Thiazole based disperse dyes for nylon and polyester fibers

Nine disperse dyes have been synthesized by diazotization of 2-amino-4-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-nitrothiazole and coupled to substituted N-alkylanilines. Spectral properties in the IR and visible range of the dyes obtained were investigated. The dyeing performance of these dyes was assessed on nylon and polyester fibers. These dyes were found to give reddish brown to bluish violet shades on dyeing with very good depth, brightness and levelness on nylon and polyester fibers. The dyed fibers showed fairly good light fastness, very good to excellent fastness to wash, rubbing, perspiration and excellent fastness to sublimation. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on the fiber were found to be very good.     

Polymeric dyes based on thiadiazole derivatives

A series of polymeric dyes were synthesized by free radical addition polymerization of monomeric dyes. The 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was diazotized and coupled with various N-arylmaleimides to give monomeric dyes. All the polymeric dyes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, visible absorption spectroscopy, viscometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Color and dyeing properties of the polymeric dyes were discussed by comparing them with those of the corresponding monomeric dyes. The dyeing performance of these dyes was assessed on nylon fiber. These dyes were found to give various color shades with good to very good depth and levelness on the fiber. The dyeing of the monomeric dyes showed moderate fastness to light and good to excellent fastness to washing, perspiration and sublimation and their corresponding polymeric dyes showed excellent fastness properties. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on nylon fiber has been found to be good.     

Dyeing and fastness properties of a reactive disperse dye on PET, nylon, silk and N/P fabrics

Dyeing and color fastness properties of a reactive disperse dye containing an acetoxyethylsulphone group on PET, Nylon, silk and N/P fabrics were examined. The reactive disperse dye exhibited almost the same dyeing properties on PET fabric as a conventional disperse dye except the level of dye uptake. The most appropriate pH and dyeing temperature for the dyeing of Nylon fabric were 7 and 100°C respectively. The build-up on Nylon fabric was good and various color fastnesses were good to excellent due to the formation of the covalent bond. Application of the reactive disperse dye on silk fabric at pH 9 and 80°C yielded optimum color strength. The rate of dyeing on Nylon fabric was faster than that on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in a dye bath, accordingly color strength of the dyed Nylon was higher. The reactive disperse dye can be applied for one-step and one-bath dyeing of N/P mixture fabric with good color fastness.     

Dyeing properties and colour fastness of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia tora L.</Emphasis> extract

A natural colorant was extracted fromCassia tora L. using buffer solutions (pH: 2–11) as extractants. The dyeing solution (Cassia tora L. extract) extracted using pH 9 buffer solution was found to give the highest K/S values of dyed fabrics. Cotton and silk fabrics were dyed withCassia tora L. extract at 60°C for 60 min with pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordants. It was found thatCassia tora L. extract was polygenetic dyestuffs and its major components were anthraquinones. Studies have been made on the effects of the kind of mordant on dyeing properties and colour fastnesses of cotton and silk fabrics. The K/S of cotton fabrics increased in the order of the dyeing using FeSO₄>CuSO₄>ZnSO₄>MnSO₄≅Al₂(SO₄)₃>NiSO₄>none, however, the K/S of silk fabrics increased in the order of the dyeing using FeSO₄>CuSO₄>ZnSO₄≅Al₂(SO₄)₃>MnSO₄≅NiSO₄>none. It was found that the K/S values of dyed fabrics were largely affected by the colour difference (ΔE) between mordanted fabric and control fabric. However, they were not depended on the content of mordanted metal ion of the fabrics. Mordants FeSO₄ and CuSO₄ for cotton fabric, FeSO₄, CuSO₄, and Al₂(SO₄)₃ for silk fabric were found to give good light fastness (rating 4).     

Preparation and application of an<Emphasis Type="Italic">s</Emphasis>-triazine-based novel<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-halamine biocide for antimicrobial fibers

N-halamines serve as important antimicrobial agents. Development of this class of compounds has been shown to provide benefits especially from a biocidal point of view. A novels-triazine-basedN-heterocycle, dichloro-m-aminophenyl-hydantoinyl-s-triazine (DAPHT), which could be rendered antimicrobial through exposure to diluted chlorine bleach, was synthesized and characterized by¹H NMR,¹³C NMR, and FT-IR. A finishing method was used to apply theN-halamine precursor onto cotton fabric, and the optimum conditions for finishing were investigated. The DAPHT-treated cotton fabric had durable antimicrobial properties up to 50 standard washing cycles and was rechargeable under normal laundry/bleaching conditions. The antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated.     

小麦抗条锈基因Yr1和Yr2分子检测体系研究

为建立小麦抗条锈病基因分子检测体系,分别以Yr1和Yr2紧密连锁的标记为检测标记,以Sull-1、CYR29、CYR32、CYR33和V26/CM42为小麦条锈菌鉴别菌株,构建Yr1和Yr2分子检测体系,并对181份小麦高代系材料进行了抗病鉴定和Yr1和Yr2基因分析。结果表明,gwm372和gwm382可作为Yr1的检测标记;wmc364可作为Yr2的检测标记;5个鉴别菌株对Yr1和Yr2具有较好的区分能力。Yr1和Yr2基因在181份小麦高代系材料中比例较低,表明这两个基因在我国小麦抗病育种过程中丢失严重。     

宁夏小麦黄色素含量相关基因的组成与分布

选育低黄色素含量品种是宁夏小麦品质改良的重要目标之一。为阐明宁夏小麦中控制籽粒黄色素含量基因TaZds-A1和TaZds-D1的组成及分布特点,利用其功能标记YP2A-1和YP2D-1对91份小麦品种进行检测与分析。结果表明,在TaZds-A1位点,等位变异TaZds-A1a(与低黄色素含量相关)和TaZdsA1b(与高黄色素含量相关)分别占59.3%和40.7%;在TaZds-D1位点,等位变异TaZds-D1a(与高黄色素含量相关)占95.6%,TaZds-D1b(与低黄色素含量相关)仅占4.4%。宁夏小麦黄色素含量基因位点存在4种等位变异组合类型:以TaZds-A1a/TaZds-D1a(57.1%)组合类型为主,TaZds-A1b/TaZds-D1a(38.5%)组合类型次之,TaZds-A1a/TaZds-D1b和TaZds-A1b/TaZds-D1b组合类型最低(2.2%);不同等位变异组合类型在不同地区间的分布比例也不同。     

OsPHR2对小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性和根系土壤有机酸含量的影响

为了明确水稻低磷胁迫转录因子OsPHR2对小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性、根系土壤有机酸含量和根系活力的影响,以转OsPHR2小麦纯合株系和受体对照为试验材料,在不施磷（低磷）、施易溶性磷（0.200 g·kg^-1,KH₂PO₄为磷源）和施难溶性磷（0.200 g·kg^-1,以AlPO₄为磷源）3个处理下开展转OsPHR2小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性、根际土壤有机酸含量和根系活力的研究。结果表明,拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期,在低磷和施AlPO₄处理下2个转OsPHR2小麦株系旗叶和根部酸性磷酸化酶活性均显著高于受体对照;施KH₂PO₄处理下,2个转基因株系旗叶酸性磷酸化酶活性在抽穗期和灌浆期均显著高于对照,根部在抽穗期显著高于对照,其他时期差异均不显著。随着小麦生育进程,小麦根际土壤草酰乙酸、草酸、乙酸、丙二酸和柠檬酸等有机酸含量逐渐增加。拔节期和抽穗期,在低磷、施AlPO₄和施KH₂PO₄处理下转基因系OsT5-28根际土壤五种有机酸含量均显著高于对照。转基因小麦根际土壤有机酸含量较对照的提高幅度在拔节期或抽穗期较大。三种处理下转基因系OsT5-28根系TTC还原力在三个时期均显著高于对照。这说明低磷胁迫下OsPHR2可提高小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性和根系活力,促进根系有机酸的分泌,增加分泌量,从而提高小麦磷素吸收效率。     

Modified crystal violet pectate medium (CVP) based on a new polypectate source (Slendid) for the detection and isolation of soft rot erwinias

Summary The selective-diagnostic crystal violet pectate (CVP) medium for the detection and isolation of soft rot erwinias was modified and improved to allow the use of a new source of sodium polypectate (Slendid type 440), as the previous polypectate (Bulmer) is no longer available. Two formulations were developed: CVP-S1 medium was less transparent but otherwise similar to the Bulmer polypectate-based CVP medium (CVP-B) except that NaOH was added and CaCl₂ concentration reduced. CVP-S2 medium was prepared by mixing equal volumes of two double strength preparations containing 1) polypectate and NaOH, and 2) all other ingredients, both sterilised separately. Although erwinia cavity formation was slower, it showed a number of advantages over CVP-B and CVP-S1 media, thereby facilitating colony/cavity detection and enumeration. These included the absence of precipitate, greater firmness and a reduced risk of liquefaction in the presence of large erwinia numbers, and a reduction in the number of saprophytic bacteria.     

喷施KH2PO4对孕穗期低温胁迫下小麦叶片抗氧化特性与幼穗冻害的影响

为探讨低温胁迫发生前叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)对小麦小穗发育及旗叶生理特性的调节作用,以烟农19(冬性,低温不敏感型)和新麦26(半冬性,低温敏感型)为材料,利用盆栽试验,在小麦孕穗期于人工气候模拟箱内进行低温(2℃和-2℃)胁迫,并在低温处理前叶面喷施0.2％KH2PO4溶液,低温结束后分析了小麦幼穗冻害发生...     

opaque2对糯玉米子粒食味和营养品质的影响分析

玉米opaque2(o2)是胚乳发育的核心调控基因,对子粒发育至关重要。基于9组糯玉米o2近等基因系(o2-NILs)及对应轮回亲本,对鲜食期和成熟期子粒的种皮厚度、总淀粉含量、可溶性糖含量等性状进行分析。结果表明,黄糯2/o2o2和中63-2/o2o2鲜食期子粒的食味品质性状均有提高,其他o2-NILs子粒品质变化不一。鲜食期o2突变对种皮厚度影响较大,但与成熟期无直接相关性。o2突变使玉米子粒赖氨酸含量增加,营养价值提高,但多数近等基因系成熟期淀粉含量和百粒重降低,仅糯2/o2o2、淀粉含量和百粒重均不受影响。糯2/o2o2、SY1-2/o2o2、赵OP-6/o2o2中27 KD γ-zein表达量显著增加、子粒饱满度与轮回亲本相近,但均表现为粉质胚乳,因此认为,优质蛋白糯玉米硬质胚乳的恢复需多个o2胚乳修饰基因协同作用。     

Production and use of seedling tubers from true potato seed (TPS) for potato cultivation in Italy

Summary The effect of varying plant population on the production of tubers from potato seedlings was investigated during 1992 and 1993 using three different plant densities: 35, 70, 100 plants/m². Increasing the plant population significantly increased the number of tubers produced, but no significant difference was found between the plant densities of 70 and 100 plants/m². The seedling tubers produced in nursery beds were tested in the field for ware potato production using different sized tubers. The best performances were obtained using tubers 30–40 mm. Significant differences were evident among the 7 true potato seed (TPS) families used, but data grouped by type of cross did not indicate any significant difference between 4X×4X and 4X×2X crossing groups.     

Micrococcin P1 and P2 from Epibiotic Bacteria Associated with Isolates of Moorea producens from Kenya

Epibiotic bacteria associated with the filamentous marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens were explored as a novel source of antibiotics and to establish whether they can produce cyclodepsipeptides on their own. Here, we report the isolation of micrococcin P1 (1) (C₄₈H₄₉N₁₃O₉S₆; obs. m/z 1144.21930/572.60381) and micrococcin P2 (2) (C₄₈H₄₇N₁₃O₉S₆; obs. m/z 1142.20446/571.60370) from a strain of Bacillus marisflavi isolated from M. producens’ filaments. Interestingly, most bacteria isolated from M. producens’ filaments were found to be human pathogens. Stalked diatoms on the filaments suggested a possible terrestrial origin of some epibionts. CuSO₄·5H₂O assisted differential genomic DNA isolation and phylogenetic analysis showed that a Kenyan strain of M. producens differed from L. majuscula strain CCAP 1446/4 and L. majuscula clones. Organic extracts of the epibiotic bacteria Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora and Ochrobactrum anthropi did not produce cyclodepsipeptides. Further characterization of 24 Firmicutes strains from M. producens identified extracts of B. marisflavi as most active. Our results showed that the genetic basis for synthesizing micrococcin P1 (1), discovered in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, is species/strain-dependent and this reinforces the need for molecular identification of M. producens species worldwide and their epibionts. These findings indicate that M. producens-associated bacteria are an overlooked source of antimicrobial compounds.     

生物炭对滨海盐土区麦田N2O排放和小麦产量的影响

为了解氮肥配施生物炭对滨海盐土区麦田N₂O排放和小麦产量的影响,设置不施氮（N0）、农民常规施氮（N1）、氮肥配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（N1B1)和氮肥配施40 t·hm^-2生物炭（N1B2) 4个处理,采用静态暗箱 气相色谱法对滨海盐土区麦田不同处理间N₂O排放通量进行观测和比较。结果表明,施用氮肥（N1）后滨海盐土区麦田N₂O累积排放量和小麦产量较N0处理分别增加了70.4%和50.5%（P<0.05）,施氮对单位产量N₂O排放量以及土壤反硝化酶活性（DEA）没有显著影响（P>0.05）。与N0处理相比,N1B1、N1B2处理下土壤硝化潜势（PNR）分别降低了16.9%（P<0.05）和19.9%（P<0.05）。在所有施氮处理中,生物炭的N₂O减排作用较明显,但是没有显著增加小麦产量。与N1处理相比,N1B1处理下土壤N₂O累积排放量、PNR、DEA分别降低了17.4%、17.6%（P<0.05）和29.4%（P<0.05）,N1B2处理下分别降低了28.8%（P<0.05）、20.5%（P<0.05）和3.4%。N1B1与N1B2处理间土壤N₂O累积排放量、PNR、DEA和小麦产量均无显著差异。因此,滨海盐土区实行氮肥配施生物炭在保证小麦稳产的同时有助于减少N₂O排放。     

Interaction between Marine-Derived n-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Uric Acid on Glucose Metabolism and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study

The present case-control study explored the interaction between marine-derived n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and uric acid (UA) on glucose metabolism and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Two hundred and eleven healthy subjects in control group and 268 T2DM subjects in case group were included. Plasma phospholipid (PL) fatty acids and biochemical parameters were detected by standard methods. Plasma PL C22:6n-3 was significantly lower in case group than in control group, and was negatively correlated with fasting glucose (r = −0.177, p < 0.001). Higher plasma PL C22:6n-3 was associated with lower risk of T2DM, and the OR was 0.32 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.12 to 0.80; p = 0.016) for per unit increase of C22:6n-3. UA was significantly lower in case group than in control group. UA was positively correlated with fasting glucose in healthy subjects, but this correlation became negative in T2DM subjects. A significant interaction was observed between C22:6n-3 and UA on fasting glucose (p for interaction = 0.005): the lowering effect of C22:6n-3 was only significant in subjects with a lower level of UA. In conclusion, C22:6n-3 interacts with UA to modulate glucose metabolism.     

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫对玉米幼苗渗透调节物质含量的影响

研究了NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫对玉米幼苗电解质渗漏、根系活力及脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明，玉米在NaCl作用下其电解质渗漏、根系活力及渗透调节物质含量的变化和Na₂SO₄胁迫相似，电解质渗漏、根系活力及渗透调节物质含量均随着盐浓度的增加而加剧。NaCl胁迫下增幅大于Na₂SO₄胁迫，表明NaCl胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害大于Na₂SO₄胁迫。     

Effect of CO2 Concentration,Temperature and N Fertilization on Biomass Production of Soybean Genotypes Differing in N Fixation Capacity

Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO₂ concentration [CO₂]-induced enhancement of biomass production of soybean is greater in a genotype that has a higher nitrogen (N) fixation capacity. Furthermore, we analyzed theinteractive effects of N fertilization, temperature and [CO₂] on biomass production. Three genetically related genotypes: Enrei (normally-nodulating genotype), Kanto 100 (supernodulating genotype), and En1282 (non-nodulating genotype) were grown in pots, with or without N fertilizer for two years (2004, 2005). They were then subjected to two different [CO₂] (ambient and elevated (ambient + 200 ?mol mol-¹)) × two temperature regimes (low,high (low + 4~5ºC)). Top dry weight at maturity was the greatest in the elevated [CO₂] × high temperature regime, irrespective of genotype and N fertilization. The [CO₂] elevation generally enhanced N acquisition and dry matter production during the vegetative growth stage, and the enhancement was more pronounced in the nodulating genotypes (Enrei and Kanto 100) than in the non-nodulating genotype (En1282), indicating that N supply through N fixation contributes to elevated [CO₂]-induced biomass production in soybean. However, the relative responsiveness ofbiomass production to elevated [CO₂] was not necessarily higher in the supernodulating genotype than the normally-nodulating genotype. The N utilization efficiency to produce biomass was inferior in the supernodulating genotype than in the normally-nodulating and non-nodulating genotypes. These results did not fully verify the hypothesis that elevated [CO₂]-induced enhancement of biomass production of soybean is greater in a genotype with a higher N fixation capacity.