转基因耐除草剂玉米ZZM030对草铵膦、草甘膦及非靶标除草剂的耐受性评价

采用田间试验,鉴定小区随机区组排列,对转基因玉米ZZM030和对应的非转基因对照祥249进行不同用量的草甘膦、草铵膦及非靶标除草剂的喷施处理,分别在用药后7、14、28 d调查和记录成苗率、植株高度、药害症状,评价该转基因玉米品系的目标性状有效性和对非靶标除草剂耐受性。结果表明,转基因玉米ZZM030对草铵膦和草甘膦具有良好的耐受性,对玉米田其他常用除草剂阿特拉津和烟嘧磺隆也具有良好的耐受性,不耐受玉米敏感型除草剂精喹禾灵和稀禾啶。     

Initial and residual activity of glyphosate and SC-0224 in a sandy soil

Initial and residual herbicide activity of glyphosate and SC-0224 (trimethylsulphonium carboxymethylaminomethylphosphonate) when applied to a sandy soil was investigated. A bioassay employing wheat (Triticum vulgare L., cv. Mericopa) was used to determine the residual activity of the herbicides on different characteristics of plant growth. At 5 kg/ha both herbicides significantly reduced shoot length. This was observed in wheat planted immediately as well as 10 days after application. SC-0224 was more active than glyphosate, significantly reducing shoot length at the 2·5 kg/ha rate 10 days after application. Root length was reduced by both herbicides at 2·5 and 5 kg/ha in wheat planted 10 days after application. Reductions in fresh and dry weight were also observed for both shoots and roots. It is apparent that SC-0224 and glyphosate have residual herbicide activity in sandy soil, at least up to 10 days after application, and that SC-0224 has more herbicidal activity than glyphosate in this respect.     

耐除草剂转基因玉米CM8401的获得及功能性状鉴定

耐草甘膦和耐草铵膦是转基因作物育种重要的目标性状。将耐草甘膦基因MC1-EPSPS构建到含有bar基因的植物表达载体pTF101.1中，通过农杆菌介导法转入玉米材料Hi-II中，从而获得兼具耐受草甘膦和草铵膦性状的转基因玉米材料 CM8401。目的基因PCR检测显示，MC1-EPSPS和bar基因稳定整合到玉米基因组中。目的蛋白试纸条检测结果显示，MC1-EPSPS蛋白和PAT蛋白在转基因玉米世代间中表达稳定。田间除草剂耐受性鉴定试验表明，转基因玉米CM8401对草甘膦和草铵膦都具有良好耐受性，可耐受4倍推荐中剂量的草甘膦和草铵膦。     

Tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri populations from California to postemergence herbicides at various growth stages

In recent years, poor control of Amarathus palmeri S. Wats. plants with glyphosate in many agricultural and non-crop has been observed in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, USA. Studies were conducted to assess if these were glyphosate-resistant (GR) populations. Populations from 23 different locations of the SJV were exposed to glyphosate application of 840 g ae ha⁻¹ at the 5 to 8 leaf stage of the plant and compared against a known GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population from New Mexico, USA. None of the plants from the SJV survived the glyphosate application suggesting that they were GS. Plant mortality following application of glyphosate (840 g ae ha⁻¹), glufosinate (490 g ai ha⁻¹), paraquat dichloride (660 g ai ha⁻¹), saflufenacil (50 g ai ha⁻¹), rimsulfuron (70 g ai ha⁻¹⁾, and a tank-mix of glyphosate (840 g ae ha⁻¹) + saflufenacil (50 g ai ha⁻¹) applied at the 4 to 6, 8 to 10, and 12 to 16 leaf stages of A. palmeri was determined on potted plants grown outdoors. Complete control was obtained with all the treatments applied at the 4 to 6 leaf stage but control was reduced to less than 70% and 20% with glyphosate and glufosinate, respectively at the later stages. The other treatments provided 100% control at all growth stages. Combinations of saflufenacil + glyphosate, saflufenacil + glufosinate, saflufenacil + dicamba, rimsulfuron + glyphosate, tembotrione + glyphosate, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + glyphosate, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + glyphosate, dicamba + paraquat dichloride, and glyphosate + glufosinate were also tested on 8 to 10 leaf stage A. palmeri plants and all the combinations provided 100% control.     

Uses and benefits of glyphosate in German arable farming

Glyphosate is world-wide seen as the most widely used herbicide ingredient. In Germany, from 1999 to 2010, the use of glyphosate based herbicides (GBH) increased by 100%. Many agronomical benefits are attributed to glyphosate, but there is also public criticism. To analyse current application patterns and to assess the agronomical importance of GBH in Germany, a survey was carried out among 896 arable farmers. The survey took place in early 2011, taking 2009 as a reference year. In Germany, cultivation of transgenic crops is generally not permitted and, therefore, herbicide resistance trait does not play any role in application patterns.Based on farmer's statements, a calculated application area of 4.3 million hectare arable land was estimated, representing 39% of total arable area. Three application modes receive major proportions of glyphosate use, these are: pre-sowing (20.7% of application area), pre-harvest (11.2%) and stubble application (68.1%). Among the field crops, oilseed rape (including oilseed rape stubbles) is treated with 27.5% of the nation-wide glyphosate amount followed by winter barley (20.1%) and winter wheat (15.8%). Without using glyphosate, farmers expect an increase in the share of ploughed arable land from 38.1% to 71.4%. Also, without glyphosate the use of cultivator on stubble land is expected to increase about 1.6 passes on average. If applied pre-sowing, glyphosate could save herbicide applications in the following crop. Saving one application of a post-emergence herbicide was estimated by farmers for corn and sugar beet (46% of pre-sowing applications), silage maize (40%), oilseed rape (27%), and winter wheat (22%). Most applications are applied on off-crop fields, so farmers did not quote any observation of yield savings due to glyphosate. The nation-wide economic benefit of glyphosate due to savings of other agricultural measures such as soil cultivation and post emergence herbicides is calculated between 79 and 202 million Euro per year, depending on glyphosate price.We conclude, that glyphosate offers large benefits to farmers, though some routine applications results in only moderate economic benefit compared to the non chemical practices being replaced. Developing decision rules for farmers might allow for an optimum allocation of glyphosate use.     

The response of onion couch (Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum (Willd.) Schub. & Mart.) to glyphosate and other foliage-applied herbicides

Two experiments were conducted in which foliage-acting herbicides were applied to onion couch (Arrhenatherum elatius ssp. bulbosum). The first experiment used an artificially established population and investigated the effects of straw burning on the performance of autumn-applied treatments of glyphosate, aminotriazole and dalapon. Spring barley was sown without cultivation. The second experiment, conducted on a naturally occurring infestation, compared the performance of glyphosate applied at alternative autumn timings and a single application of flamprop-methyl made in the following spring, in the presence of a winter wheat crop. In the first experiment, assessments made after 15 months suggested that straw burning resulted in increased growth. In addition, herbicide performance appeared less effective after burning. In neither case were these differences significant. Glyphosate at 1·0 and 1·5 kg a.e./ha gave the highest levels of control of both shoots and bulbs, whereas control from aminotriazole at all doses (1·5, 3·0 and 4·5 kg a.i./ha) was poor. Dalapon (6·0, 12·0 and 18·0 kg a.i./ha) was intermediate in its effectiveness. In the second experiment, applications of glyphosate at 1·0 and 1·5 kg a.e./ha resulted in high levels of control of both shoots and bulbs with no significant difference between application dates. Flamprop-methyl at 0·52 kg a.i./ha reduced the number of shoots and bulbs by 55% and 58% respectively. All treatments significantly reduced the number of inflorescences present in July.     

茶园常用除草剂田间药效试验与残留动态

对比评价了草甘膦、草铵膦、复配剂型草甘膦-乙草胺及草甘膦-助剂对茶园主要恶性杂草的防治效果,并对试验小区土壤中各除草剂的残留水平进行了评估。试验结果表明,与草甘膦相比,草铵膦起效快,在施药第7天杂草覆盖度降低到9.15%,施药14βd后对野老鹳、续断菊、小飞蓬等杂草的防治效果在95%以上,草胺磷在茶园土壤中降解较快,30βd的消解率达到94%,残留水平较低（第58天残留量为0.01βmg·kg^-1）,可能是替代草甘膦除草剂的较优选择;乙草胺作为封闭型除草剂,能够抑制禾本科杂草出苗,且在土壤中消散较快（21βd后的消解率为97%）,可用于防治禾本科等杂草。     

Broadleaved weed control in wide-row soybean (Glycine max) using conventional and glyphosate herbicide programmes

A field study was conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Blackville, SC, to evaluate broadleaved weed control and economics of conventional and glyphosate-containing herbicide programmes in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in 97-cm-wide rows. Treatments included chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone or chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied pre-emergence followed by post-emergence applications of lactofen or glyphosate 4 wk after soybean emergence (WAE). Other treatments were glyphosate applied 4 WAE, sequential applications of low dose glyphosate applied 2 and 4 WAE, and a non-treated control. Pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate, controlled Ipomoea lacunosa L. 8 WAE. I. hederacea var. integriuscula Gray control with pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate was 100% with similar control from chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone followed by lactofen, whereas control following the single glyphosate application was 84%. Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. control 9 WAE was 100% following single or sequential glyphosate applications, while control ranged from 76% to 96% with pre-emergence herbicides followed by lactofen. However, early season weed interference when a single application of glyphosate was delayed until 4 WAE reduced soybean yields an average of 389 kg/ha compared to pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate. Based on mean contrasts, pre-emergence herbicides followed by glyphosate had greater gross profit margins than a single glyphosate application alone, but were similar to sequential glyphosate applications. Gross profit margins from pre-emergence herbicides followed by lactofen were not different from glyphosate alone.     

Glyphosate Carryover in Seed Potato: Effects on Mother Crop and Daughter Tubers

Field studies were conducted in 2008 and 2009 in Aberdeen, ID, Ontario, OR, and Paterson, WA to determine the effect of simulated glyphosate drift on ‘Ranger Russet’ potato during the application year and the crop growing the next year from the daughter tubers. Glyphosate was applied at 8.5, 54, 107, 215, and 423 g ae ha^?1 which corresponds to 1/00, 1/16, 1/8, ¼, and 1/2 of the lowest recommended single-application rate for glyphosate-resistant corn and sugar beet of 846 g ha^–1. Glyphosate was applied when potato plants were at 10 to 15 cm tall (Early), or at stolon hooking (H), tuber initiation (TI), or during mid-bulking (MB). In general, the MB applications caused less visual foliar injury to the mother crop than earlier applications at ID or OR, and H applications at WA. Mother crop injury increased as glyphosate rate increased regardless of location, application timing, and rating date. U.S. No.1 and total tuber yields were usually related to the injury level resulting from glyphosate application timings and rates. Although injury to the mother crop from glyphosate applied at MB usually was the lowest compared to injury from other application timings, when daughter tubers from that timing were planted the following year, emergence, plant vigor, and yield was most detrimentally impacted compared with that of daughter tubers from other timing treatments. MB daughter tuber emergence was less than 30 % of the nontreated control tuber emergence while emergence of daughter tubers from the other treatments was 60 to 95 %. As rate of glyphosate applied to the mother crop increased, daughter tuber emergence decreased. When MB daughter tubers did emerge, plants were chlorotic and stunted as if the plants had been directly sprayed with glyphosate. Regardless of whether the daughter tubers had defects or not, results the following year were the same. Implications are that if a mother seed crop encounters glyphosate during bulking, injury may not even be noticeable on the foliage or the tubers, however, emergence, vigor, and yield of the crop growing the following year from the daughter tubers could be greatly impacted.     

Growth stage,temperature, and time of year affects the control of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-paraquat resistant Conyza bonariensis with saflufenacil

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq. is a problematic weed in crop and non-crop areas of California. This problem has been further aggravated by the discovery of herbicide-resistant biotypes. Experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in fall and spring, respectively, to determine the efficacy of glyphosate, saflufenacil, and a tank-mixture of saflufenacil + glyphosate on glyphosate-susceptible (GS), glyphosate-resistant (GR), and glyphosate-paraquat-resistant (GPR) biotypes of C. bonariensis. Efficacy of the herbicides were evaluated at three growth stages (5- to 8-leaf seedling, rosette, and bolting); and three day/night temperature regimes (15/10 °C, 25/20 °C, 35/30 °C). Results differed between experiments conducted in the fall and spring. Saflufenacil-alone was more effective in the fall than in spring. All the GS, GR and GPR plants were controlled by saflufenacil-alone at the 5-to 8-leaf stage and rosette stage, but level of control declined at the bolting stage. Better control with saflufenacil-alone and glyphosate-alone was obtained at the 15/10 °C and 25/20 °C than at the 35/30 °C temperature regime. However, a tank-mixture of saflufenacil + glyphosate provided good control of the plants at 35/30 °C. Efficacy of saflufenacil-alone was inconsistent in spring and varied between the biotypes, but the control with saflufenacil + glyphosate was excellent and consistent between seasons. Glyphosate-alone provided good control of all three biotypes at the 5- to 8-leaf stage in the fall, but the control was poor in spring. Therefore, saflufenacil-alone can provide excellent control of C. bonariensis plants prior to the bolting stage in the fall; but in spring, it will be more effective when applied with glyphosate.     

Efficacy of four post-emergence herbicides applied at reduced doses on weeds in summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields in North China Plain

Field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 in a typical location of North China Plain to evaluate weed control efficacy of four post-emergence herbicides nicosulfuron, mesotrione, topramezone and the combination of mesotrione/nicosulfuron when they were applied at reduced doses at different weed growth stages. Experimental results showed that nicosulfuron, topramezone and the combination of mesotrione/nicosulfuron provided better weed control efficacy than mesotrione when they were applied at their label recommended doses at the 2- to 3-leaf and 4- to 5-leaf stages of weeds; nicosulfuron and mesotrione/nicosulfuron could at least be reduced by 33% and topramezone reduced by 67% without sacrificing total weed control efficacy and maize grain yield. Nicosulfuron and its combination with mesotrione could effectively control broadleaved and grass weeds when their doses were reduced by 67% and by 33%, respectively. Topramezone could effectively control broadleaved and grass weeds when its dose was reduced by 67%. The efficacy of mesotrione in controlling grass weeds was bad even at the label recommended dose. All four herbicides tested did not affect the maize grain yield.     

草铵膦对麦田土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

为给草铵膦的科学使用提供理论依据,设置5个不同草铵膦施用量(0、2、4、6、8L·hm^-2),研究了草铵膦对麦田土壤微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量及其土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、脱氢酶)活性的影响。结果表明,随着草铵膦施用量的增加,土壤微生物数量随着小麦生育期的推进呈现先增加后减少趋势;在草铵膦施用量为6L·hm^-2时,微生物数量均高于其他处理;细菌和放线菌数量较对照增加,其增加幅度随着小麦生育期的推进逐渐增大,成熟期达到显著水平;喷施草铵膦对真菌数量影响不显著。在低浓度(2、4和6L·hm^-2)草铵膦处理下,被测土壤酶活性均随着草铵膦施用量的增加而增大;在高浓度(8L·hm^-2)草铵膦处理下,酶活性均受到抑制,其中过氧化氢酶与其他处理差异显著。在本试验的条件下,推荐麦田草铵膦的施用量为4～6L·hm^-2。     

不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长特性及产量的影响

全球变暖表现出夜间增温幅度大于白天的非对称性增温特性,为明确不同阶段夜间增温对小麦生长发育特征及产量的影响,以扬麦18为试验材料,采用被动式增温装置分别对小麦分蘖期至拔节期(NWT-J)、拔节期至孕穗期(NWJ-B)、孕穗期至开花期(NWB-A)三个不同阶段进行夜间增温处理,以不增温为对照(NN),研究不同阶段夜间增温...     

小麦氮素高效利用基因型的农艺性状及生理特性

为给小麦氮高效型品种选育和栽培调控提供理论依据,采用大田试验,以14份小麦品种为材料,研究了不同氮效率品种的农艺性状及生理特性的差异。结果表明,不同小麦品种间产量和氮素利用效率具有显著差异。基于氮肥吸收效率和氮肥农学效率将参试材料分为氮高效型、中效型和低效型。与氮中效型和低效型品种相比,氮高效型品种具有较高的产量、干物质和氮素积累量;在农艺性状上,氮高效型品种具有较高的粒重、收获指数(HI)、叶面积指数(LAI)和开花期旗叶面积;在生理上,氮高效型品种开花期旗叶的叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性较高,而成熟期旗叶氮含量较低。聚类分析表明,淮麦30、徐麦32、矮抗58和扬麦16为氮高效型品种。经相关分析,小麦粒重、HI、LAI和开花期旗叶的面积、叶绿素含量、氮含量与氮效率呈显著正相关,小麦成熟期旗叶氮含量与氮效率呈显著负相关,这些指标可作为氮高效型小麦品种筛选的依据。     

草甘膦对植物生理影响的研究进展

草甘膦影响非靶标植物的正常生长和发育。为进一步探究草甘膦在植物中的致毒机理，减轻草甘膦对非靶标植物的药害，介绍了草甘膦除草和代谢机制，概述草甘膦对植物光合作用、碳氮代谢等生理过程的影响，并对草甘膦的研究方向做出展望。     

氮肥施用对旱地秸秆覆盖冬小麦旗叶生理特性的影响

为给旱地保护性耕作小麦水肥高效利用提供理论依据和建立合理的氮素管理模式,在渭北旱塬研究了秸秆覆盖下氮肥用量及施用时间对小麦旗叶光合特性及衰老的影响。结果表明,施氮量没有显著影响小麦花后旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、光合速率和蒸腾速率,高氮用量明显增加小麦旗叶中丙二醛的累积,加速了旗叶衰老。氮素分次施用有延缓小麦旗叶SPAD值下降从而延缓旗叶衰老的作用,但是没有显著影响小麦旗叶的光合速率和蒸腾速率。秸秆覆盖较不覆盖显著提高了小麦旗叶的SPAD值、光合速率和蒸腾速率,并延缓了旗叶的衰老,进而提高了灌浆后期籽粒的灌浆速率,有增加千粒重的趋势。小麦籽粒产量变化范围为3 123~3 714kg·hm-2,试验年度氮素调控和秸秆覆盖均没有显著影响小麦的产量。     

Late defoliation and wheat yield: Little evidence of post-anthesis source limitation

The effect of source reduction on yield and protein content of bread wheat under well-watered and mild drought stress condition in a semi-arid climate was studied. Field experiments were conducted at the Tehran University research farm during 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons. Mild drought stress was imposed when plants were at the second node stage by repeatedly withholding watering and re-irrigating when they showed symptoms of wilting or leaf rolling. Partial defoliations (all leaf lamina other than flag leaves were removed) were imposed at booting and anthesis; complete defoliation was imposed at anthesis (defoliation treatments were applied to all plants of each plot). Drought stress caused a significant increase in the remobilization of pre-anthesis reserves to the grain. Defoliation did not significantly affect remobilization. Grain yield and 1000-grain weight was reduced slightly by drought stress, but in most cases it was not significantly reduced by defoliation. Significant changes were not observed for grain protein content between defoliated and control plots. The results suggested that grain yield of the cultivar used under the condition tested is more controlled by sink than source strength.     

黄淮麦区小麦主推品种（系）干热风抗性鉴定

为了确立黄淮麦区小麦干热风抗性评价指标,并筛选出抗干热风的品种(系),以黄淮麦区推广的91个小麦品种(系)为供试材料,于灌浆期对其设置温室模拟干热风处理,探讨干热风对小麦植株冠层形态特征、旗叶功能期、产量性状及籽粒主要营养成分积累的影响。结果显示,经干热风处理后,不同抗性小麦品种(系)冠层黄化程度不尽相同,而所有小麦品种(系)冠层的绿光标准化值下降,旗叶功能期缩短,千粒重下降,蛋白质相对含量显著增加,淀粉含量显著降低。同时,确定了旗叶功能期和千粒重抗逆指数共同作为小麦干热风抗性的评价指标,并鉴定出山农19等高抗干热风的小麦品种及济南17等敏感品种。利用旗叶功能期和千粒重抗逆指数能够鉴定出小麦干热风相对抗性,可为小麦品种布局以及抗干热风相关性状的遗传改良提供参考。     

Control of winter cereals in the spring with glyphosate

Poor survival of winter cereals due to winter conditions in Ontario can necessitate destruction of the stand in the spring to allow the subsequent seeding of an alternative crop. Winter cereals were seeded in the autumn of 2004 and 2005 at the Huron Research Station and at the University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus in Ontario to evaluate two formulations of glyphosate [potassium (K) vs diammonium (DA) salt] at different doses (225, 450, 675, 900, or 1350 g a.e. ha⁻¹) for the burn-off of soft white winter wheat (SWW), soft red winter wheat (SRW), hard red winter wheat (HRW) and autumn rye (AR) in either late April or early May. There was no difference between the glyphosate formulations for the control of winter cereals at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). There was generally improved control with glyphosate applications made in early May compared to late April however results were not always statistically significant. Generally, control of winter cereals increased as the glyphosate dose was increased from 225 to 1350 g a.e. ha⁻¹. The minimum dose of glyphosate required for providing 90% or greater control of SWW, SRW, HRW, and AR was 675 g a.e. ha⁻¹ at 4 WAT. Glyphosate applied at 675 g a.e. ha⁻¹ caused a 98, 97, 98, and 99% reduction in shoot dry weight of SWW, SRW, HRW, and AR, respectively. Based on this study glyphosate (K or DA) applied in late April or early May can be used at doses as low as 675 g a.e. ha⁻¹ to adequately control SWW, SRW, HRW, and AR in the spring.     

Soil-applied herbicide use in wide- and narrow-row glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max)

A field study was conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Blackville, SC, to compare the effectiveness of soil-applied herbicide programmes followed by glyphosate with sequential glyphosate applications in 19- and 97-cm row soybean. Treatments included pre-emergence applications of flumetsulam, chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone, metribuzin, or flumioxazin all applied with S-metolachlor with a subsequent application of glyphosate applied 5 wk after soybean planting (WAP). Additional treatments included sequential applications of glyphosate at 3 and 5 WAP and a non-treated control. Weed control was comparable in wide and narrow rows, and soil-applied herbicides were similar to sequential glyphosate applications in either row width. Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop., and Cyperus rotundus L. control with all herbicides was 98–100%. All herbicide programmes provided at least 92% Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray and I. lacunosa L. control. S-metolachlor plus flumetsulam followed by glyphosate provided 99% Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby control, which was superior to the 88% and 90% obtained with chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone and metribuzin programmes, respectively. Flumioxazin and sulfentrazone caused up to 12% soybean injury. In 2001, soybean yields and gross profit margins were similar for soil-applied programmes followed by glyphosate and sequential glyphosate applications in wide and narrow rows. Conversely, soybean yields and profit margins in 2002 averaged across soil-applied programs were 380 kg/ha and $50/ha superior to sequential glyphosate applications in wide rows, but were similar in narrow rows. This research indicates a highly efficacious soil-applied herbicide program followed by glyphosate provides similar weed control to sequential glyphosate applications in wide- and narrow-row soybean; however, a soil-applied herbicide programme followed by glyphosate may improve yields and returns of wide-row soybean over sequential glyphosate applications alone.