绥阳县森林鼠（兔）害发生现状及防治情况调查

调查结果表明森林鼠兔害在绥阳县主要危害10年生以下树木。在鼠(兔)害发生严重地区,被害株率达到55%以上,平均被害枯死株率在12%左右,林区鼠口密度35只/hm2、兔口密度60~90只/hm2。用血腥驱避法、无毒仿生剂(溴敌隆杀鼠剂)、捕鼠(兔)夹、鼠(兔)笼、钢丝绳套和索套等物理器械捕杀鼠(兔),能有效防治森林鼠(兔)的危害。     

Laboratory testing of wood mouse and common vole sensitivity to bromadiolone,sodium selenite,and cellulose

Maintaining the numbers of wood mice and common voles at an acceptable economic level, especially during years of massive outbreaks, is a major challenge in plant protection. Efforts to reduce the negative effects of rodenticides on the environment, to improve the integrated pest control system, and to minimize risks for human and animal health require investigation of the potentials of cellulose, as a natural product, and sodium selenite as rodenticides. The present study was conducted to determine the sensitivity of these rodent species to bromadiolone (a.i. 0.005 %), sodium selenite (a.i. 0.1 and 0.05 %), and cellulose (a.i. 45 %) baits. All experiments were done using no-choice and choice feeding trials. A low acceptance of cellulose baits was found in the choice feeding trial, and the time of first deaths indicate that stress and hunger increase the death rate in both species. The taste had a negative impact on the acceptability of baits containing sodium selenite. Low bait acceptance of cellulose and sodium selenite resulted in lower mortality of both species. The acquired results indicate that bromadiolone remains a more effective solution than cellulose and sodium selenite for control of wood mice and common voles.     

Erfahrungen bei der bekämpfung der wanderratte,Rattus norvegicus (Berk.) 1999 in Magdeburg

Data of a pest control business was used to study infestation with the brown, or Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769]) in the City of Magdeburg for the year 1999. Swarms of rats were found to live all over the territory of the city. Blocks of residential buildings erected during G. D. R. times and, more specifically, their basements were noted to be focal sites of infestation with rats. The problem of rats living in the sewerage system of the city turned out to be unresolved. Detailed reference is made to rodenticides and active substances as well as to control strategies. The priority given to economical issues over the application of scientific findings is considered to be the decisive factor which accounts for the needs in the extermination of rats.     

Integrierte Bekämpfung forstschädlicher Wühlmäuse

Mainly the following four species of voles (Arvicolidae) are harmful in forest plantations in Central Europe: the field vole (Microtus agrestis), the common vole (M. arvalis), the redbacked vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and the water vole (Arvicola terrestris). Different possibilities of development of an integrated control programme are discussed. The most important factors are: identification and forecasting of damages, determination of control thresholds, optimized timing of control operation and selection of efficient control methods with minimized environmental hazards. Finally the system of surveillance of rodents in Bavarian forest plantations is described, whereby different preventive measures by means of forest cultivation play an important role. Furthermore new methods of forecast and of control such as bait station technique with new types of rodenticides and attractants are tested.     

武威东沙窝喜鹊、环颈雉种群数量25年变化

采取路线调查法,在1990~2014年对武威东沙窝地区的喜鹊环颈雉进行了调查,并通过比较来说明该地区25年来两者数量变化原因。结果表明：2005年前,喜鹊数量明显下降,环颈雉数量显著增加;2005年后,喜鹊数量逐渐恢复和增加,而环颈雉数量逐渐减少。主要是因前期大量使用而后期控制使用剧毒农药和杀鼠剂,引起食物链中位居生产者或消费者的鼠、猫数量变化引起的。喜鹊环颈雉数量变化主要是人为活动干扰造成的。因此,要尽量减少人为活动干扰,营造良好生态环境,使种群间通过天然食物链关系而健康共存。     

Valuing Natural Forest Resources: An Application of Contingent Valuation Method on Adaba-Dodola Forest Priority Area,Bale Mountains,Ethiopia

This research employs a contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate the respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) to gain use and control rights to a natural forest resource at the Adaba-Dodola Forest Priority Area (ADFPA) in the Bale Mountains of Ethiopia. The analysis was based on data collected from 295 households residing in and around the forest resource. Both binary probit and ordered probit models were used to examine socioeconomic factors that determine the respondents' WTP to gain these rights. The estimated mean and median WTP were found to be ETB 24.41 (US$2.54) and ETB 22.14 (US$2.30) annually, respectively. Households with more members, have better exposure to education and training, perceive the need for forest conservation, are member of forest dwellers' association, and who are wealthier in terms of ownership of more cultivated land and livestock are willing to pay more; whereas those households characterized by earning better annual household income, those who got higher starting bid value, and those who live farther away from the prime forest resource are willing to pay less. This can be used to signal that there is a considerable non-market value attached to use and control rights to the natural forest. In particular, membership in official forest user groups has shown a strong and positive relationship with WTP in all the models employed. This implies the approach of participatory management using forest user groups is better both for the sustainability of the forest resource and the livelihoods of the people who depend upon it.     

黔南州森林春季防火期主要气象因子与林火时空动态

运用克里格空间数据制图和传统统计分析相结合的方法对2001—2008年黔南州森林春季防火期主要气象因子与林火情况进行研究,结果表明:黔南州森林春季防火期内降雨量、蒸发量和最大风速相对空间分布不均匀,而最高气温、最小空气相对湿度则相反;空间分布上存在一定的水平地带性和垂直地带性,时间动态明显;森林火灾次数及火场面积呈逐渐增加趋势;空间分布上以都匀、平塘和罗甸3地为分界线,东南部6个县市森林火灾次数及火场面积大于西北部6县市。     

合水林区中华鼢鼠防治技术研究

中华鼢鼠在合水林区主要危害植物的根系，喜食油松、华山松及宾草等20多种植物，其种群密度为13只／hm^2，5只／hm^2以上时必须进行防治。1a2胎，1胎1～4只，3-6月和9-10月为防治的最佳时期，防治方法主要采取“三结合五同步”的有效做法，即常年防治与临时突击队相结合，专业队伍与群防相结合，药物防治与器械捕杀相结合，灭鼠同整地、造林、补植、抚育、管护同步进行。     

Adapting through practice: Silviculture,innovation and forest governance for the age of extreme uncertainty

Adaptation in forest management is often framed as a scientific challenge, relying on more accurate modelling and better communication from science practice. However future scenarios of extreme uncertainty such as those characterising the Anthropocene may require a more flexible and interactive approach, drawing on a wider range of knowledge. The role of the practitioner in this is often highlighted, but little understood. This paper therefore seeks to contribute to empirical understanding of forest practice and its implications for adaptive forest governance. In the UK, devolved forest administrations are addressing new structures and politics, reduced budgets and staff, and several high impact tree health disasters. In the absence of scientific and operational guidance, foresters are finding new spaces in which to use their silvicultural knowledge, and work flexibly, generating new knowledge and practice through observation and local experiments. The capacity of state forestry organisations to learn and adapt is constrained by resource cuts, reorganisation, poor record keeping, increasingly top-down policy control, and de facto pre-eminence given to timber as the management objective. Individual relationships and personalities can nevertheless support communication and learning. The new circumstances are stimulating an approach which is both creative and grounded in silvicultural knowledge and experience. Important parts of the adaptive process lie with practice and innovation in the forest, rather than hierarchical, science-led approaches, but reality does not present us with a simple dichotomy between deterministic, reductionist forest management, and indeterministic, adaptive, ecosystem approaches. Further attention to practitioners' realities and contribution to knowledge is needed.     

Do commercial forest plantations reduce pressure on natural forests? Evidence from forest policy reforms in Uganda

This paper investigates if and how the establishment of private commercial forest plantations in degraded forest reserves can conserve natural forests in Uganda. It uses difference-in-difference and decomposition analyses on household data collected from intervention and control villages in the neighborhood of forest reserves. We find that commercial forest plantations are weakly effective in conserving natural forests. The reduction in forest use is unevenly distributed across households depending on location and resource endowments such as farmland and livestock. The results suggest that the conservation effectiveness can be enhanced by complementary interventions that change characteristics that reduce forest use, such as more education for forest users.     

Sublethal dose of warfarin induction promotes the accumulation of warfarin resistance in susceptible Norway rats

Journal of Pest Science - Resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in Norway rats has been primarily explained by selection on the mutations in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1...     

单叶省藤组培苗造林初步研究

单叶省藤(CalamussimplicifoliusC F Wei)是我国华南地区的优质商品藤种,其藤茎质量好,为编制家具的优质原料[1～3]。70年代以来的栽培试验表明,它不仅适应性强,而且速生,可广泛栽培于海南、广东、广西、云南和福建等省区,为我国棕榈藤栽培的首选藤种[1]。但野生资源由于长期过度采伐而枯竭,少量试验林未结实或结实甚少,推广栽培因种质资源奇缺而受到严重制约[2]。通过组织培养等生物技术工厂化快繁单叶省藤,是解决扩大栽培种苗问题的最好途径。因而开展了单叶省藤组培和造林技术研究,现将组培苗造林试验结果及其特殊性予以报道。1　…     

Empfindlichkeit von Hausmäusen verschiedener Herkunft gegen Antikoagulantien

Various subspecies ofMus musculus and related species are worldwide in distribution. In the temperate regions this rodent lives in the field throughout the year. it can cause severe damages to various crops, i. e. in Egypt the new reclaimed areas within the desert are heavily infested, and in Portugal seeds in greenhouses are often destroyed.The control of the house mouse is increasingly difficult because this pest rodent has become resistant to many rodenticides in some regions. The house mouse also inspects and is cautious when selecting its food, especially poisoned baits, and develops bait-shyness rapidly.The efficacy of several anticoagulants against house mice of different origins was tested. The animals were caught in the surrounding areas of Munich, Lisbon, and Cairo. An albino laboratory strain served as a standard. The rodenticides were diluted with olive oil and administered in varying doses to the animals. Before and after treatment the mortality and the prothrombin times of the test animals were observed. The following anticoagulants are ordered according to their increasing efficiency: Coumarin, Coumatetralyl, Chlorphacinon + Sulfachinoxalin, Difenacoum, Bromadiolon, and Fluocoumaphen.The susceptibility of different subspecies of the house mouse to the anticoagulants varied remarkably.M. m. spretus from Portugal was very resistant to all the tested rodenticides whereasM. m. praetextus in Egypt was highly susceptible.In Egypt bait preference tests and some experiments with ready made baits containing Difenacoum (RS 2®), Chlorphacinone + Sulfachinoxalin (Raviac®), and Warfarin (Coumafene®) were conducted in the field. Wheat was the preferred bait as compared to sunflower kernels, maize, and chicken pellets. The acceptance was slightly improved by adding a small quantity (5–15%) if sesame to the bait but not in combination with oliveoil, maizeoil or cottonoil. In small testplots in 0,5 ha of straw heaps and in 1 ha of maize fields the bait consumed was reduced on the seventh day by more than 70% after application of anticoagulants, but increased very rapidly when the treatment was interrupted because of reinfestation.

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Mit 4 Tabellen     

林窗对南酸枣林灌木层植物多样性的影响

于湖南省宁乡县青羊湖国有林场南酸枣林内的41个林窗和41个非林窗中设置样方,对其灌木层植物群落进行调查,采用物种多样性指数研究林窗干扰对南酸枣林灌木层植物多样性的影响。结果表明:林窗干扰改善了微环境,林窗内与非林窗中林下灌木层树种重要值及多样性存在差异。林窗内的灌木层树种组成数量、累计出现的平均密度、频度、丰富度指数R、Shannon-Wienner指数H、Pielout均匀度指数E、综合多样性用均优多指数Z均高于非林窗中的,而其生态优势度指数λ稍低于非林窗中的。     

中德造林项目林分调查方法在国内森林经营中的应用

中德造林项目林分调查方法相比国内森林经营的调查方法大有不同,通过实践与调查分析,中德造林项目的林分调查方法更先进、易掌握、易操作,能真实反映森林资源状况,更适宜作为国内森林经营的首选方法.     

Modern forestry vehicles and their impact on soil physical properties

Mechanized harvesting procedures for typical forest vehicles were analysed to examine soil stresses and displacements occurring in soil profiles and to reveal changes in physical properties of forest soils. All field experiments were carried out under traffic lanes of standard forest vehicles in forest stands of the southern Black Forest. The soil stresses were determined using stress state transducers (SST) and displacement transducer systems (DTS) at depths of 20 and 40 cm. Complete harvesting and trunk-logging processes with a total time span of 9 min were observed. The maximum vertical stresses for all experiments exceeded 200 kPa; some experiments showed maximum vertical stresses up to 500 kPa or more at a depth of 20 cm. To evaluate the impact of soil stresses on soil structure, the internal soil strength was determined by predicting the precompression stress. Comparison of soil stress data with the natural bearing capacity of the natural forest soil proves that sustainable traffic is not possible, irrespective of the vehicle type and the working process. Topsoil and subsoil compaction, an increase in the precompression stresses, deep rutting and vertical as well as horizontal soil displacement associated with shearing effects took place and affected the mechanical strength and the physical properties of forest soils. Considering these results, heavy forest machinery has a severe impact on soil physical properties such as air, heat, water fluxes and rootability. In order to sustain the present undamaged soil condition, a change in harvest logistics and organisation is necessary. This can be achieved with a permanent skid-trail system which has already been designed to implement new guidelines in Baden-Württemberg, Germany (Ministerium für Ernährung und ländlichen Raum, Baden-Württemberg 2003, p 27).     

The introduction of modern forest management and clear-cutting in Sweden: Ridö State Forest 1832–2014

The effects of clear-cutting and potential alternatives continue to be hot topics during discussions of forestry and nature conservation. This study presents forest data from Ridön, an island in Lake Mälaren in central Sweden, where forest management and clear-cutting have been applied for almost 200 years. The main objective of the study was to identify changes in forest management and forest conditions over time. The forest transition in Sweden during the 1800s is also covered, and the importance of early forest experiments is discussed, exemplified by Ridön. This study is based on eight forest management plans and maps, from 1832 to 2014. Our results show a transformation from large, continuous areas of heterogeneous forest to small homogeneous stands. Clear-cutting has been the main logging method applied to Ridön for almost 200 years, which is in contrast with the general historical trend of selective cutting preceding clear-cutting in the Nordic countries. Our analysis shows that forestry has changed from the exploitation of resources to sustainable management. Currently, forest management at Ridön aims to create a nature reserve characterized by uneven-aged forest with an increased deciduous component. Hence, the intention is to obtain a forest similar to as it was in 1832. By analyzing spatially precise data on forest stands over long periods and in relation to contemporary silvicultural methods, it is possible to discern the impact of forest management, to understand the drivers of the long-term changes in managed forest, and it also allows for a more educated discussion on today’s forest management.     

国内外混交林研究进展

在应对气候变化与实现碳中和目标以及社会发展对森林生态系统要求更加多样化的时代背景下,混交林的重要性在世界各国已达成共识。通常认为,相对于纯林,混交林能够增加生物多样性、提高生产力、增加碳储量,具有更高的生态韧性（抵抗力与恢复力）。但混交林是否必然优于纯林,且混交林与生物多样性、生产力、碳汇、生态韧性以及混交效应的关系一直是国内外学者探讨与研究的问题。混交林绝不是简单的树种组合与排列,其结构与生态过程相对复杂。文中通过文献梳理,总结分析混交林与生物多样性、生产力、碳储量、生态韧性以及混交林经营管理5个方面的国内外研究成果,发现关于混交林与生态功能和生产力的关系研究结果多样,总的结论是,若要得到混交林的积极效应,不能单纯增加树种多样性,更重要的是要考虑树种特性、生态互补、林分结构以及立地和环境的影响。我国混交林研究主要是通过造林实验对比分析生长效果,选择较优混交造林技术。文中最后提出我国混交林研究发展建议,旨在促进对混交林的科学和全面认识。     

景观生态学在林业有害生物控制的研究应用

中国是一个林业大国,林业有害生物多且发生重,时刻危害着全国林业资源,在此形势下如何保护好、利用好森林生态资源显得十分紧迫。本文综述了近年来国内外有关景观生态学在林业生产生活上的应用,以期通过景观生态学的原理和方法控制森林重大病虫灾害的发生和传播。