马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及序贯抽样

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say是一种重要的害虫,为明确其在新疆的空间分布,及时采取有效的防控措施,在田间调查的基础上,采取随机取样和Iwao回归分析法对新疆乌鲁木齐地区的马铃薯甲虫成虫、卵块和幼虫的空间分布型、理论抽样数及幼虫的序贯抽样方法进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫各虫态空间格局的聚块性指标均大于1,空间分布型为普通群聚型;对低龄幼虫进行序贯抽样,当防治阈值为50头/样方、置信水平为1.96时,防治上、下限方程分别为:d1=50n+81n和d0=50n-81n,当百株虫量达到756头以上时需要进行防治。     

一品红花卉上烟粉虱的序贯抽样技术研究

烟粉虱[Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)]在花卉一品红上的为害十分猖獗,在调查分析的基础上,研究了烟粉虱在一品红上的序贯抽样技术。结果表明:烟粉虱成虫的平均拥挤度*m与平均密度x-回归方程为*m=-9.05+2.26x-,相关性极显著(0.799 1);以Iwao的序贯抽样为基础,结合Kuno的序贯抽样,提出复序贯抽样技术,防治指标上下限为T′₀(n)=7n+2 5.39n,T″₀(n)=7n-2 5.39n,截止线为T(n)=α+1/(D₀²-β-1/n),D₀=0.15。     

Repellency of a kaolin particle film to potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), on tomato under laboratory and field conditions

BACKGROUND: The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, causing several diseases in solanaceous crops. Laboratory and field no‐choice and choice experiments were conducted to evaluate the repellency of kaolin particle film on adults of B. cockerelli on tomato plants that had been sprayed with kaolin particle film on the upper surface only, on the lower surface only and on both leaf surfaces. RESULTS: In no‐choice tests in the laboratory, the numbers of adults on leaves were not different between the kaolin particle film and the water control, regardless of which leaf surface(s) were treated, but numbers of eggs were lower on the leaves treated with kaolin particle film than on those treated with water. In choice tests on plants treated with water/plants treated with kaolin particle film at ratios of 1:1, 6:3 or 8:1, fewer adults and eggs were found on the leaves treated with kaolin particle film than on leaves treated with water. Under field conditions, in caged no‐choice or choice tests, fewer adults, eggs and nymphs were found on plants treated with kaolin particle film than on plants treated with water. In an uncaged test under field conditions, plants sprayed with kaolin particle film had fewer psyllids than those sprayed with water. CONCLUSION: Even though potato psyllid adults could land on plants treated with kaolin particle film when no choice was given, fewer eggs were laid. When given a choice, the psyllids avoided plants treated with kaolin particle film under laboratory and field conditions. Kaolin particle film treatment may be a useful alternative for management of potato psyllids under field conditions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution pattern and sequential sampling plan for spotted pod borer,Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on pigeon pea,Cajanus cajan L

Spatial distribution of legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Pusa 992 pigeon pea cultivar during kharif (rainy season) 2011 and 2012 was analyzed through Taylor's power law (TPL) and Iwao's mean crowding (IMC) regression. M. vitrata exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern on the crop. The pooled data for the two years fitted well to the TPL (a = 1.05, b = 1.19, R² = 0.967) and the IMC (α = ?0.17, β = 1.124, R² = 0.99). The optimal sample sizes with the TPL parameters increased with an increased precision level. Based on the TPL parameters, the decision lines of sequential sampling for M. vitrata were determined to be d = 3n ± 2.5√n. The sequential sampling plan would economize decision-making for an effective management of M. vitrata.     

马铃薯甲虫空间分布型及抽样技术研究

马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是我国马铃薯恶性入侵害虫。本研究利用聚集度指标检验、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归法对马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间的空间分布型进行了研究。聚集度指标检测各虫态均为聚集分布,且种群聚集主要是由马铃薯甲虫各虫态本身的聚集行为,或由其本身的聚集行为与环境异质性共同作用所致。建立了马铃薯甲虫成虫、幼虫和卵在田间调查的理论抽样数学模型。田间抽样方法,成虫应采用大五点、对角线法;幼虫最适应采用Z字型法;卵最适应采用对角线法。     

甘薯地土壤线虫群体分布规律及取样方法研究

在5年连作甘薯地,于甘薯移栽前和移栽后的不同时间,调查甘薯穴中和穴间、株间和行间以及各样点不同土层线虫的群体数量。分析明确了植物寄生线虫和非植物寄生线虫群体的水平分布和垂直分布规律,提出了研究和了解甘薯地土壤线虫发生动态的调查取样方法。     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of potato viruses S and M in potato tubers

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with alkaline phosphatase successfully detected potato virus S (PVS) and potato virus M (PVM) in secondarily infected tubers of some Dutch potato cultivars. Extinction was higher for PVS than for PVM but values for both declined slightly within 8 weeks of lifting and it is suggested that testing be carried out within this period. Values (A405) of ELISA reactions between healthy and infected tubers were statistically significant and storage at 4° or 20°C had no effect on detectability of the viruses.Samenvatting Aardappelvirus S kon zowel in knollen van oogst 1978, die gedurende 49 weken bij 4°C waren bewaard en waarvan de kiemrust reeds was verbroken, als in knollen van oogst 1979, die bij 4° of 20°C waren bewaard en nog in de kiemrust verkeerden, tot 8 weken na rooien betrouwbaar met ELISA worden aangetoond. Aardappelvirus M kon eveneens met ELISA betrouwbaar worden aangetoond in knollen van oogst 1979, bewaard bij 4° of 20°C, tot 8 weken na het rooien.De extinctiewaarden voor aardappelvirus S waren hoger dan die voor aardappelvirus M. De waarden voor beide virussen vertoonden een daling gedurende de onderzoekperiode (tot 8 weken na rooien). Er kon geen effect van de bewaartemperatuur (4° en 20°C) op de aantoonbaarheid van de virussen worden aangetoond. Geen verschillen werden waargenomen tussen de extinctiewaarden van het sap uit navel- en krooneinden van de knollen, die nog in de kiemrust verkeerden.Guest worker from April–September 1979 as a fellow of the International Agricultural Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands, from the Agricultural Research Centre, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia.     

Spatial characteristics of white mould epidemics and the development of sequential sampling plans in Australian bean fields

To improve sampling efficiency and precision in the assessment of white mould (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease incidence on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), the spatial characteristics of epidemics were characterized in 54 linear transects in 18 bean fields during 2008–2010 in northern Tasmania, Australia. The incidence of diseased pods and plants was assessed prior to harvest. Distributional and correlation‐based analyses indicated the incidence of diseased pods was characterized by a largely random pattern at the individual plant scale, with some patches of similar disease levels on pods occurring at a scale of 1·5 m or greater. Collectively, these results suggested epidemics may be dominated by localized sources of inoculum. Sequential sampling approaches were developed to estimate or classify disease incidence above or below provisional thresholds of 3, 5 and 15% incidence on pods near harvest. Achieving prespecified levels of precision by sequential estimation was possible only when disease incidence on pods was greater than approximately 4% and sampling was relatively intense (i.e. 10 pods evaluated on each of at least 64 plants). Using sequential classification, correct decisions on disease status were made in at least 95% of independent validation datasets after assessment of only 10·1–15 plants, depending on classification threshold and error rates. Outcomes of this research provide the basis for implementing more efficient sampling and management strategies for this disease in Australian fields.     

The effect of insecticide application sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera:Aphididae), on field crops of potato

Experiments were done on commercial potato crops in the UK to investigate the effect of different insecticide sequences on the control and insecticide resistance status of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The work was done to provide field validation of similar laboratory studies done in 'field simulators'. To ensure adequate aphid populations and to influence the initial resistance status of the aphid population, cultured M. persicae from a clone of known resistance status (esterase R1, kdr heterozygote, non-MACE (modified acetylcholinesterase)) were inoculated into both experiments. Two-spray programmes starting with lambda-cyhalothrin (a pyrethroid insecticide) gave poor control in comparison with programmes starting with pirimicarb (a carbamate insecticide) or pirimicarb-containing mixtures. This concurred closely with the results obtained from single applications in field simulator studies. Treatment sequences containing pymetrozine (a pyridine azomethine insecticide) were also effective, though slower-acting. This again concurs with field simulator studies. The proportions of aphids carrying different resistance mechanisms were largely unaffected by treatment in these experiments. The implications of these results for field control strategies are discussed.     

籼-粳杂交稻稻曲病空间分布和抽样技术研究

本文应用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Taylor幂法则等方法,测定了籼-粳杂交稻稻曲病在田间的空间分布型和抽样技术。结果表明,稻曲病田间空间分布主要为非随机性的聚集型分布。m~*-x回归分析表明,稻曲病空间分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引。Taylor幂法则分析显示,稻曲病病株聚集度依赖于密度。不同取样方法准确度比较结果指出,稻曲病田间抽样调查宜采用平行跳跃式取样,在此基础上提出了稻曲病田间理论抽样公式和序贯抽样表。     

Attract‐and‐kill: a new strategy for the management of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) in potato: laboratory experiments towards optimising pheromone and insecticide concentration

BACKGROUND: Sex pheromones of the potato tuber moths Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) are ideal tools to monitor pest flight activity but are not used as means of control. The aim of the present study was to test the suitability of an attract‐and‐kill strategy consisting of pure pheromones and the contact insecticide cyfluthrin as the active ingredient, formulated with plant oils and ultraviolet absorbers, and applied in droplet sizes of 100 µL. RESULTS: Cyfluthrin at a concentration of 5 g L^?1 resulted in the highest and fastest killing of males after 48 h, with a 100% mortality after 3–4 days. In contrast, control males survived for 13 days. In olfactometer experiments, the pheromone concentration of 0.5 g L^?1 was significantly most attractive against eight virgin females. At controlled conditions (20 °C), no reduction in efficacy of the attract‐and‐kill formulation was observed for a minimum period of 36 days, whereas under natural environmental conditions the efficacy reduced gradually after day 6 of exposure. The longer the droplet was exposed, the longer was the time to reach 100% mortality of males. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with attract‐and‐kill studies for other pest species, the results are promising as a means of achieving highly effective control of potato tuber moths under field conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

国家种质广州甘薯圃病毒种类鉴定及分析

为明确引起国家种质广州甘薯资源圃中病毒病的病毒种类及优势种,为甘薯种质安全保存提供支持,2017年从甘薯资源圃中未脱毒更新的盆栽苗和大田苗中采集155份具有不同病毒病症状的甘薯资源样品,利用PCR和RT-PCR检测技术对这些样品进行了17种病毒的分子检测.155份样品均有病毒检出,包括甘薯羽状斑驳病毒Sweet pot...