马传染性贫血病马与弱毒疫苗免疫马的区别试验

 本文应用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术研制出具有抗马传染性贫血病驴白细胞弱毒抗原株系特异性的单克隆抗体（McAb）的酶结合试剂，以斑点试验（DB）与琼脂免疫双扩散试验（ID）相结合的方法，用于马传贫病马与马传贫驴白细胞弱毒疫苗免疫马血清抗体的鉴别。使用本方法对339匹实验马进行测试，共检出马传贫病马11匹，马传贫驴白细胞弱毒疫苗免疫马239匹，既未接种弱毒疫苗又未感染马传贫马89匹。另外，对106匹人工马传贫病马和21匹马传贫弱毒疫苗免疫马作了病理学验证，结果与免疫学检测相符。疫区在清除病马之后，病情停息。疫苗免疫马经贸易成交，更换畜主后，再次检疫未发现马传贫病例。结果表明，本方法对马传贫病马与马传贫驴白细胞弱毒疫苗免疫马的区别诊断有实用价值。     

马牛髋关节及股骨X线摄影术的研究

本文叙述了马、牛髋关节及股骨上段1/3 X线腹背位投照方法,以及为X线摄影而采取的保定方法。应用这种腹背位投照方位和保定措施能获得马,牛髋关节影像的全貌以及股骨上段1/3部分的影像。髋关节充气造影术增加关节影像的对比度,并显示出髋关节囊的解剖征象。应用充气造影对检查髋关节损伤可提供明确的依据。     

Differentiation of respiratory and abortigenic isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 by restriction endonucleases

Viruses classified by immunologic criteria as equine herpesvirus 1 cause respiratory disease and abortion in horses. Restriction endonuclease analyses of the DNA's of viruses from animals with respiratory disease and from aborted fetuses show that the patterns for respiratory viruses, while similar to each other, are entirely different from the patterns for fetal viruses. It is therefore proposed that the DNA restriction endonuclease patterns of fetal and respiratory viruses analyzed in this study be designated as prototypic of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4, respectively.     

宋代御马述论

御马是用以皇帝骑乘和宫廷礼仪的马匹。宋代由于地域狭小和传统畜牧业基地的丧失,牧马业与前代和周边民族相比相形见绌。牧马业的衰落无疑对其宫廷御马的发展造成一定的影响。宋代御马的来源有哪些,它是如何管理的,与前代相比有哪些特点?目前学界尚无人对此问题进行探讨,(1)故笔者不揣谫陋,试对此略加讨论,以期对宋代马政与畜牧业的研究有所补益。不当之处,敬请方家指正。     

Controlling horse heart rate as a basis for training improvement

Equine training methods, and consequently, performance times have improved little since the last decades. With advances in measuring signals on-line by means of several new technologies and analytical procedures, and processing these signals immediately with strong and compact processors, it may be possible to develop new training methods. In this research, the objective was to explore the possibilities of using modern model-based algorithms to control the heart rate of horses (bpm) on-line by means of the control input running speed (km/h). Forty-five experiments with five horses and four riders were carried out to generate measurements of physiological status during running. The dynamical characteristics of each horse were quantified using linear discrete transfer function models. The dynamic response of heart rate to step changes in running speed were accurately described. In 90% of the cases, a first-order model gave the best fit. For 69% of the models, the r² was higher than 0.90 and for 34% of the models, the r² was even higher than 0.95. In a next step, the model-based algorithm was evaluated by controlling cardiac responses of two horses (horses 2 and 4) to a pre-defined trajectory. The model parameters were kept constant. On average, the error between the defined target trajectory in heart rate and the actual controlled heart rate ranged between 0.2 and 1.4 bpm for the whole target heart rate trajectory. During the steady-state part of the trajectory the average error was maximum 1.1 bpm. In the transient from one steady-state heart rate to another level, the error could increase on average up to 5 bpm. In the future, the combination of on-line measured bioresponses with real-time analysis can be used for adjusting the work load of the horse, during training, directly to the immediate needs of horse (welfare) and trainer (performance).     

甘肃省马肿瘤的流行病学调查

采用流行病学方法,1991～2003年对甘肃省各地州市的各个牧场和分散饲养马的肿瘤的发病情况进行了调查,并采用病理解剖学和组织学方法对病例进行确诊,结果表明:在甘肃省马肿瘤中良性肿瘤的发病率明显高于恶性肿瘤,其中发病最多的为纤维瘤,占全部肿瘤的42.31%,且公马的纤维瘤发病率比母马高;调查还发现马肿瘤的发病率与年龄有关,多发于5～10岁;同时还发现马肿瘤的高发区与人肿瘤的高发区地域分布一致。     

microRNAs在马中的研究进展及应用

为了解microRNAs在马医学临床诊断、预测和治疗中的应用,本研究通过整理相关文献并进行分析,概括了 microRNAs在马中的研究进展.结果表明:1)在马的正常和病变组织中,microRNAs存在差异表达,可以通过靶向抑制关键调节因子,参与调控病症相关信号通路;2)在赛马运动过程中,microRNAs的表达与能量代...     

《老子》“却走马以粪”本义试探

研究《老子》的多数学者将＂却走马以粪＂与农事相关联。其实,＂却走马以粪＂当解为＂让奔驰的马停下来排泄粪便＂,和农事无关。老子通过＂却走马以粪＂表达一个思想：在役使马的时候,要照顾马的生理习性。     

羊驼呼吸系统形态结构观察

用大体解剖学方法研究了羊驼呼吸系统的形态结构,用组织学方法研究了羊驼肺的组织结构,并与文献报道的骆驼的呼吸系统,牛、羊、马、猪等的呼吸系统进行了比较。结果显示,羊驼呼吸系统的组成与其它家畜相同,都是由鼻、咽、喉、气管、支气管和肺组成,但各器官有其特点。羊驼呼吸系统形态结构类似于骆驼和马,肺的组织结构类似于其它家畜,但也有其独特之处。     

补喂胍基乙酸对运动训练伊犁马血浆胍基乙酸、肌酸浓度的影响

【目的】 研究补喂胍基乙酸（GAA）对伊犁马血浆胍基乙酸、肌酸浓度的影响。【方法】 选取20匹年龄为2~3岁、体重[（373.2±30.53）kg]相近且经过严格训练的速度赛用伊犁马,随机分为4组,每组5匹（3♀+2♂）,每日等强度训练。每匹马每天饲喂精料补充料4 kg,自由采食青干草,各组每天每匹马分别补喂0（CON组）、25（25 GAA组）、50（50 GAA组）和75 mg/kg BW（75 GAA组）的胍基乙酸。【结果】 （1）补喂胍基乙酸极显著提高了50 GAA组马匹第1~10 d以及75 GAA 组马匹7 d、10 d的饲喂后2 h血浆Cr/GAA（P<0.01）,显著提高了50 GAA组马匹第7 d、10 d的饲喂后2 h血浆肌酐浓度（P<0.05）。（2）补喂胍基乙酸极显著提高了各试验组血浆Cr/GAA（P<0.01）,极显著提高了50、75 GAA组马匹血浆肌酸浓度及24 h尿液肌酸代谢物排出量（P<0.01）。【结论】 补喂胍基乙酸提高了伊犁马血浆肌酸代谢物浓度,促进了伊犁马机体对胍基乙酸的快速吸收,以供机体利用,适宜添加水平为50 mg/kg BW。     

马社考——从对马的崇拜到龙马精神形成的发展历程

马社,这是农业史和畜牧史研究中,很少有人涉猎的问题。马社起源于对马和最早开始驯养马的祖先的崇拜。由此开展的祭祀活动本身是一种综合性的多功能的社会活动。那些和专业技术有关的活动也同时举办。这无疑对养马业的发展产生促进作用。马社也是养马人精神聚会组织。由对马的崇拜,进而产生了对龙马的尊崇,进而发展为龙马精神。这其中反映出我们民族精神的发展轨迹。     

补饲大蒜素对伊犁马抗疲劳及免疫力的影响

【目的】研究补饲不同剂量大蒜素对运动后伊犁马生理生化及免疫指标的影响,为运动型伊犁马健康养殖提供理论指导。【方法】16匹伊犁马经测试赛后,分别以四个剂量组大蒜素进行为期30 d的补饲,以补饲0 d为基础,随后每10 d进行一次采样,前后共四次,每次采样的时段均为赛后即刻,采集静脉血液样本对相关指标进行测定,对测定结果进行双因素方差分析。【结果】以饲喂时间分组:补饲10 d后,乳酸值显著低于饲喂前(P<0.05);补饲20 d后,K⁺显著低于基础值(P<0.05);补饲30 d后,Ca²⁺显著低于基础值(P<0.05)。以补饲剂量分组:补饲500 mg/kg剂量组,LDH极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)CK-MB显著低于对照组(P<0.05);补饲300 mg/kg剂量组C₄极显著高于100 mg/kg剂量组(P<0.01);补饲500 mg/kg剂量组,IgM极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。【结论】运动马补饲大蒜素的量控制300~500 mg/kg,对机体抗疲劳作用效果明显,可以有效提高机体免疫;在增强机体免疫力方面,大蒜素的补饲量比补饲天数作用效果更强。     

Genetic variability of Appaloosa horses: a study of a closed breeding population from Argentina

The genetic diversity and structure of 72 Appaloosa horses belonging to a closed breeding population from an ecological reserve in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was investigated using eight microsatellite markers from the International Society for Animal Genetics panel. Our data showed that this Appaloosa horse population had an elevated degree of genetic diversity (He= 0.746) and did not present a significant increase of homozygous individuals (F_IS~0). However, the short tandem repeats, AHT5, ASB2, HTG10 and VHL20, were not in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P-value<0.05). Genetic relationships between this population and other well known horse breeds showed that Appaloosa horses from Argentina could have had their origin in the horses of the Nez Perce’s people in Idaho while other Appaloosa horses may have had influences from Andalusian and Lusitano breeds. This closed breeding population conserves an important degree of Appaloosa genetic diversity and notwithstanding its particular breeding characteristics, represents a valuable genetic resource for conservation.     

Characterization of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells isolated from equine umbilical cord blood

Properties and characteristics of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSCs) isolated from equine umbilical cord’s blood in vitro have been studied. The cells had morphology similar to fibroblast, high adhesive capabilities, and immunophenotype CD31^–, CD34^–, CD90⁺. Analysis of sensitivity of MMSCs to the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was conducted. The immunocytochemical analysis detected expression of the p26 antigen in MMSCs that are being infected with EIAV. The results obtained show that MMSCs isolated from equine umbilical cord blood can be applied in veterinary virology.     

基于LC/MS的伊犁马3600 m速度赛赛前、赛后血浆代谢组学差异变化

【目的】研究伊犁马3 600 m速度赛赛前赛后血浆中代谢物的差异变化。【方法】根据马场提供的遗传系谱,挑选5匹(3♂+2♀)无亲缘关系、体重(384.40±34.18)kg、年龄为2岁的速度赛用伊犁马,每日进行等强度训练。第25 d晨饲后4 h进行3 600 m速度赛,试验马以(11.75±0.87)m/s的平均速度完成比赛。赛前安稳状态下和赛后即刻测定心率和呼吸频率,采集血液、制备血浆样品,采集血浆的质谱,采用非靶向性代谢组学方法测定代谢物。【结果】与赛前心率(39.80±0.40)bpm、呼吸频率(14.00±1.80)bpm相比,3 600 m速度赛赛后即刻试验马心率(80.80±7.70)bpm、呼吸频率(78.80±3.90)bpm显著升高(P<0.05)。与赛前相比,试验马赛后即刻部分血浆代谢物产生显著变化,差异代谢物主要涉及柠檬酸循环、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、五糖和葡萄糖醛酸间转化、半胱氨酸与蛋氨酸代谢、氧化磷酸化、脂肪酸降解、鞘脂代谢等生化代谢途径(P<0.05)。【结论】伊犁马3 600 m速度赛前、赛后血浆样本的LC/MS代谢谱存在差异,差异代谢物...     

Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America

The evolution of high-crowned molars among horses (Family Equidae) is thought to be an adaptation for abrasive diets associated with the spread of grasslands. The sharpness and relief of the worn cusp apices of teeth (mesowear) are a measure of dietary abrasion. We collected mesowear data for North American Equidae for the past 55.5 million years to test the association of molar height and dietary abrasion. Mesowear trends in horses are reflective of global cooling and associated vegetation changes. There is a strong correlation between mesowear and crown height in horses; however, most horse paleopopulations had highly variable amounts of dietary abrasion, suggesting that selective pressures for crown height may have been weak much of the time. However, instances of higher abrasion were observed in some paleopopulations, suggesting intervals of stronger selection for the evolution of dentitions, including the early Miocene shortly before the first appearance of Equinae, the horse subfamily in which high-crowned dentitions evolved.     

中国马传染性贫血病毒驴强毒株感染性分子克隆的构建

 马传染性贫血病毒（equine infectious anemia virus, EIAV）驴强毒株DV是一株经过驴体传代获得的而具有超强毒力的毒株，对马和驴均可100％致死。用PCR方法分段扩增了DV其前病毒基因，将包含全基因片段的3个基因克隆以限制性内切酶消化后顺次连接克隆到pLG338上，命名为pD70344。将此克隆体外转染驴胎皮肤细胞和驴白细胞，连续盲传3代并以反转录酶活性测定，RT-PCR鉴定其病毒活性，透射电镜观察发现细胞培养物中存在大量典型病毒粒子，证明获得了1株具有感染性的EIAV病毒粒子，命名为pD70344V。经序列测定确认了本试验首次构建了1株完全来源于EIAV强毒基因的感染性分子克隆，将此克隆病毒接种驴，可以引起典型的马传贫症状并导致试验动物死亡。该分子克隆的建立为进一步考察病毒的毒力与基因的关系提供了良好的平台。     

马鼻狂蝇幼虫感染的蒙古马咽部细胞和体液免疫研究

为了探索马鼻狂蝇幼虫感染的细胞和体液免疫情况,选取在呼和浩特屠宰场收集到的8例马鼻狂蝇幼虫感染的蒙古马为感染组,以5匹健康蒙古马为对照组。马咽部切片HE(haematoxylin and eosin)染色发现感染组马的咽部巨噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞增多,咽部黏膜增生、坏死,出现不同程度增生性炎（2龄和3龄幼虫寄生处）。通过对感染组马鼻腔分泌黏液、血液间接酶联免疫吸附测定法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)和咽部组织免疫组化方法检测,发现在感染组马鼻腔分泌的黏液和血清中有大量特异性IgG抗体;马咽部出现大量分泌IgG阳性细胞。初步探索了马鼻狂蝇幼虫感染马的病理变化和免疫机制。     

应用血清LDH同工酶对宁强矮马亲缘关系的分析

检测宁强矮马和中型马血清,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,一般可获5条LDH同工酶酶带。薄层自动扫描仪扫描、计算酶谱曲线活力区带的百分含量,经t检验差异均不显著(P>0.05)。将5个马种血清LDH同工酶活力区带百分含量,采用标准化欧氏平方距离的最小非类似值,以最短距离法聚类,西南马系统的4个马种在4.0197值时聚为一类(宁强矮马和中型马为0.2296,建昌马和安宁果下马为3.2315),而伊吾马在13.659值时才与西南马聚为一类。