不同熟期大豆品种遗传改良过程中光合特性和冠层农艺性状的变化

对1923～2008年间育成的吉林省主推的57个大豆品种按中早熟、中熟和中晚熟品种进行分类,研究了不同熟期组品种各冠层农艺性状和叶片部分光合特性指标的演化趋势及其与产量的关系。结果表明,各熟期品种的产量、百粒重、株高、单株叶面积、叶柄长、始粒期的光合速率和SPAD与育成年代均成正相关,单株分枝数与育成年代成负相关;单株荚数、单株荚重、单株粒数、单株粒重、单株茎重、始粒期SPAD与产量成正相关,其中单株荚重与产量显著相关。总体上看,中早熟和中晚熟品种各性状的演化趋势及其与产量的关系较相似,它们的百粒重、株高、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶柄长、始粒期光合速率及始粒期SPAD与育成年代及产量都成正相关;始粒期SPAD在所有性状中表现最稳定,在各熟期组中与育成年代及产量均成正相关。     

Economic injury levels for southern green stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in R7 growth stage soybeans

Stink bugs, primarily southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), are a major pest complex of soybeans (Glycine max) throughout the southern United States. Densities sometimes peak during late R6 and R7 soybean growth stages when soybeans are approaching physiology maturity and the rate of injury from stink bugs is reduced. Field cage trials were conducted from 2005 to 2008 to examine the type and extent of soybean damage caused by southern green stink bugs during the R7 growth stage. The yield response was variable, but overall was not significant. The impact of southern green stink bugs on quality was more consistent. Test weight decreased, and heat damage and total damage increased as stink bug density increased. Based on these data, three economic injury models were developed using different assumptions. The model that assumes no yield loss, does not predict economic injury within the range of stink bug densities tested. However, if the statistically non-significant yield losses are accepted as real, then the models suggest that the southern green stink bug economic injury level and action threshold for soybeans during R7 stage is generally between nine and 15 stink bugs per row m.     

Effect of simulated hail damage on yield and quality of Russet Burbank potatoes

The yield and quality response of Russet Burbank potatoes to simulated hail damage was dependent upon the amount of damage and on the growth stage at which the damage occurred. Plots of Russet Burbank potato plants were subjected to 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% defoliation at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, or 14 weeks after emergence. A motorized flail was used to simulate the complex damage that occurs during a natural hail storm. Early season simulated hail damage, when the plants were mainly vegetative, caused yield losses proportional to the degree of damage. Simulated hail damage during the early phases of tuber growth caused minor yield losses (< 5%) at low defoliation levels but severe losses at the higher levels with proportional loss of tuber quality. Defoliation later in the season resulted in progressively less reduction of both yield and quality. At or near maturity, late season simulated hail damage caused insignificant losses unless the stems were damaged enough to prevent nutrition and carbohydrate translocation into the tubers.     

Plant water stress at various growth stages and growth and yield of soybeans

In the Southern High Plains of the U.S.A., where water for irrigation is being depleted, drought-tolerant crops are extensively grown under limited irrigation where less water is applied than is required for potential evapotranspiration and maximum yield. This study was conducted (1) to determine the effects of plant water stress at various growth stages on growth and yield of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and (2) to assess the adaptability of the soybean plant to limited irrigation in the stressful climate of the Southern High Plains. The 3-year study was conducted on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll). Soybeans (‘Douglas’, indeterminate, maturity group IV) were grown with different irrigation treatments designed to subject the plants to water deficits at different growth stages. Stress initiated during R1 (early flowering) or R2 (full bloom) and extending to R3 (beginning pod development) reduced seed yields by 9–13%. But, when stress was extended to R4.5, yields were reduced by 46%. Stress beginning at R3 and extending to R4.5 reduced yields by 19%. Stress imposed at R5 and relieved at R6 reduced yields 15% in one year and 46% in a more stressful year. Stress imposed at R5 and extending to the end of the growing period (5 weeks) reduced yields by 45% in the less-stressful year and by 88% in the other. Stress throughout the last 3 weeks of the growing period (beginning at R6) reduced yields by 21 and 65%, respectively, in the two years. Water-use efficiency was not increased under limited irrigation. Soybeans are amenable to limited irrigation under the stressful climate of the Southern High Plains, but their vulnerability to drought stress during seed development complicates management. They are more suited for limited irrigation than is corn (Zea mays L.) but are less suited than are grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).     

Photoperiod sensitivity after flowering and seed number determination in indeterminate soybean cultivars

Seed and pod numbers are the main yield components in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). They are related to canopy photosynthesis during a critical period, occurring between the R1 (beginning of flowering) and R6 (full seed) stages. We investigated the relationship between the duration of the critical period and the number of seeds produced. Response to photoperiod during post-flowering stages was evaluated in indeterminate soybean cultivars from maturity groups (MG) IV and V. The study was conducted under field conditions with two sowing dates (normal and late). Plants were grown under natural photoperiod throughout the experiment or exposed, from the R3 stage (beginning pod) onwards, to artificially extended regimes of 2 h longer than natural daylength. Duration of the R3–R6 period increased in response to the extension of photoperiod, and cultivars of MG V exhibited a stronger sensitivity to photoperiod than those of MG IV. Exposure to long photoperiods promoted node production, mainly in branches, and increased node fertility. Within each sowing date, the increased duration of R3–R6 under longer photoperiods was corresponded with increments in pod and seed number. Seed number was related to the duration of R3–R6, particularly when the length of the period was corrected for temperature differences between treatments. Seed number was also related to the integral of solar radiation during R3–R6. The possibility of using sensitivity to photoperiod after flowering as a criterion for increasing yields through increasing seed number are discussed.     

东北春玉米区温度条件与玉米生长发育及产量形成的量化分析

为明确不同熟期春玉米生长发育、产量形成与积温的响应关系,阐明不同熟期玉米杂交种产量形成机理,筛选适宜辽宁中北部地区气候条件的播期与品种。2017～2018年,在大田条件下,选择先玉335、郑单958和沈玉21不同熟期的品种,分别在4月20日,5月5日和5月20日进行播种,分析不同生育阶段积温变化特征。研究表明,不同生育阶段积温变异系数依次为播种期至出苗期>吐丝期至成熟期>出苗期至吐丝期>播种期至成熟期>出苗期至成熟期>播种期至吐丝期(S-R1)。与其他阶段相比,水泡期(R2)以后的GDD与产量形成相关性相对较高。随播期推迟,生育期及其GDD呈缩短趋势。与其他播期相比,5月5日播种,叶面积日温增长率达峰值后衰减幅度较低。郑单958整个生育期叶面积和干物质日温增长率分别表现“前增加后缓减”和“前缓增后缓减”趋势,生育后期衰减幅度均表现较低,干物质转化率较高,最终获得了较高的群体产量。     

转EPSPS基因大豆植株中蛋白的表达

采用ELISA定量测定法研究了转EPSPs基因大豆不同生长时期不同器官中CP4 EPSPS蛋白含量的变化.结果表明:转EPSPS基因大豆不同器官在不同牛育期CP4 EPSPS蛋白含量表现出较大的差异,R8期籽粒中的CP4EPSPS蛋白含量在所有时期和所有组织中蛋门含世最高;上位叶和下位叶中CP4 EPSPS蛋白除V3～V5期和R8期外的表达趋势一致,茎上部和茎下部中CP4 EPSPS蛋白在不同时期表达动态趋势基本一致,根中CP4 EPSPS蛋白含量存V3～V5期下降,然后逐渐升高,R1～R8期有一个大幅度的下降过程.从V1期至R8期,随着植株的不断生长,各组织中CP4 EPSPS蛋白的含量有明显的变化.     

生殖生长期源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响

利用蛋白质，脂肪含量不同的两个大豆品种，在Ｒ１和Ｒ５期，通过去叶或去英，研究源库改变对大豆籽粒产量和品质的影响，结果表明，Ｒ１期和Ｒ５期去叶１／３对产量和品质影响不大；然而，Ｒ１期全去叶，减少了单株英数，产量降低，但对品质影响不明显；Ｒ５期全去叶，降低了每英粒数和百粒重，有利于蛋白质积累，而不利于脂肪积累，产量降低，Ｒ５期去英１／３增加了单英粒数和百粒重，产量略有提高，脂肪积累增多，蛋白质含量降低     

基于高光谱遥感的小麦籽粒产量预测模型研究

为了确立能够准确预测小麦籽粒产量的敏感光谱参数和定量模型,于2003～2006年连续3个生长季,通过不同小麦品种和不同施氮水平的4个大田试验,在小麦不同生育期采集田间冠层高光谱数据并测定植株氮含量、重量和叶面积指数及成熟期籽粒产量,定量分析小麦籽粒产量与冠层高光谱参数的相互关系.结果显示,小麦籽粒产量随施氮水平的提高而增加,不同地力水平间存在显著差异.灌浆前期叶片氮积累量和叶面积氮指数均能够较好地反映成熟期籽粒产量状况,而叶片氮含量和氮积累量及叶面积氮指数在拔节～成熟期的累积值与成熟期籽粒产量的回归拟合效果更好.对叶片氮含量和氮积累量及叶面积氮指数的光谱反演,在不同品种、氮素水平和年度间可以使用统一的光谱参数.根据"特征光谱参数-叶片氮素营养-籽粒产量"这一技术路径,以叶片氮素营养为交接点将模型链接,建立了基于灌浆前期高光谱参数及拔节期～成熟期特征光谱指数累积值的小麦籽粒产量预测模型.经两年独立试验数据检验表明,利用灌浆前期关键特征光谱指数可以有效地评价小麦成熟期籽粒产量状况,拔节～成熟期特征光谱指数的累积值能够稳定预报不同条件下小麦成熟期籽粒产量的变化.因此,利用冠层特征光谱指数可以快速无损地预报小麦成熟期籽粒产量.     

Effects of simulated insect defoliation on potatoes

There were 3 distinct periods during which 100% defoliation affected yield parameters of potatoes. Plants were especially susceptible to defoliation 3–5 weeks after 50% stand emergence. In a weekly defoliation study, the 29% defoliation level had no effect on yield but the weekly 58% level significantly reduced yield. An equation relating fresh plant weight to leaf area was developed.     

High Carbon Requirements for Seed Production in Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Abstract

In soybeans, increase in the dry weight of seed (IWS) during the seed-filling period (SFP) is nearly half that of the whole plant (IWP). Hence, the contributions of assimilate during SFP to seed growth in soybeans is apparently lower than that in other cereal crops. However, analysis of the assimilate budget for seed production based on dry matter could be misleading in soybeans because the carbon (C) contents of seed and that of other organs are different due to the differences in lipid and protein content and respiration loss in each organ results in underestimation of the C contribution to seed production. In field soybeans, irrespective of shading and thinning, IWS/IWP and harvest index (HIW) for dry weight were slightly lower than ICS/ICP and HIC for C, respectively. Of the ¹³C fed at the vegetative stage and early SFP, 3.4% and 16.4%, respectively were accumulated in the seed, 0.9% and 28.2%, respectively, in the pod shell and 26.8% and 37.8%, respectively were respired before maturity. Ninety-six percent of seed C was assimilated during the SFP. Respiratory loss of ¹³C fed at the early SFP was larger than that from ¹³C at the vegetative stage, showing that seed production requires much more C than leaf or stem growth. These results suggest that the difference in C contents between plant organs has little effect on the estimation of assimilate partition into soybean seeds based on dry matter, and high respiration loss for seed growth reduces the partition of dry matter into seeds.     

刈割期对多棱饲料大麦饲草及籽粒产量与品质的影响

为探明大麦饲草与籽粒双收的适宜刈割期,以六棱皮大麦皖饲麦2号为材料,设不刈割(T0)及分蘖期(T1)、拔节期(T2)、孕穗期(T3)分别进行一次刈割4个处理,比较了两年度不同刈割期大麦饲草、籽粒产量及品质的差异。结果表明,随刈割期后移,皖饲麦2号饲草产量显著增加;饲草粗蛋白、粗灰分、钙、磷含量显著下降,粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量显著增加,即饲草品质显著下降。籽粒产量受刈割期影响大,与T0相比,两年度T1期刈割籽粒产量无显著变化,T2、T3期刈割则籽粒产量显著下降;而品质受影响小。说明T1期刈割,可达到饲草与籽粒双收目标,且饲草品质好;在生产中要保障一定的籽粒产量,T2期后应停止刈割。     

Effects of defoliation on whole‐plant maize characteristics as forage and energy crop

Hail affects yield and quality of maize crops, and consequences also depend on the growth stage at which the injury occurred. Whole‐plant maize (WPM) silage is often used within the same farm for cattle feeding and biogas production. The present study aimed to verify the effects of hail damage, simulated by artificial defoliation, on yield and chemical and nutritional features, as well as on biochemical methane potential (BMP) of maize forage. In a randomized block design with three replicates, four defoliation levels (0%, 33%, 66% and 100% of leaf area removal respectively) have been applied at either the V12 (12th leaf), R1 (silking) or R3 (milk) stages for two consecutive years. WPM yield, chemical and nutritional features, and BMP were measured. Dry‐matter (DM) yield per hectare was progressively reduced (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of defoliation and with application at V12 in comparison with R1 or R3 (1.26 vs. 1.39 and 1.46 kg ha^?1 for V12 vs. R1 and R3; p < 0.003). Nutritive value and BMP per unit of product were less altered than dry‐matter yield per hectare by defoliation. Anticipating defoliation reduced net energy for lactation (5.26 vs. 5.46 MJ kg^?1 DM for V12 and R3 respectively; p = 0.02). Total defoliation resulted in an accumulation of nitrates (NO₃) compared to the other treatments (3.98 vs. 1.53 g NO₃ kg^?1 DM; p < 0.001). BMP was mainly reduced by early and complete defoliation. Equations were developed to estimate the effects of defoliation on yield, composition, and nutritive and energetic values of WPM.     

夏大豆群体光合特性的研究

本文研究了夏大豆的群体光合特性。结果表明，夏大豆群体内光强自上而下逐渐减弱，群体光合随光减弱而明显下降。开花结荚期一天中，１３时群体光合速率达最大值。在一定范围内，密度大的光合速率在上午上升得快，峰值持续的时间长，对早，晚的弱光利用率较高。音以前和１９时以后，各群体的光合速率均为负值。分枝期的群体光合速率主要决定于种植密度。开花结荚期的群体光合速率与种植密度呈抛物线关系，与百粒重，生物产量和籽粒产     

启动氮加追肥对氮在大豆体内积累分配规律及产量的影响

采用框栽试验方法,在施用等量氮(纯N 50 kg.hm-2)条件下设置基肥一次性施用(对照);R3或R4期一次性追肥;启动氮15 kg加R3或R4期追氮35 kg共5个处理,研究启动氮加追肥对氮在大豆体内积累分配规律及产量的影响。结果表明,在R5期,与对照相比,启动氮15 kg加R4期追氮35 kg处理叶片N积累量减少11.5%,荚果N积累量增加36.6%(P<0.05);而根系N积累量增加21.7%(P<0.05),根瘤N积累量增加64.2%(P<0.05),表明启动氮加追肥处理N运转通畅,可以满足籽粒充实期大豆对氮素的需求。在R4～R8期,启动氮加R3或R4期追氮处理的氮积累量分别比基肥一次性施用处理增加82.6%和105%(P<0.01)。启动氮加R3或R4期追氮35 kg处理单株粒数分别较对照增加14.8%和15.8%(P<0.01),产量分别增加17.6%和19.9%(P<0.01)。大豆植株R4～R8期氮积累量与产量呈极显著正相关(r=0.795**),提高结荚鼓粒期后大豆氮素积累量是增加大豆产量的关键。     

The effect of time of initial defoliation and height of defoliation on the productivity of perennial ryegrass swards

Over a 3-year period the productivity of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L., cv. S24) swards as influenced by variations in the time of initial defoliation and close (2·5 cm) and lax (8 cm) defoliation was studied. Treatments with initial defoliations in the early vegetative stage, stem elongation and flowering stages of growth gave higher annual yields than treatments in which the initial defoliation was taken at an intermediate stage of growth when the majority of the stem apices had just been elevated above the height of defoliation. Initial defoliation treatments which removed a high proportion of apical meristems while the yield at the initial defoliation was still low produced the lowest annual yield. Consistent lax defoliation reduced yield by 14·5% compared with continual close defoliation. However, taking an initial lax defoliation followed by subsequent close defoliations produced a slight yield advantage of 4·8% over consistent close defoliation. The results are discussed in relation to other research findings and the practical implications commented upon.     

Impact of Canopy Destruction from Simulated Hail on Potato Yield and Economic Return

Insurance against hailstorm-inflicted losses to potato crops is crucial for producer risk management. Insurance providers need regionally specific information on which to base estimates of hail damage. The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effects of a range of simulated hail defoliation treatments, low (33%), medium (66%), and high (99%), relative to an untreated control (0%) on yield and grower economic returns from one medium- and one late-maturing potato variety (‘Russet Norkotah TX278’ and ‘Ranger Russet,’ respectively) at three growth stages (tuber initiation, early bulking, and late bulking) in the Columbia Basin of Washington. Plants within the 33% and 66% treatments were defoliated by sweeping a garden rake with 16 solid, curved tines through the canopy of each treatment row several times until plants exhibited the desired defoliation level. Tuber initiation and early bulk plants within the 99% treatment were essentially mowed to ground level. Intensity of defoliation and stage of growth had significant, interacting effects on grower returns. Gross return and yield for both varieties at each growth stage were significantly reduced by 99% defoliation; these effects were mediated by the effects of defoliation on tuber size distribution. Total yield and gross return experienced the largest declines at early bulk compared with tuber initiation and late bulk defoliation in both varieties. When 99% of the early bulk foliage was removed, Russet Norkotah TX278 gross return and yield were reduced to 14% and 38%, respectively, of the values for the non-treated control, and Ranger Russet gross return and yield were reduced to 30% and 51% of control values, respectively. Defoliation of 99% at all growth stages significantly reduced overall market yield compared to controls for both varieties. However, tuber size distribution was most affected by 99% defoliation at early bulk. Severe defoliation (99%) at tuber initiation significantly delayed vine senescence in both varieties. The results of this study suggest that insurance adjusters should take into account the combined influence of growth stage and defoliation level when hail damage occurs.     

马铃薯无性一代植株性状相关及通径分析

本文对马铃薯30个杂交组合无性一代的14个性状与单株产量的相关关系作了估算,其中无效生育期、播后74天和92天冠层覆盖度、平均冠层覆盖度、最高冠层覆盖度、有效生育期、单株块茎数、单块重8个性状与单株产量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。进而对影响单株产量(y)的平均冠层覆盖度(x_1),有效生育期(x_2)、单株块茎数(x_3)、单个块茎重(x_4)进行通径分析。结果表明,该4个性状决定单株产量变异的94.61％,说明这4个性状是影响单株产量的决定因素。     

大豆不同生长阶段施用氮肥对生长,结瘤及产量的影响

以两种不同基因型的大豆品种为试材，研究不同阶段施用氮肥对大豆结瘤、生长及产量的影响。每公顷仅施２５ｋｇ的启动氮，两个大豆品种虽获得较高的根瘤干重，但仅靠其自身固氮功能，不能满足大豆生长及丰产的要求。在大豆开花期（Ｒ１）或种子形成始期（Ｒ５），每公顷再追施５０ｋｇ氮肥，两个大豆品种都获得了最高的干物质重和产量。在播种前或开花前期，施用过多的氮肥，严重抑制了两个大豆品种根瘤的生长，降低了其自身的生物固     

大豆品种感染SMV后光合产物的积累和分配

大豆品种感染ＳＭＶ后，感病植株各生育阶段叶片叶绿素含量，光合速率，单株可溶性总糖含量明显低于健株，表明光合产物累积较少，分配到各器官亦少，使干物质和日积累速度除人工，导致表现生物产量下降。