生物肥料对油菜的促生及菌核病防治的研究

盆栽试验证明,施用枯草芽孢杆Tu-100制作的生物肥料,在油菜5叶期时,植株干重比对照增加1.80%,叶绿素含量增加17.15%;油菜根际的好气性细菌总数比对照有一定的提高,产量比对照增加7.90%。田间小区试验表明,施用生物肥料的处理,在油菜5叶期时,植株干重比对照增加3.88%,叶绿素含量增加3.67%,植株的全磷和全钾的含量也有不同程度的增加,产量增加4.90%;此生物肥料对油菜菌核病菌核的萌发有一定的抑制作用。     

巨大芽胞杆菌(A6)在红黄壤中对油菜的促生作用

在有效磷缺乏的鄂东南红黄壤稻田土壤条件下，接种巨大芽胞杆菌A6，研究其对油菜生长发育和盆栽产量的影响。试验结果表明，A6能促进油菜生长，表现不同程度地增加植株的叶面积、干重、全磷含量和盆栽产量。这一结果揭示了利用油菜促生根际细菌A6的可能性。     

奥麦丁锌对油菜菌核病菌毒力影响及田间防效

室内毒力测定结果表明,植物源化合物奥麦丁锌(ZPT)对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长具有显著的抑制作用,EC50值为1.5μg/mL。ZPT在离体油菜叶片上对油菜菌核病具有明显的防病效果。25%奥麦丁锌可湿性粉剂200、500μg/mL对油菜叶片菌核病病斑扩展抑制率分别达到83.2%和100%。田间药效试验结果表明,25%奥麦丁锌可湿性粉剂100g/666.7m2兑水喷雾,对油菜菌核病具有80%左右的防治效果。     

Use of formulated Trichoderma sp. Tri-1 in combination with reduced rates of chemical pesticide for control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorium on oilseed rape

Sustainable strategies for control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on oilseed rape are needed. Here we tested combinations of Trichoderma sp. Tri-1, formulated with oilseed rape seedcake and straw, with reduced application rates of the recommended chemical pesticide carbendazim for control of this pathogen on oilseed rape. The treatment containing the recommended rate of carbendazim provided the greatest reduction in disease when compared with treatments containing individual applications of lower rates of this pesticide or the formulated Tri-1 treatment in all field experiments. Treatments containing formulated Tri-1 combined with carbendazim applied at 50% or 75% the recommended rate reduced incidence of disease to levels statistically similar to the treatment containing carbendazim applied at the recommended rate in two field experiments conducted at the Wuxue County field site where a rice-oilseed rape rotation was used. The treatment containing formulated Tri-1 combined with carbendazim applied at 75% the recommended rate reduced incidence of disease to levels statistically similar to the treatment containing carbendazim applied at the recommended rate in two field experiments conducted at the Wuhan field site where a soybean-oilseed rape rotation was used. Experiments reported here using two oilseed rape production rotations indicate that integration of a biologically based control tactic, such as formulated Tri-1, into a disease management strategy can increase oilseed rape production sustainability through reduction in the use of chemical pesticides.     

寒地春油菜菌核病流行预测方法

为建立春油菜菌核病流行预测模型,利用逐步回归分析和通径分析研究1991-1998年春油菜不同生育期各气象因子与菌核病发病率间的关系,结果表明春油菜花期的气象因子对菌核病茎部发病率影响最大,其中6月下旬平均气温和7月中旬降水量是关键因子.利用花期各气象因子建立了春油菜菌核病茎部发病率回归模拟方程为:Y=-34.230056 0.405018X1-8.759353X2 9.274252X3 0.024760X4 0.1893376X5 2.835423X6同时组建了神经网络模拟模型,得到了较好的预测效果.     

拮抗油菜菌核病菌的链霉菌分离筛选与鉴定

从甘肃省河西走廊改良后的盐碱地分离链霉菌用于油菜菌核病菌的拮抗研究,并对拮抗菌进行鉴定。分离得到10株不同菌落形态的链霉菌,其中有2菌株对油菜菌核病有拮抗作用,编号Ⅲ22-3-3和Ⅲ22-3-12。与油菜菌核病进行对峙培养结果发现,Ⅲ22-3-3和Ⅲ22-3-12抑菌圈直径分别为1.2和0.9cm;离体叶菌丝接种试验表明,Ⅲ22-3-3和Ⅲ22-3-12对油菜菌核病菌的防治效果分别达63.5%和49.1%;Ⅲ22-3-12能在油菜菌核上定殖并寄生分解菌核,同对照相比菌核萌发率下降18.2%;通过形态培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA鉴定表明,Ⅲ22-3-3为产水链霉菌(Streptomyces hydrogenans),Ⅲ22-3-12为球孢链霉菌(Streptomyces globisporus)。 [     

不同水分条件下硼对油菜营养生理的影响

在水培条件下,利用PEG－6000诱导水分胁迫,研究硼对油菜幼苗的萌发及营养生理的影响。萌发试验表明,高浓度PEG（30％）浸种抑制油菜籽的萌发,而低浓度PEG（15％）浸种促进萌发,并可提高幼苗的抗旱性。水培结果指出,干旱胁迫使油菜B浓度下降,油菜保护酶系统中的POD、CAT、SOD等酶活性均下降,MDA含量及膜透性增加,另外,渗透调节物质如Ca^2 、脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量均大幅度提高,说明B营养在一定程度上可缓妥解干旱对油菜造成的伤害。     

我国油菜产品质量安全现状及对策

根据1999、2002年我国油菜生产调查和国内外油菜产品抽样检测结果,分析我国油菜生产、产品品质现状及与国外的差距,提出了提高我国油菜产品质量的建议.     

油菜菌核病分子诊断的初步研究

利用PCR特异引物进行油菜菌核病的分子诊断，结果表明，在油菜初花至盛花期采集花瓣检测菌核病菌，人工接种由块采集5片干枯发白的花瓣作材料，可扩增出病原特异条带，而未接种田块材料的特异条带出现的频率较低。     

油菜品种和资源材料 对芜菁花叶病毒的抗性鉴定

在人工接种高病害压条件下,对当前生产上应用的13个油菜双低和杂交品种及14份资源材料进行了 对芜菁花叶病毒( TuMV)的抗性鉴定。结果表明,参试的13个油菜品种均不抗TuMV,但感病性低于对照品种中油 821。14份油菜资源材料间抗性差异显著,有3份材料表现高抗和中抗。大部分油菜推广品种表现的高发病率和 病情指数表明在病害流行地区和年份,这些品种不足以抵挡病毒病造成的损失。     

巨大芽孢杆菌A6对油菜根系分泌物所含有机酸和糖类的趋化性

应用溶液培养方法采集油菜根系分泌物并研究巨大芽孢杆菌A6对分泌物的趋化性。经高效液相色谱测定,发现油菜根系分泌物中含有7种有机酸和10种糖类。有机酸中琥珀酸含量最高达31.4µg/株;糖类中甘露醇含量最高达7.2µg/株。使用烧杯法和平板趋化法分别测定A6对7种有机酸、10种糖类和油菜根系的趋化性。结果表明,A6对6种有机酸有趋化性,其中对苹果酸的趋化性最强;对8种糖类也有趋化性,其中对山梨醇的趋化性最强;A6对油菜根系也有趋化性。     

Effect of trifluralin,pronamide, haloxyfop-p methyl,propaquizafop, and isoxaben on weed control and oilseed rape yield in Iran

In order to investigate the effect of trifluralin, pronamide, haloxyfop-p methyl, propaquizafop and isoxaben on weed control and oilseed rape yield, a two year field experiment was conducted at Darab, Iran, during 2004–2005 and 2005–2006 growing seasons. Herbicides reduced weed biomass compared with the weedy check. In 2004–2005, at 16 WAP (weeks after planting), application of trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha and trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben at 1200 + 100 + 500 g a.i./ha provided best control (80%) of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), compared to other treatments. At 8 and 16 WAP, wild mustard control decreased to 47 and 42%, respectively, when trifluralin was applied alone at 1400 g a.i./ha. In 2005–2006 at 16 WAP, maximum reduction in wild mustard biomass (82%) was achieved with trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha. In both years, all herbicide treatments controlled fumitory (Fumaria officinalis L.) 64–96%. In 2004–2005, at 16 WAP, wild oat (Avena fatua L.) biomass reduction by trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben at 1200 + 200 + 250 g a.i./ha was 95%. In 2005–2006, at 8 and 16 WAP, minimum biomass reduction of wild oat (37–53%) was observed with trifluralin at 1200 and 1400 g a.i./ha. In both years, at 8 and 16 WAP, the most effective herbicide treatments were trifluralin plus propaquizafop plus isoxaben and trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben regardless of the dose applied and provided maximum reduction in total weed biomass (77–89%) compared to other treatments. Results of both years showed that all herbicide treatments increased oilseed rape grain yield as compared with the weedy check but percentage of oil was not affected by various herbicide treatments. Maximum grain yield was obtained with trifluralin plus haloxyfop-p methyl plus isoxaben at 1200 + 100 + 500 g a.i./ha.     

植物源杀菌剂奥麦丁锌对油菜菌核病菌的毒力及田间防效

室内毒力测定结果表明，植物源化合物奥麦丁锌（ZPT）对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长具有显著的抑制作用， EC50值为1.5 µg/mL。ZPT在离体油菜叶片上对油菜菌核病具有明显的防病效果。25%奥麦丁锌可湿性粉剂 200、500µg/mL对油菜叶片菌核病病斑扩展抑制率分别达到83.2%和100%。田间药效试验结果表明， 25%奥麦丁锌可湿性粉剂100克/666.7m2兑水喷雾，对油菜菌核病病具有80%左右的防治效果。     

A commercially acceptable assessment technique for improved control of cabbage stem flea beetle feeding on winter oilseed rape

Highly significant relationships between the percentage of leaves showing Psylliodes chrysocephala (L.) feeding scars and the mean number of larvae per plant during autumn, were established from 457 fields (over five different years) in England and Wales, and used to define an index of leaf scarring as an alternative assessment method for control decisions. The index was tested in conjunction with autumn samples using datasets from 786 fields (six years). An action threshold of 50% leaves scarred resulted in similar treatment advice to the current plant dissection method in over 98% of cases. During spring, the relationship between percentage leaves scarred and mean number of larvae per plant was not consistent between years and the index cannot be used for population assessment at this time of year.     

Impact of oilseed rape crop management systems on the spatial distribution of Brassicogethes aeneus (Fabricius 1775): Implications for integrated pest management

The pollen beetle is one of the most important oilseed rape pests wherever the crop is grown. If no control measures are applied, it can cause a greater than 50% reduction in yield. The over-use of insecticides (especially pyrethroids) to control the pollen beetle has led to the development of resistance. Thus, alternative control strategies are required. A field trial with three experimental fields with different contributions of turnip rape as a trap crop was established during the growth season of 2013–2014. A grid of GPS points was established on each field. Pollen beetle abundance was recorded at each GPS point by beating into trays, and damage was assessed by dissection of buds from terminal racemes. Data analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance and the appearance of pollen beetle adults was processed in a geographic information system (GIS). Statistically significant differences were found in terms of the density of the pollen beetle population between trap crop plants and oilseed rape plants. Control thresholds on each oilseed rape field were not exceeded, whereas the density of the pollen beetle population on trap crop plants was greater by up to 40 fold, regardless of the contribution of trap crop plants. The data indicate that support systems should use sampling strategies that incorporate spatial information to model crop loss more accurately and that there may be the potential for spatially targeted applications of insecticides to optimize the influence of natural enemies in oilseed rape.     

Use of petal test in early-flowering varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) for predicting the infection pressure of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most important pathogens of winter oilseed rape plants. It causes the white mould disease of rape, thus significantly reducing the yield. The aim of our research was to use a spring oilseed rape variety sown in autumn or an early-flowering variety of winter oilseed rape to predict the infection pressure of S. sclerotiorum in a given year. Field experiments were conducted in 2008–2012 at the experimental station of the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague at Červený Újezd, 20 km west of Prague. In the experiment, we used one variety of spring oilseed rape (Lužnice, LU) and one early-flowering variety of winter oilseed rape (Californium, CA). The methodology of the petal test involved isolating pathogenic fungi from fallen petals on a nutrient medium (potato dextrose agar) in Petri dishes. The first term of collection was the beginning of petal fall (BBCH 61) and the last term was the end of flowering (BBCH 69). The dishes with petals were visually analysed after 1 week. The results were compared with the actual occurrence of white mould of rape in the stand. The occurrence of white mould of rape was strongly influenced by the progress of weather conditions over the given year. Infected petals and stems with symptoms of white mould of rape were found to be moderately correlated (r = 0.80). Spread of white mould spores was mostly observed in two terms (BBCH 62 and BBCH 65). Statistically significant differences were not observed in the infection of petals of spring (LU) and winter (CA) oilseed rape. Spring oilseed rape (LU) and early-flowering varieties of winter oilseed rape (CA) can be used to determine the strength of infection pressure of S. sclerotiorum in the stand in a given year, thereby improving protection against white mould of rape.     

核盘菌弱毒现象及其生防潜能的研究进展

核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary)因其缺乏抗性资源、寄主广泛、抗药性等原因,在防治上存在极大困难.核盘菌种内存在明显的致病性分化现象,自然界中存在弱致病力菌株.本文对引起核盘菌致病力衰退的RNA病毒(SsDRV)、单链环状DNA病毒(SsHADV-1)和部分没有定性的双链dsRNA因子等真菌病毒进行了归纳;阐述了真菌病毒在病原菌群体中的传播方式;讨论了如何打破菌丝不亲和带来的界限,使得真菌病毒在菌丝间有效地传播,为探索用于核盘菌的生物防治提供新思路.     

转基因油菜对节肢动物群落及菌核病发生的影响

以转基因抗除草剂油菜Ms8Rf3的F2代为试材，以CH05、华杂8号、青油14和中双7号为对照品种，研究了转基因油菜对节肢动物群落及菌核病发生的影响。结果显示，转基因油菜与对照之间群落的结构组成、群落主要参数（物种丰富度、Shannon-Winner多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数）及时间动态基本无明显差异。可见，转基因油菜对节肢动物群落没有明显的负面影响。在油菜菌核病的发生情况上，转基因油菜在成熟期菌核病发生率较CH05、青油14和中双7号为高，但由于各品种油菜上菌核病的总体发病率都很低，评估品种对菌核病的影响可能会出现偏差。     

高密度直播油菜氮磷钾肥推荐用量及影响因素

针对我国目前油菜生产上施肥过量与不足并存,肥料利用率低的问题,运用“3414”试验方案进行一年多点田间试验,研究了高密度(375 000株/hm2)直播油菜氮磷钾肥的适宜用量。结果表明,氮磷钾肥不同用量显著影响油菜籽粒产量,通过建立施肥与产量间的效应函数方程,得出供试条件下油菜氮磷钾肥推荐施用量,桂林试验点油菜产量2 416.3kg/hm2,施用量为N 118.5 kg/hm2、P2O5 36.5kg/hm2、K2O 60.6 kg/hm2;枝江试验点油菜产量3 095.1kg/hm2,施用量为N 176.3 kg/hm2、P2O5 73.0kg/hm2、K2O 100.6 kg/hm2;玉龙试验点油菜产量4 474.3kg/hm2,施用量为N 256.7 kg/hm2、P2O5 88.1kg/hm2、K2O 137.7 kg/hm2。结论认为不同地理区域和不同油菜品种在该区域生长发育的生态学特征,以及肥料的边际利润率、肥料和产品价格是油菜推荐施肥的重要依据,不能简单依据供试土壤基础肥力进行油菜推荐施肥。 [     

长江流域不同种植区气候因子对冬油菜产量的影响

气象因子对长江流域油菜（Brassica napus L.）主产区影响很大。为明确长江流域影响油菜生长的关键气象因子,基于长江流域259个气象站1961-2015年的气象数据及1437个田间试验冬油菜产量数据,分析5个不同区域（长江上游低海拔区、长江上游高海拔区、长江中游二熟区、长江中游三熟区和长江下游）冬油菜生育期内气候因子的时空分布特征,结合产量数据分析不同种植区油菜产量的气候限制因子。结果表明：长江流域冬油菜生育期 内平均气温为13.2℃,≥0℃积温为3620℃,昼夜温差7.8℃,总日照时数984h,太阳辐射量为2631 MJ·m-2。油菜生育期内热量资源呈现增加的趋势,平均气温每10年升高0.37℃,而昼夜温差每10年缩小0.21℃;而日照资源则逐年降低,每10年日照时数降低45h。油菜全生育期总降水量平均为680 mm,且呈现逐年增加的趋势。长江流域气象因 子与油菜产量的关系主要表现为：平均气温和≥0℃积温与产量呈现负相关关系,其中长江中游二熟区生育前期（9 月-11月）和长江中游三熟区生育后期（3月-5月）平均气温每增加0.1℃,油菜分别减产53和40 kg·hm-2;昼夜温差大有利于油菜增产,其中长江上游低海拔区后期昼夜温差每增加0.1℃,产量增幅为39 kg·hm-2;降水量与产量主要呈现负相关关系,尤其是后期降水量每增加10 mm,油菜减产约12～39 kg·hm-2。从整个生育期来看,长江上游（低海拔区、高海拔区）主要影响油菜产量的气象因子为昼夜温差、降水量和日照时数;长江中游二熟区主要受气温、积温、降水量和太阳辐射的影响;长江中游三熟区的限制因子为气温和积温;而长江下游则受到降水量、日照时数和太阳辐射的影响。