂对大豆根腐病的防治效果,通过田间试验,防治根腐病效果达72.5%～78.9%,增产18%以上。用量以药种比2%为宜。     

Control of chickpea blight disease caused by Didymella rabiei by mixing resistance inducer and contact fungicide

Elicitors of systemic acquired resistance are well known to reduce severity of several plant pathogenic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Their field applications for management of plant diseases are, however, limited because of yield penalties. Our studies on affect of Benzo (1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH), an elicitor of systemic acquired resistance, on chickpea blight caused by a fungal pathogen Didymella rabiei showed that multiple foliar applications of the chemical were effective in management of the disease under economic threshold levels. Multiple applications, however, affected chickpea grain yield adversely. The BTH induced yield penalties could be prevented by foliar spray schedule comprised of BTH and a contact fungicide mancozeb. One spray of BTH (50 ppm) followed by another of mancozeb (0.2%) was less effective (8.3% severity) than three sprays of BTH (4.2% severity) in blight control, however, this treatment enhanced grain yield significantly (1.241 t ha⁻¹) over three sprays of BTH (0.922 t ha⁻¹).     

Evaluation of adjuvants for enhanced management of Podosphaera xanthii using potassium silicate and biocontrol agents

Three adjuvants [polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (Break-Thru^®), alkoxylated fatty alkylamine polymer/ethoxylated sorbitane ester (Partner 650^®) and polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80^®)] were compared for their ability to improve the efficacy of potassium silicate and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against powdery mildew of zucchini caused by Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff. The most effective adjuvant was investigated for its direct impact on the pathogen and deposition of BCAs using electron microscopy and its compatibility with the BCAs and zucchini plant was evaluated to establish an integrated management of powdery mildew. Furthermore, effects of Si spray in accumulation of Si and K in the leaves were measured. Break-Thru^® and Partner 650^® improved the efficacy of silicate by 18–35%. The best adjuvant, Break-Thru^®, caused a collapse and degeneration of the conidia and hyphae of the pathogen, restricted growth and spread of the powdery mildew colonies by binding its propagative structures, and improved deposition of BCAs on the leaf surface and the fungus. Break-Thru^® was compatible with the plant and the BCAs at concentrations <0.4 ml l⁻¹, and can be used with selected BCAs and SiO₂ for an integrated management of powdery mildew. SiO₂ applied as a foliar spray increased the level of Si in zucchini leaves, which may contribute to systemic resistance of the plant against the disease.