温度对突背蔗犀金龟蛹发育速率的影响

为探索温度对突背蔗犀金龟蛹生长发育的影响,在实验室内测定了不同温度下突背蔗犀金龟化蛹和羽化情况,计算蛹的发育历期、发育速率、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,突背蔗犀金龟蛹在17~32℃范围内均能正常发育,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率随温度的升高而加快。发育速率与温度的关系拟合模型为Logistic模型V=0.122 922/(1+e~(4.916 7-0.195 8T))。采用直接最优法分析,蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.02℃和198.00日·度。蛹的发育最适温度为25.11℃,发育适宜温区为14.59~35.64℃。本研究明确了温度对突背蔗犀金龟蛹发育速率的影响,对成虫发生期预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。     

突背蔗犀金龟的发生为害及防治方法

突背蔗犀金龟(Alissonotum impressicolleArrow)又称突背蔗龟(下称),是我国南方重要的糖料作物——甘蔗的主要害虫之一。主要分布于广东、广西、云南、福建、台湾等省(自治区),发生为害比较普遍,造成的为害很大。除甘蔗外,还可以为害玉米、高粱、水稻等。1为害状突背蔗龟以成虫咬食蔗株基部,形成半球形缺口,引起地上部蔗株有1～2片叶干枯,若咬食更深,则造成枯心;以1～3龄幼虫取食蔗根,并在地下部蛀成孔洞,使蔗株易遇风折倒,影响甘蔗产量和品质。2发生规律突背蔗龟在广西每年发生1代。以3龄幼虫在地下越冬。翌年3月下旬开始化蛹,4月中、下旬…     

怎样防治旱地蔗病虫害

怎样防治旱地蔗病虫害罗林钟卞光文（重庆市合川科学技术协会４０１５２０重庆市合川三江（涪江、渠江、嘉陵江）旱地蔗区虫害以蔗螟和蔗龟较多。蔗螟以二点螟为主，还有条螟、白螟、大螟。蔗龟主要是二点褐金龟发生较严重；甘蔗的病害则以黑穗病和叶斑病发生较多。现将其...     

栗等鳃金龟在广西来宾蔗区的发生为害与防治建议

2010-2014年对广西来宾市兴宾区平阳镇蔗区进行栗等鳃金龟发生为害情况调查。结果表明,栗等鳃金龟在平阳镇蔗区发生为害比较严重,2010/2011榨季田间虫口密度高达21 000.1头/667m2,受害株率高达82.0%,2013/2014榨季甘蔗受害株率为30.4%,栗等鳃金龟为害造成的产量损失率为32.0%,糖分损失率为23.3%。建议采用综合防治方法进行防治。     

突背蔗龟的发生为害及防治方法

突背蔗龟(Alissonotum impressicolleArrow)属鞘翅目,金龟子科,是我国南方重要的糖料作物———甘蔗的主要害虫之一。在我国主要分布于广东、广西、云南、福建、台湾等省(区),发生危害比较普遍,为害造成的损失很大。突背蔗龟除了为害甘蔗外,还可以为害玉米、高梁、受旱的水稻等。1危害症状突背蔗龟以其成虫食害甘蔗基部,形成半球形缺口,地上部的一两张叶片形成干枯,如咬食更深,造成枯心;1~3龄幼虫取食蔗根,并在地下部蛀成孔洞,遇风易折倒,影响甘蔗产量和品质。2形态特征成虫:初羽化时淡黄白色,渐变成黄褐色,最后为漆黑色而带有光泽,体长15~…     

利用新线虫防治突背蔗龟的研究

突背蔗龟Alissonotum impressicolle Arrow是甘蔗的主要害虫之一。其成虫和幼虫取食蔗根和蔗茎基部,严重为害时造成整片植株干枯。广东省红旗华侨农场1980年种蔗面积14,200亩,为害面积达3,078亩,蔗苗平均枯心率为9.28％,降低糖份的甘蔗15,205吨,不能进糖厂的干枯蔗3,315吨,损失巨大。过去长期采用六.六.六等化学农药进行防治,造成环境污染,蔗龟抗药性提高,甚至使甘蔗生长受到抑制。目前采用呋喃丹防治,效果虽好,但使用成本高。 1981年,我们试用昆虫寄生性线虫对突背蔗龟幼虫、预蛹、蛹和成虫进行室内毒杀及田间小区防治试验,取得了初步的效果,现将结果整理如下。     

突背蔗龟预测预报的研究

突背蔗龟(Alissontotum impressicolle)是广东省围海蔗区国营红旗华侨农场甘蔗最严重的害虫。成虫为害造成枯心苗,幼虫为害能造成甘蔗成片干枯。从成幼虫为害的关系分析,如果成虫期得到较好的治理,幼虫期的为害就不会出现成片干枯蔗。由于成虫当晚出土,当晚为害,当晚取食甘蔗,受害苗在次日多数呈现枯心,这个成虫出现及其为害过程,时间很短,不足20小时,而且有一半时间于晚上,因此,防治时机非常紧迫,给防冶带来很大的难处。     

广西主要蔗区螟虫种类调查与分析

甘蔗螟虫是甘蔗生产中的重要害虫?为掌握目前广西主要蔗区苗期螟虫的主要种类和发生情况, 本研究于2019年4月-5月, 对广西主要蔗区苗期螟害种类及其为害率进行了田间实地调查, 并分析了螟害种类结构的变化?结果表明:在宿根蔗地, 甘蔗苗期黄螟为害最严重, 造成的枯心苗率为5.59%; 其次为条螟, 造成花叶苗率为5.29%; 黄螟为害造成的宿根蔗枯心苗率以桂西南和桂南两大蔗区相对较高, 其平均值分别为7.34%和6.76%; 条螟为害造成的宿根蔗花叶苗率以桂西南蔗区最高, 平均值达7.82%, 桂中和桂南蔗区其次, 其平均值分别为4.59%和4.46%?同一蔗区, 黄螟和条螟在宿根蔗地发生均比新植蔗地严重, 在宿根蔗地平均枯心苗率分别为7.13%和7.99%, 而在新植蔗地分别为2.31%和3.43%?以黄螟枯心苗率为防治指标的达标防治蔗地样点数占比为52.06%, 条螟花叶苗率为防治指标的达标防治蔗地样点数占比为56.16%?广西蔗区甘蔗苗期的主要螟虫为黄螟和条螟, 尤其是黄螟已上升为主要害虫, 表明广西蔗区的优势螟虫种类结构已发生明显变化; 广西南部和西南蔗区的苗期螟害重于北部蔗区; 宿根甘蔗地的螟害重于新植蔗地, 宿根蔗地是螟害防治的重点?     

灰胸突鳃金龟生物学特性与防治研究

灰胸突鳃金龟生物学特性与防治研究衡开蓉（四川射洪县植保站，６２９２００）灰胸突鳃金龟（Ｈａｐｌｏｓｔｅｒｎｕｓｉｎｃｏｎｕｚ）幼虫食性杂，１９８８年以来，在我县涪江河沿岸发生危害十分严重，分布８个区（镇）２２个乡５５个村，发生面积５４００余亩，主要为...     

不同的格氏线虫品系对突背黑色蔗龟幼虫的感染力初报

昆虫病原线虫在防治甘蔗突背黑色金龟子幼虫上具有潜在的利用价值。王进贤等(1986)就不同昆虫病原线虫种类对蔗龟幼虫的致死效果以及土壤类型对线虫的感染力影响等进行了研究分析。几年来,连续的田间防治试验结果也显示了线虫防治蔗龟幼虫的潜力。不同的线虫种或品系对突背黑色蔗龟幼虫的致死效果具有明显的差异,室内外试验证明格氏线虫感染力最高。由于同种线虫的不同品系对害虫的感染力存在差异,而格氏线虫有若干不同品系,除了从国外引进的品系外,近年又在我国采集和分离到该种     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.