高油酸花生种质油酸亚油酸含量的主基因+多基因遗传

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对杂交组合8-153×粤油13的P1、F1、P2、F2世代和F2∶3家系的油酸、亚油酸含量进行多世代联合分析,结果表明:在该组合中,花生油酸含量遗传由2对加性-显性主基因+多基因控制;F2、F2∶3群体主基因遗传率分别为77.28%和55.00%,多基因遗传率分别为13.34%和32.13%;两对主基因的加性效应值分别为8.8172和4.0397,显性效应值分别为-10.2475和-9.0420。亚油酸含量遗传由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制;F2、F2∶3群体主基因遗传率分别为88.30%和79.84%;两对主基因的加性效应值(da、db)分别为-7.3949和-6.9568,显性效应值(ha、hb)分别为1.3879和1.5438;da与db、da与hb、db与ha以及ha与hb间的互作效应分别为-4.5216、-1.7688、-1.9808和-1.1172。ol基因的多效性以及油酸、亚油酸含量和O/L比值的遗传均受两对主基因控制的结果暗示相同的两对主基因可能同时控制油酸与亚油酸含量,它们对油酸、亚油酸含量的作用效应相反。     

玉米种子休眠性数量遗传体系的判别

运用植物数量性状主基因 多基因混合遗传模型的方法对普通玉米自交系R08与A318杂交组合的P1、P2、F1和F2∶34个世代群体的种子休眠性进行了分析。结果表明:R08×A318组合种子休眠性的遗传符合一对加性-显性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(D-0模型)。在F2∶3家系世代,主基因方差为0.9455,多基因方差为0.1196。主基因遗传率在F2∶3家系群体中为72.49%,多基因遗传率为9.17%。     

玉米组合M9916×D472抗镰孢茎腐病的六世代联合数量遗传研究

以玉米自交系M9916×D472组成的六世代群体为材料,利用六世代数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究玉米茎腐病抗性的遗传机制。结果表明,分离世代的次数频率分布在F2群体中呈近似于抛物线状的正态分布,在B1和B2群体中呈偏正态分布。通过AIC值适合性检验,该性状符合1对加-显主基因+加-显-上位性多基因遗传D模型,主基因加性效应值为5.29,显性效应值为6.79,两者效应值均相对较高,加性与显性效应比率为78%;多基因加性效应值为2.98,明显低于显性效应值6.88,说明显性效应起主导作用。多基因加性互作效应明显,加、显互作上存在一定抑制作用,显性互作效应不明显,加性互作效应在上位性方面起主导作用。回交群体中主基因的遗传率介于39.9%~41.3%,多基因遗传率介于33.8%~36.7%,主基因遗传率相对较高;自交群体中多基因遗传率为53.8%,大于主基因遗传率32.8%,说明在进代过程中主基因遗传率不断下降。在抗茎腐病的育种中,应注重早代抗病材料的选择,对现有重要的感病材料可利用回交方法进行有效改良。     

扬麦158×淮麦18组合早代PPO活性变异及其遗传分析

为了了解早代PPO活性的分布情况,以多巴(L-DOPA/MOPS)为底物,采用全麦粉过滤法测定了小麦组合(扬麦158×淮麦18)早代(F2和F2∶3家系群体)的PPO活性。结果表明,F2和F2∶3家系群体的PPO活性分布均呈明显的偏态分布,且F2和F2∶3家系群体的PPO活性极显著相关,相关系数为0.727。用单个分离世代群体遗传模型分析方法对该组合的F2群体、F2∶3家系群体的PPO活性进行遗传分析,结果表明,该组合的PPO活性主要受两对主基因控制,且主基因表现为加性-显性效应。F2群体控制PPO活性的两对主基因遗传率为73.92%,F2∶3家系群体中两对主基因遗传率为88.44%。     

油菜新种质12R1402主花序有效角果数的遗传

为促进耐密植油菜育种,提高主花序有效角果数,分析主花序多角油菜新品系12R1402的遗传规律,用主花序有效角果数差异较大的12R1402和常规油菜品种沪油17杂交,构建4世代遗传体系(P1、P2、F1和F2),应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对该组合主花序有效角果数进行遗传分析。结果表明,组合12R1402×沪油17主花序有效角果数遗传受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制(E-1模型),其中第1对主基因加性效应值为40.86,显性效应值为-32.62,第2对主基因的加性效应值为40.58,显性效应值为-0.75,2对主基因都以加性效应为主,都表现为主花序多角部分显性,2对主基因间存在明显的基因互作效应;多基因加性效应值为-29.40;多基因的显性效应值为68.36。12R1402×沪油17组合F2群体中主基因和多基因遗传率分别为60.38%和2.14%,主花序多角性状以主基因遗传为主,宜在早期世代进行选择。组合12R1402×沪油17遗传变异占表型变异的62.52%,环境变异占表型变异的37.48%,环境因素对主花序多角性状影响较大。     

甘蓝型油菜主要脂肪酸的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以低芥酸油菜品系APL01与高芥酸品种M083杂交所获得的6个基本世代（P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2）为材料，利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对油菜主要脂肪酸进行遗传分析，结果表明：棕榈酸和廿碳烯酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制，棕榈酸的主基因以显性效应为主，加性效应较小，廿碳烯酸的主基因加性效应与显性效应并重。硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸均由2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制，硬脂酸的主基因以加性效应为主，显性效应较小，主基因的遗传率为75.00%~92.45%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制油酸的2对主基因的加性效应值分别为14.38和9.92，显性效应值分别为-2.24和-0.44，上位性效应以加加上位为主，主基因的遗传率较大，为81.93%~92.68%，多基因的遗传率较小；控制亚油酸及亚麻酸的主基因加性效应均大于显性效应，上位性效应中以加加上位和显显上位为主。芥酸由2对加性-显性主基因控制，加性效应为-12.27和-8.83，显性效应值较小，分别为0.35和1.69，无上位性效应，也无多基因存在，主基因的遗传率较大，为92.54%~96.72%。     

胡麻温敏雄性不育产量相关性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

为深入了解胡麻(油用亚麻)两系杂种优势形成的遗传基础,更好地指导杂交育种实践,分别以温敏型雄性不育系113S和1S为母本,油用品种陇亚10号和纤用品种黑亚15号为父本,构建了2个杂交组合(113S×陇亚10号和1S×黑亚15号)P1、P2、F1和F2四世代群体材料,应用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析方法,研究了单株产量、单株果数、每果粒数和千粒重4个性状的遗传效应。结果表明:单株产量、单株果数和千粒重受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;每果粒数受2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制。单株产量、单株果数和每果粒数的F2群体主基因遗传率在43.50%~73.28%,千粒重的F2群体主基因遗传率在10.55%~34.40%。主基因和多基因的加性效应、显性效应及上位性效应在胡麻温敏雄性不育产量相关性状的遗传中起重要作用,胡麻两系杂种优势利用应更好地利用基因加性效应和显性效应,进一步提高杂种优势利用效率。     

玉米植株不同部位含水量遗传主效应及其与环境互作效应的研究

采用基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体遗传模型(ADM模型)分析方法,研究玉米叶片、子粒、茎秆、叶鞘、苞叶、穗轴等含水量遗传主效应及其与环境互作遗传效应。结果表明,子粒含水量同时受加性效应、显性效应、母体效应控制;叶片含水量同时受加性效应、显性效应遗传主效应控制;茎秆受显性效应遗传主效应控制。子粒、叶片、茎秆含水量等性状不同遗传控制体系受基因型×环境互作效应显著影响,对这些性状的选择效果受环境影响较大,宜在较晚世代进行选择。     

烤烟易烤性遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,对烤烟杂交组合中烟100×翠碧1号的P1,P2,F1,B1,B2和F26个世代群体烟叶易烤性性状进行了联合分析。结果表明：烤烟烟叶易烤性性状的遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因＋加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型（E 1）,同时两对主基因间存在互作效应,且显性效应值相近,表现出负向不完全显性。主基因遗传率以B1最高,达78.17%,B2与F2相差不大,分别为63.68%和65.61%,表现出较高的主基因遗传效应;多基因遗传率以B2最高,为7.51%,其次是F2（6.84%）,B1最低（0.88%）。主基因＋多基因效应决定了各分离世代易烤性性状变异的71.19%~79.06%。     

玉米乳熟期茎秆木质素含量的遗传分析

以WBA31×K4138构建的DH群体及其亲本为试验材料,采用P1、P2与DH群体3世代主基因+多基因联合分离分析模型,对玉米乳熟期茎秆木质素含量进行遗传分析,探讨玉米茎秆木质素含量的遗传基础。结果表明,玉米茎秆木质素含量遗传符合3对加性-上位性主基因+多基因模型遗传,主基因遗传率为44.91%,多基因遗传率为43.94%,多基因效应比较明显,主基因总加性效应小于主基因间互作效应。因此,在育种时既要注重基因间的加性效应,又要考虑基因间的互作,同时要加强微效多基因的效应累加。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。