菜园土壤锌的吸附——解吸特性研究

本文研究了菜园土壤锌的吸附 -解吸特性。实验结果表明 ,三种菜园土壤吸附Zn2 + 均随平衡液中Zn2 + 浓度的增加而增大 ,且均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述 ,相关系数均大于 0 .9,达极显著水平。由Langmuir方程求得的菜园土壤对Zn2 + 的最大吸附量的大小顺序为 :黄松土 >粉泥土 >江涂砂 ,但对Zn2 + 的吸附作用力强度和最大缓冲容量的顺序则相反 ,以江涂砂 >粉泥土 >黄松土。菜园土壤对Zn2 + 的解吸量随其吸附量的增加而增加 ,两者之间呈显著线性正相关。     

石灰性菜园土壤中各形态磷素的富集与变异特征

由于长期种植蔬菜，石灰性菜园土壤中的磷素在剖面中发生了分异，直接影响到其它营养元素的吸收和蔬菜的产量及品质。通过对不同植菜年限石灰性菜园土壤剖面磷素形态分级及其变异规律的研究，探讨了全磷、有效磷和无机磷不同形态的变异特征以及其磷素形态分布与其它土壤性质的关系。研究结果表明，石灰性菜园土壤耕层全磷、有效磷、无机磷与有机磷均比粮田富集强烈，有效磷源的无机磷形态含量与植菜年限呈明显的正相关，各形态无机磷含量的垂直分布与粮田存在显著关系，Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P含量为表层强烈富集，向下骤减的垂直分布特征。溶度较高的Ca2-P、Ca8-P与有机质等养分呈极显著的正相关，而与CaCO3含量和pH值的降低呈显著的负相关，随植菜年限的延长，有机质及其它养分含量的提高以及CaCO3含量和pH值的降低也促进了难溶杰礁的有始化．     

我国酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁锰形态转化及迁移

酸性硫酸盐土壤酸性很强，有机质含量高，造成了这种土壤所特有的铁锰淋洗、转化和迁移规律。研究结果表明：在酸性硫酸盐土壤中全铁含量较低，一般在３５－５０ｇ／ｋｇ（以Ｆｅ２Ｏ３计），全锰含量也低，一般在０．２５－０．５５ｇ／ｋｇ（以ＭｎＯ计），一般滩涂中全铁大于６０ｇ／ｋｇ，全锰大于１ｇ／ｋｇ。酸性硫酸盐土壤中，铁的游离度较小，一般在３７－７０％，铁的活化度较大，一般在８－２０％，而滩涂中铁的游离度一般     

有机酸淋洗对土壤Cd纵向迁移及有效性的影响

针对保定市污灌区土壤重金属污染现状,采用土柱模拟淋洗试验,以自然Cd污染土壤为对象,研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸3种淋洗剂对污染土壤中镉纵向迁移的影响,以及有效态镉在表层污染土壤中(0-20cm)的变化规律。结果表明:淋洗后表层污染土壤中Cd含量均随着有机酸添加量的增加而降低,随着EDTA添加量增加各处理较对照分别降低了4.72%,8.96%,19.38%,30.46%;不同柠檬酸添加量处理较对照分别降低了0.42%,1.14%,16.9%,27.9%;不同草酸处理较对照分别降低了4.23%,5.70%,14.01%,17.75%。随着有机酸添加量的增加,底层全镉(20-50cm)迁移深度增加,最大迁移深度可达到40cm,含量随着深度的增加而减少,3种有机酸对污染土壤镉迁移能力顺序为EDTA>柠檬酸>草酸。除低柠檬酸添加量处理下(<75kg/667m2)表层污染土壤有效镉含量较对照略有降低外,土壤有效态镉的含量均随着各有机酸添加量的增加而增加,且两者之间呈显著的线性正相关。     

京郊菜园土壤元素累积与转化特征

菜园土壤通常被认为是熟化度和肥力最高的土壤,但前人研究较少。研究不同地区菜园土壤在熟化过程影响下的基本性质、元素累积与转化特征,既有助于深入认识土壤肥力和熟化的本质,也有助于为菜园土壤的培肥管理提供科学依据。现将初步研究结果报道如下。     

有机污染物在土壤中迁移转化的研究进展

从机理、实验和数值,综述了近年来国内外土壤中有机污染物迁移转化过程的最新进展，重点介绍了处理耦合数学模型的的数值模拟方法，并结合土壤污染发展的特点,对今后有机污染的研究方向作了一般性探讨，提出了需要进一步解决的关键性问题。     

肼类燃料在土壤中迁移转化

论述了对肼、甲基肼和偏二甲肼在土壤环境中的吸附、降解、迁移转化模型及对土壤中的微生物的毒性，肼类燃料在土壤环境中与粘土的作用最强，主要存在着物理吸附与化学降解两个方面。pH值较低时，在粘土中主要是可逆离子交换；pH值较高时，在土壤表面形成不溶的氢氧化物，通过氢键和离子作用结合大量肼类燃料，肼类燃料对土壤中的微生物的毒性大小是肼＞甲基肼＞偏二甲肼，土壤中的某些微生物也可促进肼类燃料的降解。     

半干旱地区菜园土壤特征及持续利用

本文通过对天津地区有代表性的200多个不同种植年限菜园土壤耕层及典型剖面调查研究表明:老菜园土壤具有良好的主体构造，熟化层深厚，三相比协调、呈团粒结构，土壤微团聚体形状圆润、表面粗糙、联结疏松;新开发菜田微团聚体之间联结很紧，孔隙少，边缘整齐，彼此不沟通。老菜园土壤养分富集明显，富集特点为速效P＞全N＞OM＞全P＞速效K＞速效N。全量分析与粘土矿物显示，烧失量、CaO整个主体高于对照2～3倍;MgO、MnO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、P2O5高于对照20％～60％;SiO2、Na2O下降20％～40％;TiO2、K2O变化不大。菜园土壤整个主体与对照比较矿物组成变化不大;土壤微生物丰富，细菌、真菌高于对照2～3倍，放线菌高于对照1倍以上;土壤酶活性强，4种土壤酶活性高于对照2～5倍。不同发育年限菜园土壤微生物区系变化趋向显示，老菜园土壤细菌、放线菌数量增多，真菌数量有减少倾向。用土壤养分状况系统研究法对11种营养元素丰缺诊断表明，老菜园土壤养分限制因子很少，限制因子位序N＞K＞Mn，无肥区相对产量为70％以上;新菜田土壤养分限制因子很多，无肥区相对产量仅20％以上，限制因子位序P＞N＞K＞Zn＞Fe＞Mn＞S，揭示了半干旱地区菜园土壤的肥力特征，为菜园土壤持续利用提供了一定依据。     

氮肥对镉在土壤-芥菜系统中迁移转化的影响

以芥菜为研究对象, 采用盆栽试验, 探讨了不同用量的5种氮肥对污染农田土壤中镉(Cd)在土壤–根系–地上部迁移累积的影响。结果表明: 5种氮肥均促进了芥菜根系对Cd的吸收, 且根系Cd含量随施氮量的增加而增加; 但根系吸收转运Cd的能力随氮肥施用量的增加呈先降后增的变化趋势。在≤200 mg(N)·kg^-1(土)的施氮水平下, CO(NH₂)₂和Ca(NO₃)₂处理能显著降低芥菜地上部Cd含量, 降低幅度分别为13%~29%和24%~30%。在施氮量相同的条件下, NH₄Cl和(NH₄)₂SO₄显著降低了土壤pH, 增加了土壤DTPA-Cd含量, 促进了芥菜对Cd的吸收。本试验条件下, 200 mg(N)·kg^-1(土)的CO(NH₂)₂在增加芥菜产量和降低芥菜地上部Cd含量等方面优于其他氮肥处理。     

由Freundlich方程探讨锌在石灰性土壤中的吸附机制和迁移规律

本文从溶质、溶剂与吸附剂表面三者之间相互作用的角度，阐明了Freundlich方程（x=kc^1/a）在固-液吸附中两个参数的物理意义，k是与吸附平衡常数成正比的特征参数，k值大小则表示吸附反应进行的程度；a与溶质和吸附剂表面脱落的溶剂分子数的比值有关，是表征吸附作用力性质的特征参数。由实验求得k和a值初步探讨了Zn在石灰性土壤中的吸附机制和迁移规律，结果是令人满意的。     

湖南省主要茶园土壤锌的形态及其有效性

采用野外调查采样分析和田间试验方法研究了湖南省主要茶园生态系统中土壤Zn的形态及其有效性.结果显示:①成土母质明显影响土壤中各种形态Zn的含量,与母质本身的特性有关;②生物 秸秆和秸秆覆盖处理能明显提高茶园土中有效态Zn与有机态Zn的含量,而对其他形态Zn的含量影响不太明显;③土壤中对有效态Zn(AZn)含量影响最大的是交换态Zn(ExZn)与无定形氧化铁结合态Zn(AFeZn),其次为氧化锰结合态Zn(MnOZn)、有机态Zn(OMZn)及晶形氧化铁结合态Zn(CFeZn).     

Mobility of Organic and Inorganic Zinc Fertilizers in Soils

Abstract

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄ · H₂O) has traditionally been the “reliable” source of zinc (Zn) fertilizer, but other sources of Zn are also available. Some are derived from industrial by‐products, varying from flue dust reacted with sulfuric acid to organic compounds derived from the paper industry. The degree of Zn mobility in Zn sources derived from these various by‐products is related to the manufacturing process, the source of complexing or chelating agents (organic sources), and the original product used as the Zn source. Many claims are made regarding the relative efficiency of traditional inorganic Zn fertilizers and complexed Zn sources. The objective of this column study was to compare the mobility of several commercial Zn fertilizer materials (organic and inorganic) that are commonly used to correct Zn deficiencies in soils. The sources included three granular inorganic Zn sources, two granular organically complexed Zn sources, and liquid ZnEDTA. Soil columns were leached five times with deionized water. Leaching events were separated by approximately 48 h. At the conclusion of the leaching phase, columns were analyzed for plant‐available Zn. Water solubility was the primary factor affecting Zn movement, not total Zn content or organic complexation of the fertilizers. The Zn sources evaluated can be separated into three groups: ZnEDTA, ZnLigno, and ZnSO₄ were the most mobile Zn sources; the ZnOx55 was less mobile, but seemed mobile enough to meet crop needs; ZnOx26 and ZnSuc were relatively immobile Zn sources.     

水分胁迫条件下绿洲农田冬小麦水分运移规律研究

以干旱区绿洲农田冬小麦水分胁迫试验为基础,研究了不同水分胁迫条件下的冬小麦生长发育、水分利用以及土壤水分运动特征,建立了含有根系吸水项的一维土壤水动力学模型,模拟了不同水分胁迫条件下冬小麦蒸腾、棵间蒸发、根系吸水、根系生长以及田间土壤水分运移过程。结果表明:在冬小麦生育前期、中期根系吸水主要在80cm以上,生育后期根系对下层土壤水分吸收量增加,但所占比例很小。根据实测根系生长资料分析水分胁迫下生育中期根系受到水分胁迫,在生育后期恢复灌水后根系早衰,生长缓慢;从胁迫程度上来说中度胁迫复水后的后效影响要大于重度胁迫处理。     

石灰土壤原状土柱上硼和锌的迁移

Leaching of boron （B） and zinc （Zn） can be significant in some pedomorphic conditions, which can cause contamination of shallow groundwater and economic losses. Boron and Zn adsorption and transport was studied using 8.4 cm diameter × 28 cm long intact columns from two calcareous soil series with differing clay contents and vadose zone structures： Lyallpur soil series, clay loam （fine-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustalfic Haplargid）, and Sultanpur soil series, sandy loam （coarse-silty, mixed, hyperthermic Ustollic Camborthid）. The adsorption isotherms were developed by equilibrating soil with 0.01 tool L^-1 CaCl2 aqueous solution containing varying amounts of B and Zn and were fitted to the Langmuir equation. The B and Zn breakthrough curves were fitted to the two-domain convective-dispersive equation. At the end of the leaching experiment, 0.11 L 10 g L^-1 blue dye solution was also applied to each column to mark the flow paths. The Lyallpur soil columns had a slightly greater adsorption partition coefficient both for B and Zn than the Sultanpur soil columns. In the Lyallpur soil columns, B arrival was immediate but the peak concentration ratio （the concentration in solution at equilibrium/concentration applied） was lower than that in the Sultanpur soil columns. The breakthrough of B in the Sultanpur soil columns occurred after about 10 cm of cumulative drainage in both the columns; the rise in effluent concentration was fast and the peak concentration ratio was almost 1. Zinc leaching through the soil columns was very limited as only one column from the Lyallpur soil series showed Zn breakthrough in the effluent where the peak concentration ratio was only 0.05. This study demonstrates the effect of soil structure on B transport and has implications for the nutrient management in field soils.     

磷在红壤肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在红壤肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,相同施量的磷在7天和28天时的迁移距离相同,施用磷酸二氢钙(MCP)0 2g和0 5g时的迁移距离分别为1 4cm和2 0cm。磷在施肥7天内的迁移量较大,然后只发生少量迁移。迁移进入土壤的磷86 3%～94 2%被吸附固定,64 1%～72 2%仍以有效态存在。在迁移距离内,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷含量与距施肥点距离呈极显著直线负相关。施肥量对水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷在肥际微域中的含量分布有显著影响;但培养时间只对水溶性磷含量分布有显著影响。     

城市园林工程中的水土保持措施

针对城市园林工程设计及施工,在满足景观要求的前提下,结合造景,应用水土保持技术,充分发挥城市园林的生态效益。     

不同水分模式对山东茶园土壤氮素动态的影响

以山东茶园土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法,分析了恒定湿润和干湿交替模式下土壤氮素转化特征.结果表明:(1)至培养结束时,恒湿模式下60％WHC处理土壤净矿化量和净硝化量较高;脲酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性较强.20％WHC处理下土壤净矿化速率、净硝化速率严重受到抑制.(2)干湿交替模式下复水后土壤净矿化量、净硝化量以及酶活...     

Transformation and Availability of Various Forms of Zinc in Soils

The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertillizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and chemically sequential extraction procedure.Zn added into the soils was found to be rapidly transformed into the various forms. In the cinnamon soil,the amount of Zn transformed into the carbonate bound form was the highest,and the carbonate bound form was proven by the analyses of intensity factor and capacity factor to be the primary available Zn pool.But in the carbonate meadow soil,the Zn transformed was relatively homogeneously distributed in the various forms though the amount of Zn transformed into the Mn-oxide bound form was relatively high,and the organically bound,Mn-oxide bound and amorphous Fe-oxide,bound forms were found to be the main available Zn pool.Fertilizer-P took part in the regulation and control of available Zn in the soils to a certain degree.In the carbonate meadow soil,application of P fertilizer probably aggravated Zn deficiency at low Zn rate,while it was favorable to the storage of available Zn in the case of high Zn rate.