北京市设施蔬菜施肥状况及减施潜力分析

通过对北京市352个设施蔬菜地块的施肥状况进行实地调研,查明设施蔬菜施肥现状及存在问题,估算肥料减施潜力。结果表明,北京市设施蔬菜养分投入量普遍超过推荐施肥量(养分超标率72%)。不同设施类型施肥量差异较大,其中日光温室每季蔬菜平均氮磷钾(N、P_2O_5和K_2O)投入总量分别为858 、409、572 kg · hm~(-2),明显高于塑料大棚每季蔬菜平均氮磷钾投入总量593、317、438 kg · hm~(-2)。设施蔬菜养分主要来源于有机肥基施,对日光温室和塑料大棚养分投入总量的贡献分别为66%和52%。不同蔬菜种类肥料减施潜力巨大,其中甘蓝、黄瓜和茄子总养分相对减施潜力分别为61%～62%、43%～48%和18%～47%。日光温室和塑料大棚氮磷钾养分投入比例(N∶P_2O_5∶K_2O)分别为1∶0.47∶0.66和1∶0.53∶0.73,表明钾肥比例相对不足。建议加快设施蔬菜水肥一体化技术的推广应用,加强设施蔬菜施肥技术指导,尤其要降低日光温室的氮、磷肥投入量,避免过量施肥带来的资源浪费和环境污染。     

北京市设施蔬菜施肥状况及减施潜力分析

通过对北京市352 个设施蔬菜地块的施肥状况进行实地调研，查明设施蔬菜施肥现状及存在问题，估算肥料减施潜力。结果表明，北京市设施蔬菜养分投入量普遍超过推荐施肥量（养分超标率＞72%）。不同设施类型施肥量差异较大，其中日光温室每季蔬菜平均氮磷钾（N、P₂O₅ 和K₂O）投入总量分别为858 、409、572 kg · hm^-2，明显高于塑料大棚每季蔬菜平均氮磷钾投入总量593、317、438 kg · hm^-2。设施蔬菜养分主要来源于有机肥基施，对日光温室和塑料大棚养分投入总量的贡献分别为66% 和52%。不同蔬菜种类肥料减施潜力巨大，其中甘蓝、黄瓜和茄子总养分相对减施潜力分别为61%～62%、43%～48% 和18%～47%。日光温室和塑料大棚氮磷钾养分投入比例（N∶P₂O₅∶K₂O）分别为1∶0.47∶0.66和1∶0.53∶0.73，表明钾肥比例相对不足。建议加快设施蔬菜水肥一体化技术的推广应用，加强设施蔬菜施肥技术指导，尤其要降低日光温室的氮、磷肥投入量，避免过量施肥带来的资源浪费和环境污染。     

辽宁省苹果主产区果园施肥状况调查与评价

为揭示果农施肥过程中存在的问题,分析辽宁省苹果主产区苹果园化肥减施潜力,为科学施肥提供指导,于2016年8—9月,采用实地走访结合问卷记录的方式调查分析了2015年辽宁省苹果主产区肥料施用情况。结果表明:辽宁省苹果园有机肥平均施用量为24 476 kg/hm~2,其中低于合理用量的比率占到50%以上;化肥氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)投入量均值分别达到694、467、605 kg/hm~2。折算后,有机肥和化肥中N的总投入量均值达到800 kg/hm~2,过量施用的比率接近85%;P_2O_5总投入量均值达到756 kg/hm~2,过量施用的比率为97%;K_2O总投入量均值达到867 kg/hm~2,过量施用的比率超过85%。肥料施用次数和时期随意性大,氮磷钾三要素比例不合理。综上,辽宁省苹果园有机肥投入相对不足;养分总投入过量现象严重,磷过量最为严重,氮、钾次之;化肥投入普遍过量是果园氮磷钾养分投入过量的根本原因,化肥的减施潜力巨大;氮磷钾三元素投入比例需要调整,果农科学施肥意识需要进一步提升。     

安徽主栽蔬菜施肥现状调查及对策

采用抽样调查的方法,对安徽省2012、2013年度的蔬菜施肥状况进行调查,分析安徽省蔬菜施肥现状及存在的问题。结果显示,被调查农户种植的常用蔬菜有26种,其中辣椒、番茄、黄瓜、大白菜、花椰菜、茄子等6种蔬菜的种植面积占调查总面积的67.4%,且种植户数最多,达调查总样本数的52.1%。种植这6种蔬菜的所有田块均施用了化肥,施用有机肥的比例仅为30.4%;化学氮肥投入量均在300 kg·hm-2以上,化肥投入的平均N∶P2O5∶K2O为1∶0.46∶0.49,不同种类蔬菜有机肥投入量差异较大。6种蔬菜的平均施肥次数为3.2次。6种蔬菜中黄瓜产量最高,茄子产值最高,蔬菜产值和肥料投入量间呈极显著正相关。生产中应改善施肥技术,加快测土配方施肥技术在蔬菜生产上的应用。     

施肥对日光温室葡萄延迟栽培产量和养分吸收的影响

为了给本地区葡萄生产施肥提供理论基础,观测了典型农户的葡萄肥料投入量、葡萄产量和经济效益以及葡萄氮磷钾养分吸收分配.结果表明,本地区葡萄种植户肥料投入量氮肥1757 kg/hm2、磷肥2152 kg/hm2、钾肥1561 kg/hm2,远超本地区推荐施肥量,氮、磷、钾有机养分投入量分别占总养分的投入量的36.8％、32...     

河北省葡萄主产区施肥现状调查分析与研究

2009年在怀来、涿鹿和昌黎葡萄集中种植的乡镇按照"一县三镇三村五户"的原则和要求,发放跟踪调查问卷148份,调查果园施肥状况,以提高河北省葡萄主产区肥料利用率,实现养分资源的综合管理,指导农户科学施肥。结果表明:有机肥施用量变化差异较大,怀来74%的农户投入小于1 000kg/667m2,涿鹿88%的农户为4 000～5 000kg/667m2;葡萄主产区养分施用量过大,投入量为N 53.7～138.8kg/667m2,P2O527.8～45.7kg/667m2,K2O 23.8～71.3kg/667m2,氮磷钾养分比例不协调,钾比例偏低;施肥时期不恰当,整个生育期氮肥过多,磷钾肥不能及时供应。建议实现养分资源的综合管理,提高肥料养分的利用率;加强科学技术在葡萄施肥中的应用,研发生产葡萄专用肥。     

北独乐河村桃园养分管理现状及分析

为了解北京市平谷区北独乐河村桃园养分管理现状,采用随机确定调查样点的方式调研农户桃园养分管理现状,并结合桃树养分吸收特性进行分析,以期为合理管理桃园养分提供参考依据.结果 表明:在养分投入量上,氮磷钾平均投入量为N1 004.9 kg·hm-2、P2O5 705 kg· hm-2、K2O 1 065 kg·hm-2,分别为桃树养分需求量的5.2、9.2、4.3倍.在施肥结构上,42.9％的农户桃园全年只施用化肥,而忽视有机肥的投入.在施肥时期上,有60％和40％的农户分别选择在秋季和春季施用基肥,只有5.7％的农户在基肥后追肥3次,其余均少于3次.建议桃园应将化肥与有机肥配施,控制氮磷钾肥的用量;在秋季(9-11月)施用基肥,并重视追肥次数,从而达到合理管理桃园养分的目的.     

马铃薯肥料效应试验研究

针对目前在马铃薯种植过程中农民重施氮肥、轻施磷、钾肥及施肥量随意性较大的实际情况,通过在会泽县驾车乡光头村进行马铃薯"3414"肥料效应试验及校正试验的研究,在合理施用有机肥的基础上,得出最大施肥量为N:135 kg/hm2、P2O5:121.2 kg/hm2、K2O:54.5 kg/hm2,产量达到27 764.4 kg/hm2,三要素比例1∶0.898∶0.403,化肥投入1 755.45元/hm2,马铃薯产值22 211.55元/hm2。通过校正试验检验配方,与农民常规施肥相比,配方施肥区比常规施肥区增产6 473.25 kg/hm2,增36.89%,增收7 767.9元/hm2,经济效益明显,可以推荐指导该区域马铃薯施肥。     

甘肃沿黄灌区设施蔬菜施肥现状及问题分析

通过问卷调查和室内测试,分析了沿黄灌区设施蔬菜施肥现状。结果表明:种植户在施用有机肥、化肥及灌水方面存在较大的盲目性,有机肥和化肥的投入量同时增加,缺乏平衡施肥的理念。种植区有机肥投入量在52～337t/hm2,化肥折算纯氮肥年平均投入量为1 165～4 865kg/hm2,磷肥(P2O5)年平均投入量为1 079～2 960kg/hm2,钾肥年平均投入量为631～3 321kg/hm2。设施不同土层土壤pH均显著低于农田土壤,土壤电导率则明显高于农田土壤,其中靖远、皋兰、红古设施土壤电导率超过了蔬菜的生育障碍临界值(EC0.4mS/cm)。     

施肥技术对大棚芦笋影响效果初探

为改进芦笋施肥技术,实现省肥节本增效,以3年生的"格兰德F1"为试验材料,采用调查与田间试验相结合的方法,研究不同施肥方式对土壤主要养分和芦笋产量与经济效益的影响。结果表明:增施有机肥,减少固态化肥施用量,并追施水溶肥料,可提高芦笋地土壤有机质含量,并适当缓解土壤酸化;适当追施高氮低磷中钾水溶肥料,可促进土壤中有效磷和速效钾的吸收利用,缓解土壤中磷钾的富集,并对芦笋有明显增产增效的作用。建议分别在春母茎留养前、春母茎清园时和冬季清园时开沟施入有机肥和固态化肥,每667 m~2年总施肥量为商品有机肥1 000 kg、生物有机肥318 kg、48%复合肥81 kg,667 m~2追施高氮低磷中钾水溶肥料以49 kg为宜,要少量多次平衡追施,年总施氮磷钾比例以1.28∶1∶1.09为好。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.