两系杂交水稻主要性状配合力与亲本籼粳分化关系的研究

选用4个光温敏核不育系及54个常规品种（系）,按NCII设计配制杂交组合,以籼粳特异RFLP标记及形态指数法检测供试品种（系）的籼粳分化程度,研究两系杂交水稻主要性状一般配合力及特殊配合力与双亲籼粳分化的关系。结果表明,①多数品种的籼粳遗传分化和形态分化相一致,只有个别品种不一致;②组合间一般配合力方差大于特殊配合力方差,基因加性效应更重要;③亲本的一般配合力效应及其特殊配合力效应对F     

空间诱变水稻广谱恢复系航恢七号的选育及利用

航恢七号是利用航天育种技术,将特籼占13纯系干种子经返回式卫星搭载15d后,从地面种植的空间诱变处理后代群体中选育出的优良恢复系。它具有农艺经济性状好、恢复力强、恢复谱广、配合力好、花粉量大、制种产量高等特点。航恢七号与两系光温敏核不育系及三系胞质雄性不育系组配的一系列杂交水稻新组合表现出较强的杂种优势,其杂种培杂航七已通过广东省品种审定。     

两系杂交水稻主要性状配合力与亲本灿粳分化关系的研究

选用４个光温敏核不育系及５４个常规品种（系）,按ＮＣⅡ设计配制杂交组合,以灿粳特异ＲＦＬＰ标记及形态指数法检测供试品种（系）的灿粳分化程度,研究两系杂交水稻主要性状一般配合力及特殊配合力与双亲灿粳分化的关系。结果表明,（１）多数品种的灿粳遗传分化和形态分化相一致,只有个别品种不一致;（２）组合间一般配合力方差大于特殊配合力方差,基因加性效应更重要;（３）亲本的一般配合力效应及其特殊配合力效应对Ｆ１     

利用分子标记辅助选择和花药培养改良光温敏不育系Y58S的稻瘟病抗性

Y58S是广泛应用的优良两系光温敏核不育系水稻品种。本研究通过分子标记辅助选择、花药培养与传统的回交技术相结合,将一全生育期广谱高抗稻瘟病基因R6导入Y58S,改良其稻瘟病抗性。根据改变激素的含量配制了4种诱导培养基,经比较发现激素配比为2,4-D3mg/L、KT1mg/L、NAA2mg/L的Y3培养基为Y58S背景材料花药培养的最佳培养基,其诱导率为15.08%,绿苗率为2.89%。本研究还获得1个含有R6基因的DH系,暂命名为YLH1,在远安自然诱发条件下稻瘟病抗性鉴定表明其分蘖期叶瘟抗性、抽穗期叶瘟抗性和穗颈瘟抗性均比对照Y58S显著提高。本研究表明花药培养和分子标记辅助选择相结合是改良光温敏核不育水稻稻瘟病抗性的快速、有效方法之一。     

水稻温敏不育系育性与温度关系初探

利用水稻温敏核不育系培矮64S分期播种试验，对在不同的自然温度条件下的育性观察结果，进行育性与温度相关性分析，结合散点图、套袋结实率及自交结实率，可以判定温敏雄性不育系育性转换的温度敏感期及其长短，不育基因表达所需的临界日均温及育性的稳定性。结果表明：温敏不育系的可育性及敏感期与日均温呈显著负相关。     

携带白化转绿型叶色标记两系杂交水稻不育系NHR111S

NHR111S是利用60Coγ射线离体诱变光温敏核不育系广占63S育成的携带白化转绿型叶色标记两系不育系。该不育系保持了原不育系优良的农艺性状、育性特征和配合力,并便于利用叶色标记在繁、制种生产中辅助去杂。     

光敏核不育系育性转换的光温反应特性研究

采用人工光周期处理和自然条件下分期播插等方法，在武昌对１１个不育系育性转换的光温反应类型进行了鉴定。初步探明了影响不育系育性转换的光温因子和临界光温指标。结果表明，大多数不育系的育性转换均受到光周期与温度的共同作用，纯粹的光敏型或温敏型不育材料是不存在的，从而为选育生态适应性较广的光敏核不育系提供了农业气象依据。     

水稻温敏不育系育性鉴定及繁种水温处理系统的设计和应用

水稻温敏不育系育性敏感期处于某种温度条件下表现雄性不育，与父本可配制杂交种；处于另一温度条件下则可育，能自交繁殖种子。使不育过渡到可育的育性转换温度决定着两系法杂交稻制种风险的大小。因此，确定水稻温敏不育系的育性转换温度，筛选导致不育起点温度低的温敏不育系已成为水稻两系法育种的技术关键。本研究的处理系统利用空调机制冷、加热，温控仪自动控温，水温在17～30℃之间可调。水温控制池与植株处理池中的水不断循环，从而达到植株处理池中的水温长期稳定，保持在研究所需要的范围内，完全能满足温敏不育系育性鉴定与繁种的要求     

水稻三系的细胞质基因和细胞核基因对杂种优势影响的比较

杂交水稻是水稻三系的细胞质基因和细胞核基因的综合体,水稻三系的性状直接影响到杂交水稻的性状,而水稻三系性状的表现是受细胞质基因和细胞核基因控制的。因此,研究水稻三系的细胞质基因和细胞核基因对杂种一代优势的影响,这对于指导杂交水稻育种工作有其重要意义。本试验对水稻三系的细胞质基因和细胞核基因对杂种一代主要经济性状的优势的影响进行了研究,其结果是:不同细胞质源基因对杂种一代优势影响的差异不显著;不育细胞质基因和可育细胞质基因对杂种一代优势影响的差异也不显著;细胞核基因对杂种一代优势的影响,要大过细胞质基因;不同细胞核基因对杂种一代优势的影响不同,而恢复系的核基因的影响,要大过不育系的核基因的影响。     

两优培九制种播差期决策的气候学方法

以两系杂交稻两优培九(培矮64S/9311)为研究对象，以光温敏不育系培矮64S(母本)的育性转换指标集和南方一季稻区域12个地区1951—1992年的逐日温度和理论日长资料为基本分析依据，提出了一种制种播差期决策的气候学分析方法。该方法根据两系法杂交水稻的生产特点，首先确定培矮64S在不同地区的稳定不育期和最佳不育期的季节和规律，然后用水稻生育期模型计算制种亲本在不同季节的播差期及其变化规律。本研究可以为宏观决策两系法杂交稻的制种区域和播差期提供方法和依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.