家具和地板用浸渍改性杉木研究进展

杉木是我国南方重要的速生林树种之一,但其木材存在诸多缺陷,极大地限制了其在家具、地板中的进一步开发利用。将杉木进行浸渍改性以提高综合利用率是解决全球木材的供需矛盾和家具、地板用材短缺的重要手段之一。浸渍改性目前主要应用的树脂有UF树脂、PF树脂、聚乙烯醇缩甲醛、MF树脂等,其中以PF应用较常见,其改性效果较为显著。浸渍改性过程中,主要有真空处理、真空加压、抽提后常压浸渍或真空浸渍等浸注方法,辊压浸注作为常温常压条件下高效快速浸注处理木材的方法也可用于杉木的浸渍改性,真空-叠压法既能保证改性药剂完全渗入杉木木材,也能防止杉木试材在压力下被压溃。不同的浸渍工艺参数和树脂固化条件对改性后杉木性能影响不同:浸渍时间对浸渍材的吸水率及吸水厚度膨胀率影响较大,热压温度、热压时间与压缩变形恢复率、静曲强度密切相关,各工艺因素间存在一定的相互关系和影响。最后讨论了浸渍改性杉木在家具、地板业中的发展方向与应用前景,为杉木浸渍改性的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

思茅松3种密实化改性材物理性质比较

密实化是提升低密度人工林材品质、拓展其用途的重要途径之一。以思茅松为研究对象,在考察水抽提处理对其可浸渍性影响的基础上,分析比较了糠醇化、机械压缩以及两者联合等3种密实化改性方式对其剖面密度、吸湿性、24 h吸水性和吸水厚度膨胀率的影响。结果表明:1)水抽提处理有助于提高思茅松材的可浸渍性,质量增加率可以提高11.35%,而且剖面密度分布存在显著差异;2)浸渍可均匀提高木材厚度上的密度,机械压缩促使思茅松材形成了内高外低的密度分布,联合改性材剖面密度的分布特征类似于压缩密实化材,但内外层间的过渡更为平缓;3)糠醇浸渍可以显著降低木材的吸水性和吸湿性,机械压缩对木材吸湿性的影响不明显,但其吸水率稍高,因糠醇树脂的原因,联合改性材的吸湿吸水性均显著下降;4)糠醇浸渍可以显著降低木材的吸水厚度膨胀率,对压缩密实化材具有较好的定型作用,联合改性材的24 h吸水厚度膨胀率为3.3%,接近于对照材的4.1%,而压缩材为24.7%,糠醇浸渍材只有0.4%。同时,水溶液的酸碱性对木材的吸水行为也有影响。综上,糠醇化与压缩密实化的联合改性非常有潜力用于速生低密度松木材的增值加工,而热水抽提处理可以作为提高松木糠醇浸渍的预处理手段。     

水性聚丙烯酸酯乳液改性木粉/聚乳酸复合材料的吸水性

通过种子乳液聚合法合成了一种水性聚丙烯酸酯乳液,用于改性木粉。将改性的木粉与聚乳酸复合制备了木粉/聚乳酸复合材料,对复合材料的吸水性能进行了研究。结果表明,木粉经过改性后表面覆盖了一层致密的聚丙烯酸酯,能够有效降低木粉的亲水性。复合材料在经过改性之后吸水性和吸水厚度膨胀率均下降,说明聚丙烯酸酯乳液能够改善木粉和聚乳酸之间的界面相容性。本实验中,添加4%聚丙烯酸酯乳液的效果最优,其极限吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率结果为10.6%和12.5%。     

单板冷冻预处理对杨木LVL性能的影响

将杨木单板置于-5～-30℃条件下进行冷冻预处理,对采用冷冻预处理的单板制造的杨木LVL进行静曲强度、弹性模量、吸水厚度膨胀率、24 h吸水率测试.结果表明,对杨木单板进行冷冻预处理后,杨木LVL的吸水厚度膨胀率平均降低22.4%,而弹性模量、静曲强度和24 h吸水率无显著变化.     

糠醇树脂改性对重组竹性能的影响研究

【目的】竹材内含丰富的淀粉和糖类物质,易遭霉菌侵蚀,耐候耐久性差,探讨糠醇树脂改性对重组竹物理力学性能和防霉性能的影响,为重组竹糠醇树脂改性技术提供参考和借鉴。【方法】利用10%、20%、30%质量浓度的糠醇树脂加压浸渍竹束单元,对其进行改性处理,并采用"热进冷出"工艺制备重组竹板材,测量不同质量浓度糠醇树脂改性处理竹束的颜色和增重率,比较不同质量浓度糠醇改性重组竹材的吸水率、吸水厚度膨胀率、弹性模量、静曲强度、热稳定性、防霉性能和微观结构,检测了糠醇树脂在竹材样品中的显微分布,系统研究了糠醇树脂质量浓度对重组竹物理力学性能、热性能和防霉性能的影响规律。【结果】糠醇树脂改性处理使竹材颜色明显加深,尺寸稳定性、热稳定性和防霉性能显著提高,与对照材相比,改性竹材的色差可提高30.92%,吸水率可降低41.03%,吸水厚度膨胀率可降低46.34%,热失重率可降低75.38%,防霉等级可提高3个等级;糠醇树脂改性处理对重组竹的弹性模量影响不显著,但使其静曲强度最大可降低20.21%;随着糠醇树脂质量浓度的增加,改性竹材的颜色、尺寸稳定性、热稳定性、防霉性能均呈显著增加趋势,其静曲强度呈逐渐降低趋势。【结论】糠醇树脂改性重组竹具有优异的物理力学性能和防霉性能,20%糠醇树脂改性重组竹对霉菌的防治效力达到100%,可广泛应用于室外竹制品的制造。     

聚乙二醇对五硼酸铵改性结构刨花板吸水性能的影响

试验引入聚乙二醇改性体系以补偿五硼酸铵处理结构刨花板时造成物理力学性能的降低,并研究了处理后结构刨花板的吸水性能。结果表明：24h吸水厚度膨胀率和24h吸水率这两项指标与五硼酸铵添加量的相关性最大,该两项结果均随五硼酸铵添加量的增加而增大。聚乙二醇种类对结构刨花板吸水性的影响大于添加量的作用。尤其是24h吸水率,4个添加量水平下的结果均无显著性差异。     

制造工艺对稻壳-木质剩余物复合板2h吸水厚度膨胀率的影响

采用均匀设计方法,以稻壳和木质剩余物为主要原料制备复合板,并进行2h吸水厚度膨胀率的测试。对测试结果进行逐步回归分析,讨论密度、芯层比例、表层施胶量、芯层施胶量、固化剂用量、热压温度、热压压力和热压时间对复合板2 h吸水厚度膨胀率的影响。在实验研究范围内,除热压时间外,其他因素对复合板2h吸水厚度膨胀率都有不同程度的影响。通过择优选择制备工艺,可在低成本的条件下,降低复合板的2h吸水厚度膨胀率。     

自制PF树脂不同处理对马尾松LVL性能的影响

采用自制的改性酚醛树脂浸渍处理松木单板,研究浸渍方式对其增重率和LVL性能的影响。结果表明:在30%PF树脂浓度,常温常压或加压条件下,增重率随时间的延长而增加;不同的浓度条件下,采用同一浸渍工艺,湿增重率先增后减,干增重率随浓度的增加而增加;增重率对LVL物理性能有明显影响,随着增重率的增大,单板层积材的密度逐渐增加,吸水厚度膨胀率(TS)与24 h吸水率逐渐下降。     

单宁改性双组份豆粕胶制备中密度纤维板的工艺优化

采用单宁基固化交联剂改性的双组份豆粕胶制备中密度纤维板(MDF)。结果显示,MDF的力学性能随热压时间、热压温度、板坯含水率及密度的提高而逐渐升高,24 h吸水厚度膨胀率(TS)呈相反的趋势。在热压时间330s、热压温度190～200℃,板坯含水率7%～9%,密度750～840 kg/m~3的条件下,制备的MDF性能指标满足GB/T 11718—2009《中密度纤维板》中普通型中密度纤维板的要求。     

压缩工艺对毛白杨脲醛树脂胶浸注改性效果的影响研究

对毛白杨木材浸注脲醛树脂胶制备压缩改性木材中的主要影响因素及相关工艺参数进行初步探索与试验,并在实验结果基础上讨论了各因素对制作工艺及其性能的影响。结果表明:①影响板材性能由主到次因素的顺序为压缩率-热压时间-热压温度;②在试验参数范围内较好的工艺参数为热压温度140℃、热压时间20min、压缩率50%;③在试验参数范围内热压时间对试件增重率、含水率、树脂留存率影响显著,而热压温度对试件增重率影响显著,压缩率对试件密度、变形回复率、吸水厚度膨胀率影响显著。     

Effect of nanoclay on some applied properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from underutilized low quality paulownia (Paulownia fortunei) wood

In this study, the effect of nanoclay on some applied properties of oriented strand board (OSB) made from underutilized low quality paulownia wood was investigated. Organo-modified montmorillonite (MMT) at four levels (0, 1, 3 and 5?%) was added to urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. Some chemical properties of paulownia wood (holocellulose, cellulose, lignin and ash contents, pH value and hot and cold water solubility), mechanical [modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond strength, screw and nail withdrawal strengths], physical (water absorption and thickness swelling) properties and formaldehyde emission of the strand boards were evaluated. Mechanical properties of all panels complied with the general-purpose OSB minimum property requirements of European Norm. With increasing 5?% nanoclay to UF resin, mechanical and physical properties of the resulting panels improved and formaldehyde emission decreased. However, none of the panels satisfied the thickness swelling and water absorption requirement. The results of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope analysis confirmed the good dispersion of nanoclay in the resulting OSBs. Using paulownia as a fast-growing underutilized species not only can sustain the forests but also can supply raw material to countries facing shortage of wood.     

广宁县竹香骨下脚料制备竹碎料刨花板及其复合改性研究

采用竹香骨下脚料为原料,以脲醛树脂和三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶粘剂制备竹碎料刨花板,并与木纤维复合改性,检测并分析了内结合强度、静曲强度、弹性模量和吸水性。结果表明,在热压温度为160℃时,竹碎料板和竹木复合碎料板的物理力学性能均满足国标规定在干燥状态下使用的普通用板要求。当木纤维与竹碎料复合后,复合板材的静曲强度和弹性模量有一定程度提高,但内结合强度降低。     

Water resistance properties of kenaf core binderless boards

Abstract Binderless boards were prepared from kenaf core under various manufacturing conditions and their water resistance properties were evaluated. The board properties evaluated were retention ratios of modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bonding strength after water treatment (IB), thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), and linear expansion (LE). These values were then compared with those of boards bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF), urea melamine formaldehyde (UMF), and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins, and their water resistance properties were assessed. We found that pressing temperature was one of the most important conditions for the improvement of water resistance properties. The retention ratios of MOR, MOE, and IB of kenaf core chip binderless boards (pressing temperature 200°C, target density 0.8g/cm³, and the three-step pressing of 6MPa for 10min, then 4MPa for 3min, and 2MPa for 3min) were 37.1%, 49.9%, and 55.7%, respectively, compared with values for UMF-bonded boards of 22.5%, 27.1%, and 40.7%, and values for PF-bonded boards of 42.8%, 41.8%, and 54.1%, respectively. The results showed that the water resistance properties of binderless boards were higher than those of UMF-bonded boards and almost as high as those of PF-bonded boards. Part of this article was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, March 2003     

制板工艺因子对硅酸钠/酚醛树脂玉米秸秆刨花板性能的影响

采用硅酸钠/酚醛树脂胶制备玉米秸秆刨花板,考察工艺因子对试板物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着施胶量增加、热压温度升高、热压时间延长,试板吸水厚度率逐渐减小,静曲强度、弹性模量和内结合强度呈先增大后减小的趋势。按照优化工艺:施胶量17%、热压温度180℃,热压时间20s/mm,制备试板的吸水厚度膨胀率和力学性能均满足GB/T4897-2015《刨花板》中干燥状态下使用的家具型刨花板的(P2型)的要求。     

烟秆/木材刨花板的初步研究烟秆

初步探讨了实验室条件下烟秆/木材刨花板的生产工艺,研究了热压时间、施胶量、密度、木刨花加入量等因素对板材的静曲强度、内结合强度、吸水厚度膨胀率的影响.实验结果表明,烟秆/木材刨花板的静曲强度和吸水厚度膨胀率较纯烟秆刨花板有所提高,内结合强度相差不大.     

喷蒸热压法棉秆无胶碎料板的研制

以棉秆为原料,采用喷蒸热压法研制无胶碎料板,探讨板的密度、蒸汽压力及喷蒸时间对棉秆无胶碎料板的物理力学性能的影响.结果表明:在试验范围内,随着板密度增大,无胶碎料板的静曲强度、弹性模量与内结合强度明显提高;提高蒸汽压力及延长喷蒸时间,能明显降低无胶碎料板的吸水厚度膨胀率.     

Formation of the density profile and its effects on the properties of fiberboard

Two main types of fiberboards were produced using lauan (Shorea spp.) fibers with an isocyanate resin as the binder; fiberboard with a flat, homogeneous (homoprofile), and typical U-shaped (conventional) density profile along the board thickness. The processing parameters included manipulation of mat moisture content distribution, press closing speed, and hot pressing method. The results are summarized as follows: (1) A larger variation was observed in the peak density (PD) and core density (CD) of fiberboards at 0.5g/cm³ mean density (MD) level than in those at 0.7 g/cm³. Generally, PD showed a greater variation than CD, irrespective of MD level. (2) Boards produced using two-step hot pressing recorded substantially higher PD with reduced CD. (3) Multiple regression analysis showed that CD and PD could be calculated based on the other profile defining factors, and a rough estimation for peak distance and gradient factor was possible. (4) Based on static bending, conventional fiberboard had a higher modulus of rupture (MOR) than the homo-profile board but a similar modulus of elasticity (MOE). (5) At 0.5 g/cm³ the MOR and dynamic MOE of fiberboard increased by up to 67% and 62%, respectively, when the PD increased from 0.5 to 1.07 g/cm³. Similarly, an increase of PD from 0.7 to 1.1 g/cm³ resulted in corresponding increases of 55% and 34% in the MOR and dynamic MOE of 0.7 g/cm³ boards. (6) The internal bond strength and screw withdrawal resistance were almost entirely dependent on the CD and MD, respectively. (7) Homo-profile fiberboards registered higher thickness swelling and water absorption than conventional fiberboards throughout the dry/wet conditioning cycle.     

热压法制备速生杉木集成材工艺

采用脲醛树脂胶粘剂，运用热压胶合工艺，对速生杉木进行指接与侧拼胶合后制成集成材，并进行横向静曲强度和弹性模量测试：分析热压法制备速生杉木集成材的工艺可行性，讨论侧拼压力、胶合时间与热压温度对速生杉木集成材横向静曲强度与弹性模量的影响，为速生杉木集成材的热压法生产提供理论依据。试验结果表明，在本研究试验条件内，采用脲醛树脂作为胶粘剂，运用热压法制备速生杉木集成材是可行的。     

Preparation of composite board using foil-laminated and plastic-laminated liquid packaging paperboard as raw materials

We investigated the properties of composite board formed using base sheets of aluminum foil-laminated and polyethylene (PE) plastic-laminated liquid packaging paperboard (LP) as an alternative to recycling these items in wastepaper stream. Boards of different specific gravities ranging from 0.55 to 0.75 were made by pressing shredded LP blended with urea resin having resin content of 6%–10% at 180°C. Subsequently, we also prepared mixed particleboard [wood (WD) particles and LP mixed], three-layered particleboard (LP as the middle layer, WD in the upper and lower layers), and wood particleboard all having resin content of 10% and various specific gravities. Static bending and internal bonding strengths and thickness swelling of the specimens were determined to examine their properties. At the same specific gravity, the properties of LP particleboards were affected by their resin content. The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bond strength of the LP particleboards increased with increasing specific gravity of the boards at the same resin content, but thickness swelling of the LP particleboards showed the reverse trend. The average MOR of the LP particleboards approximated that of the mixed particleboards and was greater than those of the three-layered particleboards and wood particleboards. Internal bond strength and thickness swelling of the LP particleboards were smaller than those of the other particleboards. Based on the above observations, we deemed that LP can be made into composite boards with adequate properties either alone or mixed with wood particles.     

竹木复合单板层积材制备工艺

以浸渍酚醛树脂的杨木单板和竹帘为原料制备竹木复合单板层积材, 探讨制造工艺对复合材料性能的影响.结果表明,竹木复合材料的MOE及MOR均达到或超过了日本JAS标准的相关规定,尺寸稳定性良好; 单板厚度、树脂浓度、压缩率对MOE和MOR有显著影响;组坏方式对MOR影响显著;而吸水厚度膨胀率的影响作用比较复杂.