鸡源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性分析

采用药敏纸片扩散法,测定48株鸡源金黄色葡萄球菌对常用的19种抗菌药物的耐药性,检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA).结果表明:所有菌株除对万古霉素、头孢西丁和头孢唑啉100%敏感以外,对其他16种药物均产生不同程度的耐药性,其中耐药率较高的有四环素、强力霉素、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星及克林霉素,耐药率最低的为头孢噻肟、阿米卡星、复方新诺明及利福平.100%的菌株呈多重耐药,分离菌株最少耐受4种药物,最多耐受12种药物,未检测出耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌.     

Structure of the lambda complex at 2.5 A resolution: details of the repressor-operator interactions

The crystal structure of a complex containing the DNA-binding domain of lambda repressor and a lambda operator site was determined at 2.5 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 24.2 percent. The complex is stabilized by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds between the protein and the sugar-phosphate backbone. Several side chains form hydrogen bonds with sites in the major groove, and hydrophobic contacts also contribute to the specificity of binding. The overall arrangement of the complex is quite similar to that predicted from earlier modeling studies, which fit the protein dimer against linear B-form DNA. However, the cocrystal structure reveals important side chain-side chain interactions that were not predicted from the modeling or from previous genetic and biochemical studies.     

Three-dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 A resolution

The three-dimensional structure of poliovirus has been determined at 2.9 A resolution by x-ray crystallographic methods. Each of the three major capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) contains a "core" consisting of an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel with two flanking helices. The arrangement of beta strands and helices is structurally similar and topologically identical to the folding pattern of the capsid proteins of several icosahedral plant viruses. In each of the major capsid proteins, the "connecting loops" and NH2- and COOH-terminal extensions are structurally dissimilar. The packing of the subunit "cores" to form the virion shell is reminiscent of the packing in the T = 3 plant viruses, but is significantly different in detail. Differences in the orientations of the subunits cause dissimilar contacts at protein-protein interfaces, and are also responsible for two major surface features of the poliovirion: prominent peaks at the fivefold and threefold axes of the particle. The positions and interactions of the NH2- and COOH-terminal strands of the capsid proteins have important implications for virion assembly. Several of the "connecting loops" and COOH-terminal strands form prominent radial projections which are the antigenic sites of the virion.     

拉萨市牦牛肉源金黄色葡萄球菌的鉴定及其耐药性分析

[目的]明确西藏拉萨市牦牛肉源金黄色葡萄球菌常见肠毒素(SEs)基因分布特征及其多重耐药性,为牦牛肉源产SEs金黄色葡萄球菌的快速鉴定及其防控提供科学依据.[方法]通过Baird-Parker显色培养筛选及Nuc基因扩增鉴定从拉萨市牦牛肉样品中分离获得金黄色葡萄球菌,利用PCR鉴定分析金黄色葡萄球菌中9种常见SEs基因的分布特征,并采用K-B纸片扩散法对产SEs金黄色葡萄球菌进行多重耐药性分析.[结果]从100份牦牛肉样品中分离获得29株金黄色葡萄球菌,其SEs基因鉴定结果表明,9种SEs基因检测出6种(SEB、SEC、SEE、SEG、SHE和SEI),有3种(SEA、SED和SEJ)未检出.其中,SEG基因检出率79.31%,SEC和SEI基因检出率均为68.97%,SEB基因检出率55.17%,SHE基因检出率51.72%,SEE基因检出率3.45%.29株金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素(P)、氨苄西林(AMP)、克拉霉素(CLR)、红霉素(E)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)的耐药率较高,分别为79.31%、65.52%、58.62%、51.73%和31.04%;对阿米卡星(AK)、替卡西林(TIM)、苯唑西林(OX)、环丙沙星(CIP)和四环素(TE)的耐药率较低,分别为10.35%、6.90%、3.45%、3.45%和3.45%;对头孢西丁(FOX)、头孢他啶(CAZ)、头孢噻肟(CTX)、庆大霉素(CN)和氯霉素(C)尚未产生耐药性.29株金黄色葡萄球菌共表现出13种耐药谱,多重耐药率高达93.1%(27/29),其优势耐药谱为AMP/P、SMZ/CLR/E和AMP/P/CLR/E.[结论]西藏拉萨市牦牛肉源金黄色葡萄球菌含有SEG、SEC、SEI、SEB、SEH和SEE等多种SEs基因,且对青霉素类、大环内酯类和磺胺类等多种抗菌药物已产生较强的耐药性.     

Crystal structure of the ribosome at 5.5 A resolution

We describe the crystal structure of the complete Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome containing bound messenger RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNAs) at 5.5 angstrom resolution. All of the 16S, 23S, and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) chains, the A-, P-, and E-site tRNAs, and most of the ribosomal proteins can be fitted to the electron density map. The core of the interface between the 30S small subunit and the 50S large subunit, where the tRNA substrates are bound, is dominated by RNA, with proteins located mainly at the periphery, consistent with ribosomal function being based on rRNA. In each of the three tRNA binding sites, the ribosome contacts all of the major elements of tRNA, providing an explanation for the conservation of tRNA structure. The tRNAs are closely juxtaposed with the intersubunit bridges, in a way that suggests coupling of the 20 to 50 angstrom movements associated with tRNA translocation with intersubunit movement.     

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis. The resistant strains make the disease difficult to cure. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic nature of the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus cultured from bovine mastitis in Northwest China in 2014. A total of 44 S. aureus were isolated for antimicrobial resistance and resistance-related genes. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Phenotype indicated that S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin(84.09%), erythromycin(20.45%), tetracycline(15.91%), gentamicin(9.09%), tobramycin(6.82%), kanamycin(6.82%) and methicillin(2.27%). 9.09% of the S. aureus isolates were classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, genotypes showed that the isolates were resistant to rifampicin(100%, rpo B), penicillin(95.45%, bla Z), tetracycline(22.73%, tet K, tet M, alone or in combination), erythromycin(22.73%, erm B or erm C), gentamicin/tobramycin/kanamycin(2.27%, aac A-aph D), methicillin(2.27%, mec A) and vancomycin(2.27%, van A). Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tet K and tet M(r=0.558, P 0.001). This study noted high-level geno- and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China.     

Three-dimensional structure of an antigen-antibody complex at 2.8 A resolution

The 2.8 A resolution three-dimensional structure of a complex between an antigen (lysozyme) and the Fab fragment from a monoclonal antibody against lysozyme has been determined and refined by x-ray crystallographic techniques. No conformational changes can be observed in the tertiary structure of lysozyme compared with that determined in native crystalline forms. The quaternary structure of Fab is that of an extended conformation. The antibody combining site is a rather flat surface with protuberances and depressions formed by its amino acid side chains. The antigen-antibody interface is tightly packed, with 16 lysozyme and 17 antibody residues making close contacts. The antigen contacting residues belong to two stretches of the lysozyme polypeptide chain: residues 18 to 27 and 116 to 129. All the complementarity-determining regions and two residues outside hypervariable positions of the antibody make contact with the antigen. Most of these contacts (10 residues out of 17) are made by the heavy chain, and in particular by its third complementarity-determining region. Antigen variability and antibody specificity and affinity are discussed on the basis of the determined structure.     

The atomic structure of Mengo virus at 3.0 A resolution

The structure of Mengo virus, a representative member of the cardio picornaviruses, is substantially different from the structures of rhino- and polioviruses. The structure of Mengo virus was solved with the use of human rhinovirus 14 as an 8 A resolution structural approximation. Phase information was then extended to 3 A resolution by use of the icosahedral symmetry. This procedure gives promise that many other virus structures also can be determined without the use of the isomorphous replacement technique. Although the organization of the major capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 of Mengo virus is essentially the same as in rhino- and polioviruses, large insertions and deletions, mostly in VP1, radically alter the surface features. In particular, the putative receptor binding "canyon" of human rhinovirus 14 becomes a deep "pit" in Mengo virus because of polypeptide insertions in VP1 that fill part of the canyon. The minor capsid peptide, VP4, is completely internal in Mengo virus, but its association with the other capsid proteins is substantially different from that in rhino- or poliovirus. However, its carboxyl terminus is located at a position similar to that in human rhinovirus 14 and poliovirus, suggesting the same autocatalytic cleavage of VP0 to VP4 and VP2 takes place during assembly in all these picornaviruses.     

抗多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌土壤放线菌筛选

[目的]从土壤中发现拮抗多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌的放线菌。[方法]将土壤稀释后在高氏一号培养基上划线分离放线菌,并测试抗菌活性。[结果]获得放线菌一株B0602具有很强的抗菌活性。[结论]放线菌B0602可能开发出高活性的抗生素制品。     

Structure of recombinant human renin, a target for cardiovascular-active drugs, at 2.5 A resolution

The x-ray crystal structure of recombinant human renin has been determined. Molecular dynamics techniques that included crystallographic data as a restraint were used to improve an initial model based on porcine pepsinogen. The present agreement factor for data from 8.0 to 2.5 angstroms (A) is 0.236. Some of the surface loops are poorly determined, and these disordered regions border a 30 A wide solvent channel. Comparison of renin with other aspartyl proteinases shows that, although the structural cores and active sites are highly conserved, surface residues, some of which are critical for specificity, vary greatly (up to 10A). Knowledge of the actual structure, as opposed to the use of models based on related enzymes, should facilitate the design of renin inhibitors.     

Molecular structure of troponin C from chicken skeletal muscle at 3-angstrom resolution

The x-ray structure of chicken skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC), the Ca2+-binding subunit of the troponin complex, shows that the protein is about 70 angstroms long with an unusual dumbbell shape. The carboxyl and amino domains are separated by a single long alpha helix of about nine turns. Only the two high-affinity Ca2+-Mg2+ sites of the COOH-domain are occupied by metal ions resulting in conformational differences between the COOH- and NH2-domains. These differences are probably important in the triggering of muscle contraction by TnC. Also the structure of TnC is relevant in understanding the function of other calcium-regulated proteins, in particular that of calmodulin because of its strong similarity in amino acid sequence.     

Zinc finger-DNA recognition: crystal structure of a Zif268-DNA complex at 2.1 A

The zinc finger DNA-binding motif occurs in many proteins that regulate eukaryotic gene expression. The crystal structure of a complex containing the three zinc fingers from Zif268 (a mouse immediate early protein) and a consensus DNA-binding site has been determined at 2.1 angstroms resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 18.2 percent. In this complex, the zinc fingers bind in the major groove of B-DNA and wrap part way around the double helix. Each finger has a similar relation to the DNA and makes its primary contacts in a three-base pair subsite. Residues from the amino-terminal portion of an alpha helix contact the bases, and most of the contracts are made with the guanine-rich strand of the DNA. This structure provides a framework for understanding how zinc fingers recognize DNA and suggests that this motif may provide a useful basis for the design of novel DNA-binding proteins.     

The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution

The large ribosomal subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation and binds initiation, termination, and elongation factors. We have determined the crystal structure of the large ribosomal subunit from Haloarcula marismortui at 2.4 angstrom resolution, and it includes 2833 of the subunit's 3045 nucleotides and 27 of its 31 proteins. The domains of its RNAs all have irregular shapes and fit together in the ribosome like the pieces of a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle to form a large, monolithic structure. Proteins are abundant everywhere on its surface except in the active site where peptide bond formation occurs and where it contacts the small subunit. Most of the proteins stabilize the structure by interacting with several RNA domains, often using idiosyncratically folded extensions that reach into the subunit's interior.     

牛乳源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检测与耐药性分析

从新疆昌吉、伊犁、石河子3个地区奶牛养殖场乳腺炎奶样中共分离134株金黄色葡萄球菌,对其中mecA基因阳性的30株进行了8种不同抗菌素敏感性检测。结果显示,分离自同一地区牛乳源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对不同药物的耐药性不同,不同地区牛源MRSA对同一药物的耐药性也存在差别。3个地区分离的牛源MRSA均对青霉素、氨苄西林表现为耐药。此外还发现,伊犁地区的所有菌株均对四环素敏感。该调查显示,新疆奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA普遍存在,MRSA的分离率可达22.3%,且对当前常用的抗菌素呈现多重耐药现象。     

The crystal structure of TAL effector PthXo1 bound to its DNA target

DNA recognition by TAL effectors is mediated by tandem repeats, each 33 to 35 residues in length, that specify nucleotides via unique repeat-variable diresidues (RVDs). The crystal structure of PthXo1 bound to its DNA target was determined by high-throughput computational structure prediction and validated by heavy-atom derivatization. Each repeat forms a left-handed, two-helix bundle that presents an RVD-containing loop to the DNA. The repeats self-associate to form a right-handed superhelix wrapped around the DNA major groove. The first RVD residue forms a stabilizing contact with the protein backbone, while the second makes a base-specific contact to the DNA sense strand. Two degenerate amino-terminal repeats also interact with the DNA. Containing several RVDs and noncanonical associations, the structure illustrates the basis of TAL effector-DNA recognition.     

On the origin of bacterial resistance to penicillin: comparison of a beta-lactamase and a penicillin target

Structural data are now available for comparing a penicillin target enzyme, the D-alanyl-D-alanine-peptidase from Streptomyces R61, with a penicillin-hydrolyzing enzyme, the beta-lactamase from Bacillus licheniformis 749/C. Although the two enzymes have distinct catalytic properties and lack relatedness in their overall amino acid sequences except near the active-site serine, the significant similarity found by x-ray crystallography in the spatial arrangement of the elements of secondary structure provides strong support for earlier hypotheses that beta-lactamases arose from penicillin-sensitive D-alanyl-D-alanine-peptidases involved in bacterial wall peptidoglycan metabolism.     

Crystallographic structure of the octameric histone core of the nucleosome at a resolution of 3.3 A

The structure of the (H2A-H2B-H3-H4)2 histone octamer has been determined by means of x-ray crystallographic techniques at a resolution of 3.3 angstroms. The octamer is a prolate ellipsoid 110 angstroms long and 65 to 70 angstroms in diameter, and its general shape is that of a rugby ball. The size and shape are radically different from those determined in earlier studies. The most striking feature of the histone octamer is its tripartite organization, that is, a central (H3-H4)2 tetramer flanked by two H2A-H2B dimers. The DNA helix, placed around the octamer in a path suggested by the features on the surface of the protein, appears like a spring holding the H2A-H2B dimers at either end of the (H3-H4)2 tetramer.     

The structure of the c60 molecule: x-ray crystal structure determination of a twin at 110 k

Single-crystal x-ray diffraction methods were used to determine the crystal and molecular structure of C(60) buckminsterfullerene. At 110 kelvin C(60) is cubic, apparent Laue symmetry m3m, but it exhibits noncrystallographic systematic extinctions indicative of a twin in which I(hkl) and I(khl) are superimposed. In fact, C(60) crystallizes with four molecules in space group [See equation in the PDF file] of the cubic system (Laue symmetry m3) with lattice constant a = 14.052(5) angstroms (A) at 110 kelvin. The twin components are equal. A given component, which has crystallographically imposed symmetry [See equation in the PDF file] displays an ordered structure of a truncated icosahedron. The five independent C=C bonds that join C(6) rings average 1.355(9) A; the ten independent C-C bonds that join C(6) and C(5) rings average 1.467(21) A. The mean atom-to-atom diameter of the C(60) molecule is 7.065(3) A. The molecules are very tightly packed in the crystal structure, with intermolecular C...C distances as short as 3.131(7) A.     

The structure of an open form of an E. coli mechanosensitive channel at 3.45 A resolution

How ion channels are gated to regulate ion flux in and out of cells is the subject of intense interest. The Escherichia coli mechanosensitive channel, MscS, opens to allow rapid ion efflux, relieving the turgor pressure that would otherwise destroy the cell. We present a 3.45 angstrom-resolution structure for the MscS channel in an open conformation. This structure has a pore diameter of approximately 13 angstroms created by substantial rotational rearrangement of the three transmembrane helices. The structure suggests a molecular mechanism that underlies MscS gating and its decay of conductivity during prolonged activation. Support for this mechanism is provided by single-channel analysis of mutants with altered gating characteristics.     

养殖废弃物堆肥中抗生素和抗性基因的降解研究

抗生素的滥用及排放会造成细菌产生耐药性以及抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的传播和扩散。畜禽粪便是导致环境中抗生素污染的主要来源之一。本文综述了四环素类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、磺胺类和氨基糖苷类等在水土环境中广泛存在的抗生素及其环境残留水平和对动植物、微生物的影响,分析了当前利用堆肥技术降解畜禽粪便中抗生素和ARGs效果及机制的研究情况。总结得出,猪粪中抗生素残留量最高,其中四环素类残留量为1390~354 000 mg·kg^-1,磺胺类170.6~89 000 mg·kg^-1,氟喹诺酮类411.3~1 516.2 mg·kg^-1,硝基呋喃类85.1~158.1 mg·kg^-1,大环内酯类1.4~4.8 mg·kg^-1。堆肥对大部分抗生素具有好的降解效果,其中四环素类抗生素降解率为62.7%~99%,磺胺类为0~99.99%,对大环内酯类几乎可以完全降解,但是,堆肥无法降解喹诺酮类抗生素。养殖废弃物堆肥过程中,ARGs的降解情况同样因抗生素种类和堆肥方式而不同。已有的研究表明,除大环内酯类ARGs外,堆肥对其他ARGs均具有有效的降解效果,降解率为50.03%~100%。堆肥初期的优势菌门是厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门;堆肥结束后放线菌门成为最优势菌门。初始抗生素的浓度不影响堆肥结束时微生物的群落组成。温度和pH是影响抗生素降解的最主要因素,而ARGs的降解效果主要受温度影响。