榆木蠹蛾性诱剂的合成及林间诱蛾试验

利用毛细管气相色谱分析榆木蠹蛾处女雌蛾性腺体提取物、化学合成相应的标准化合物并通过触角电位分析及林间诱蛾试验,旨在找到一种对榆木蠹蛾成虫具有强引诱活性的性诱剂.结果表明:提取物中存在反-3-十四碳烯醇(E3 - 14∶OH)、顺-3-十四碳烯醇(Z3 - 14∶ OH)、反-3 -十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E3 - 14∶Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14∶ Ac)和顺-3-反-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z3E5 -14∶ Ac).榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对Z7-14∶ Ac产生最强的触角电位(EAG)反应,为4.95 mV,极显著高于其他化合物,其他依次是E3 - 14∶Ac、Z3E5 -14∶Ac、E3E5 -14∶ Ac、Z3 - 14∶Ac、腺体提取物、E7 - 14∶Ac,其中乙酸酯化合物EAG值极显著高于其相应的醇(P＜0.01).林间诱蛾活性试验表明:Z7- 14∶ Ac有诱蛾活性,E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac有显著的增效作用,Z7-14∶ Ac、E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac按10∶ 4∶4的比例配成每个含900 μg性诱剂的诱芯具有很好的诱蛾活性,单诱芯日平均诱蛾数达11.02头.     

沙柳木蠹蛾性诱剂的化学合成与林间生物活性评价

采用气相色谱仪分析,发现沙柳木蠹蛾雌虫性信息素腺体中存在顺-7-十四碳烯醇(Z7-14:OH)、顺-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z5-14:Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14:Ac)和顺-9-十六碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z9-16:Ac)4种成分。通过化学合成获得相应的化合物,对这些标准品进行室内触角电位测定和林间生物测定,评价其对沙柳木蠹蛾的生物活性。结果表明:Z7-14:Ac和Z5-14:Ac按一定比例复配后有明显的引诱活性,在此二者的复配物中加入少量Z7-14:OH,诱蛾量稍有增加;将Z7-14:Ac,Z5-14:Ac和Z7-14:OH以10∶8∶1的比例配制成总含量为760μg的诱芯,与三角形诱捕器结合可用于对沙柳木蠹蛾进行诱杀。     

沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

利用气相色谱和触角电位初步确定沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素的主要组分为顺-7-十四碳烯醇(Z7-14:OH)、顺-7-十四碳烯基乙酸酯(Z7-14:Ac)和反-7-十四碳烯基乙酸酯(E7-14:Ac).应用本实验室人工合成的标准化合物在不同地点进行2年的田间试验,结果表明:以Z7-14:Ac、E3-14:Ac和E7-14:Ac 3种化合物按10:10:1配成含量为500 μg·个-1的诱芯,其诱蛾效果最好,诱蛾量能准确反映林间沙棘木蠹蛾发生与消长的情况.     

蒙古木蠹蛾(Cossus mongolicus Ersch.)合成性诱剂研究——触角电位反应及林间诱捕调查

蒙古木蠹蛾,Cossus mongolicus Ersch.雄蛾触角对化合物顺-5-十二碳烯醇乙酸酯、反-5-十二碳烯醇乙酸酯和顺-3-癸烯醇乙酸酯电位反应强烈,但在诱捕试验中唯有顺-5-十二碳烯醇乙酸酯具有显著引诱作用。一只诱芯含0.5mg顺-5-十二碳烯醇乙酸酯的诱捕器一夜平均诱蛾12.67头,为一头活雌蛾诱蛾数的5.3倍,400瓦黑光灯诱捕器的2倍。诱捕器类型、设置高度和诱芯载体材料影响引诱效果。样品对蒙古木蠹蛾具有专一性。     

蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素研究

经毛细管气谱和质谱比较分析,发现蒙古木蠹蛾(Cossus mongolicus Ersch.)雌蛾产卵器及性信息素腺体漂洗液内,主要含有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯和顺-5-14碳烯醇乙酸酯两个化合物,其中只有顺-5-12碳烯醇乙酸酯能引起蒙古未蠹蛾雄蛾强烈触角电位反应,且在连续两年的林间诱捕试验中表现出显著引诱效果和防治潜力,由此证明顺-5-12碳烯辞乙酸酯是蒙古木蠹蛾性信息素的主要成分。     

思茅松毛虫3个地理种群性信息素成分差异分析

[目的]分析思茅松毛虫雌成虫不同地理种群间性信息素成分、含量和比例差异,比较雄成虫触角敏感性和不同配比诱芯诱捕效果差异,开发不同地域有针对性的思茅松毛虫种群监测方法和诱捕防控技术。[方法]运用气相色谱(GC)分析思茅松毛虫湖南、云南和江西地理种群雌虫性信息素腺体提取物,利用触角电位仪(EAG)测定思茅松毛虫各地理种群雄蛾触角对性信息素标准品及其不同配比组分的电生理敏感性,然后进行林间生物测定,比较不同配比的性信息素成分诱蛾效果。[结果]思茅松毛虫性信息素腺体中含有顺5,反7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯(Z5,E7-12:OAc)、顺5,反7-十二碳二烯醇(Z5,E7-12:OH)和顺5-十二碳烯乙酸酯(Z5-12:OAc)3种成分,3个地理种群间这3种腺体成分含量和比例存在微小差异。3种成分以100:10:25或者100:10:10的比例配比,不同地理种群间均具有很好的触角电位活性和林间诱蛾活性。[结论]思茅松毛虫性信息素组分还没有发生明显的种下分化现象,3个地理种群间性信息素含量和比例的细微差异暗示着与地域差异、寄主植物差异和人为化学防控干扰等因素相关。     

小木蠹蛾性诱剂的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

小木蠹蛾（Holcocerus insuleris Staudinger)雄蛾触角对标准化合物Z3－14：Ac、Z3E5－14：Ac、E3－14:Ac和Z9－14：Ac有明显的电位反应。但林间诱蛾试验结果表明：只有Z3－14：Ac对小木蠹蛾具有显著的引诱活性，且具有专一性。一个含500μgZ3－14：Ac的诱捕器日平均诱蛾2．66头，为一头活雌蛾日诱蛾数的1．8倍。成虫发生期诱蛾量的变化能准确反映林间小木蠹蛾发生与消长的情况。性诱剂Z3－14：Ac的发展，为小木蠹蛾的综合防治提供一条新的途径。     

蜀柏毒蛾性信息素及其林间诱集效果初步研究

采取正己烷溶剂浸提法提取蜀柏毒蛾处女雌蛾性信息素腺体中的性信息素,运用气相色谱-触角电位联用仪(Gas Chromatography-electroantennographic Detection,GC-EAD)测定蜀柏毒蛾雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中性信息素成分的活性反应,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrum,GC-MS)鉴定其活性反应成分。GC-EAD结果显示雄蛾触角对雌蛾性信息素腺体提取物中的2种成分有较好的反应。GC-MS分析结果表明能引起雄蛾触角电生理反应的成分为顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇。林间试验表明,顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇诱芯对蜀柏毒蛾有相近的诱集效果,表明顺-9-十八碳烯醛和顺-9-十八碳烯醇是蜀柏毒蛾性信息素主要成份。通过对复合组分配方顺-9-十八碳烯醛∶顺-9-十八碳烯醇=1∶9(200μg)、顺-9-十八碳烯醛∶顺-9-十八碳烯醇=9∶1(200μg)和单组分配方顺-9-十八碳烯醛(200μg)、顺-9-十八碳烯醇((200μg)4种配方诱芯林间诱集效果试验,结果 4种配方均具有一定的诱集效果,但复合组分诱集效果比单组分诱集效果好。     

油松毛虫性诱剂的合成与林间活性试验

用Wittig缩合反应合成了油松毛虫(Dendrolimus tabulaeformis Tsai etLiu)的性诱剂—(顺,反)-5,7-十二碳二烯-1-醇(Ⅰ)、(顺,反)-5,7-十二碳二烯-1-基醋酸酯(Ⅱ)和(顺,反)-5,7-十二碳二烯-1-基丙酸酯(Ⅲ)。 1980年夏季,在北京郊区的油松林里进行了田间试验。试验结果表明,Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ的混合物对油松毛虫的雄蛾具有强烈的引诱活性。单组份Ⅰ诱到一些雄蛾,但Ⅱ或Ⅲ诱蛾量很少。     

微红梢斑螟引诱剂的林间筛选

为研发和优化引诱剂对微红梢斑螟Dioryctria rubella Hampson的诱捕效果，参考前人研究结果和预试验调整微红梢斑螟性信息素组分顺-11-十六碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z11-16:Ac）、顺-11-十六碳烯醛（Z11-16:Ald）、顺-9-反-11-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z9, E11-14:Ac）和顺-9-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯（Z9-14:Ac）的组成与配比，前3个组分配比3∶6∶1为引诱剂A、配比5∶3∶2为引诱剂C，引诱剂A和C分别添加第4个组分Z9-14:Ac，配比3∶6∶1∶1为引诱剂B、配比5∶3∶2∶1为引诱剂D，引诱剂C分别添加2种虫害诱导挥发物苯甲醛和β-石竹烯及组合；选择三角形和桶状诱捕器在北京和河北地区进行林间筛选试验验证引诱效果。结果表明：调整引诱剂A组分配比后的引诱剂C对微红梢斑螟的引诱效果显著提高，添加组分Z9-14:Ac对引诱剂A的引诱效果没有影响，而对引诱剂C的引诱效果有提升趋势；引诱剂D对越冬代雄成虫引诱效果优于引诱剂A，引诱剂A对第一代雄成虫引诱效果优于引诱剂D；苯甲醛和β-石竹烯对引诱剂C的引诱效果无显著影响；三角形诱捕器的诱集数量显著高于桶状诱捕...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.