北盘江流域降雨量和径流量年际变化研究

对北盘江流域的降雨和径流实测序列进行多尺度时频分析,可为喀斯特地区流域的综合治理、水资源的合理利用、水电设施设计标准的制定及地区的可持续发展提供保证,尤其对解决喀斯特地区的季节性干旱具有一定的指导意义.采用小波变换方法对北盘江流域年均降雨量和径流量的变化周期性进行分析,研究结果表明:北盘江流域1956-2000年降雨量和径流量均具有中等程度的变异,且径流量的增加速率大于降雨量;降雨和径流存在明显的年际和年代变化,且降雨量和径流量的变化周期具有同步性;降雨量的主周期依次为23,45,5,12 a,而23 a尺度的周期具有全局性;径流量的变化周期大致为24,6,13,40 a,而24 a尺度的周期具有全局性.     

1961-2016年长江源区径流量变化规律

利用长江源区沱沱河站和直达门站1961—2016年月平均径流量数据,运用滑动平均、累积距平曲线、集中期、集中度、滑动t检验、小波分析等方法指标,定性和定量相结合,统计分析了长江源区径流量的年际、年代际、年内、突变和周期变化特征。结果表明:长江源区1961—2016年径流量总体呈增加趋势。沱沱河站径流量集中度、相对变化幅度、年内分配不均匀系数高于直门达站。1996年是沱沱河站径流量发生显著突变的年份,2004年是直门达站径流量发生显著突变的年份。沱沱河站存在8～12 a和3～4 a的周期振荡特征,直门达站存在6～8 a和3～4 a左右的周期振荡特征。     

基于小波分析的西安降水时间序列的变化特征

应用墨西哥帽小波函数进行小波变换,对西安市45a（1961-2005年）来的降水量数据进行分析,计算小波方差,从而研究西安市降水变化的时间及其周期变化特征。通过对西安市的降水时间序列的小波分析,揭示其在不同层次上的降水结构和异常变化规律以及突变特征,预测了西安市四季降水量以及年降水量的变化趋势。特别是通过小波分析的预测结果在2009和2010年出现的关中地区大面积的春旱以及2005年以后出现的秋涝中得到验证,这对认识西安市降水特征以及对西安地区的农业生产和渭河防迅工作具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。45a来,除西安市春季降水量呈显著下降趋势外（P〈0.05）,其它季节和年降水量的线性变化趋势均不显著。但季节降水量和年降水量都存在多时间尺度特征,不同的时间尺度表现为不同的循环交替,大尺度的周期变化嵌套着小尺度的周期变化。总体上表现为由小尺度的震荡剧烈、没有明显规律到大尺度出现明显规律后继续增强或先升后降。     

贵州省年降雨量和天然年径流量年际变化研究

采用小波变换方法对贵州省总年均降雨量和径流量的突变点和周期性进行分析,研究结果表明:贵州省1956-2000年降雨量呈弱变异并且无明显增加趋势,而径流量具有中等程度的变异且有一定的增加趋势;降雨量无明显突变点,径流量在1964年和1989年有明显的突变特征;降雨量和径流量的变化周期具有同步性,降雨量的变化周期大致为42年、22年和5年,径流量的变化周期大致为40年、22年和5年.40年和22年尺度的周期具有全局性,而5年尺度的周期变化主要在1960s-1980s表现活跃.全省11个水资源三级区中洪水河、沅江浦市镇以上、思南以上、北盘江、石鼓以下千流和柳江的降雨、径流变化具有一定的同步性.     

佳木斯地区1956-2010年径流量时间序列变异分析

日趋频繁的极端天气和大规模的水资源开发对区域生态环境产生严重的影响,准确获取径流量时间序列的变化特征可为水资源的合理开发和水利水电工程规划运用提供科学的决策依据。采用趋势检验法、Mann-Kendall突变分析法和小波分析对佳木斯地区1956—2010年径流量变化的趋势性、突变性和周期性特征进行了深入的研究。结果表明:近45年来,佳木斯地区各季节及全年径流量的年际总体变化趋势的倾向率各不相同,春季、夏季、秋季及全年径流量呈明显下降趋势,而冬季径流量则呈缓慢上升趋势;各季节及年径流量的时间突变点基本一致,都分别发生在1967年、1972年和1998年左右;该地区四季及年径流量的周期变化特征差异较大,22年、13年、9年和4年左右尺度波动较为明显。     

基于小波分析的开都河径流变化周期研究

基于开都河1956—2010年径流量资料,采用小波分析法对开都河径流变化特征进行研究,讨论开都河年径流在不同时间尺度下的小波变换时频分布特征及其丰、枯交替变化的周期规律。研究结果表明,开都河年径流变化具有同步性,现正处于偏丰期;年内径流分配主要集中于6—8月,各站点最大月径流量均出现在7月。55 a来开都河流域大山口站年径流量呈现递增趋势,变化率为1.382 m³/s,、焉耆站年径流量呈现下降趋势,变化率为-0.113 m³/s。开都河大山口和焉耆两站20~30 a左右时间尺度的周期震荡最显著,其次,11~17 a左右时间尺度的周期震荡也较为显著;开都河流域径流量变化的主周期为27 a,次周期为16 a。     

承德市近58年气温和降水序列多时间尺度分析

利用墨西哥帽小波(Mexican Hat)函数对承德市1951—2008年共696个月的气温和降水数据进行多尺度分析,确定序列中存在的主周期,并用Mann—Kendall法进行检验。结果表明:承德市气候总体变化特征为小尺度变化嵌套在较大尺度的复杂背景之中,气温序列数据表现出14a、6a和2a左右变化周期,14a左右为变化主周期。降水序列数据表现出10～12a,4a和1a左右周期,4a左右为变化主周期。气温序列14a主周期反应冷暖交替的情况,21世纪以前在多尺度波动的背景下,气温呈现上升的总趋势。降水序列4a尺度主周期反应干湿交替的情况,表明多雨年份明显减少,且当前降水仍然偏少。     

近60年运城盆地降水演变特征

本文利用小波变换研究运城盆地1961-2020年1～3、4-6、7-9、10-12月及全年降水量演变规律.结论:该区1～3月降水序列存在8和35 a尺度的变化周期;4-6月降水序列存在3a和24 a尺度的变化周期;7～9月降水序列存在3、8和23 a尺度的变化周期;10～12月及全年降水序列以8a尺度为演变主周期.     

区域气候变化对华东地区水稻产量的影响

为揭示区域气候变化对华东地区水稻产量的影响以及水稻产量波动的原因,采用功率谱和交叉小波变换方法分析了近59a来华东地区水稻产量、平均气温和降水量的时频变化特征以及水稻产量与区域气候变化之间的关系。结果表明：华东地区水稻产量和区域气候均存在年际和年代际尺度变化周期。气象产量与生育期平均气温以正相关关系为主,局部时域中也存在不同频率尺度的负相关;主要表现为2～3a、4～6a、10～14a和16a尺度的强凝聚性耦合振荡,两者年代际尺度显著相关具有阶段性而年际尺度显著相关具有时域局部化特征。气象产量与生育期降水量之间存在准2a、3～4a、8～10a和16a左右的显著共振周期,1985年以前的降水偏多期两者以负相关为主而1985年以后的降水偏少期则多为正相关关系,负相关耦合振荡的凝聚性明显大于正相关耦合振荡。华东地区水稻产量波动与区域气候变化关系密切,气候变暖对水稻产量的影响远大于降水量减少所产生的影响。气候异常导致气候灾害频发是华东地区水稻产量波动的主要原因。     

新疆呼图壁河流域径流时序变化特征

 依据呼图壁河石门水文站1956—2005年50a径流量资料,选取多种径流量统计参数,分析流域范围内不同径流补给来源的径流年内分配规律和多年变化特征。结果表明:径流量时序特征与径流的补给来源有密切关系;径流量年内分配极不均匀,集中度高达66.47%;而径流量的多年变化变差系数小,仅为0.15。Kendall秩次检验显示在过去的50年,呼图壁河年径流表现出显著的递增趋势;而不同时间分辨率下的Hurst指数,尤其年径流的Hurst指数为0.8,表明径流具有强劲的持续性趋势,即年径流量在未来变化周期内将表现为持续增加的趋势。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.