凝固型山药红枣酸奶的研制

山药红枣酸奶是以新鲜山药、红枣和鲜牛奶为原料,用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌以1∶1混合作为发酵剂进行乳酸发酵,制得的一种集山药、红枣和酸奶于一体的新型保健乳品。通过正交实验确定了发酵工艺参数,筛选出最优组合。实验结果表明,鲜牛奶中加入30%山药浆,10%红枣汁,8%白砂糖和4%发酵剂,在41℃条件下发酵6h,制得的发酵酸奶色香味俱佳,具有一定的营养保健功能。     

槐花酸奶的工艺研究

以槐花浸提汁、鲜牛乳为主要原料进行发酵,制得一种酸奶保健品,并确定最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,槐花酸奶的最佳工艺配方为槐花汁与牛奶比例为0.5∶1,蔗糖添加量为8%,接种量为5%,42℃发酵7 h,在0~4℃冰箱中冷藏后熟,保存12 h,所制得的乳品口感好、营养价值高。     

辣木酸奶的研制

以脱脂奶粉为主要原料,添加辣木汁、白砂糖,利用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌进行发酵,研制辣木风味酸奶。通过正交试验确定最佳配方为：辣木汁添加量10%,白砂糖7%,发酵剂接种量3%,可制得组织状态与色泽良好,既有酸奶固有香味,又有辣木特有风味的营养型酸奶。     

橙汁酸奶工艺配方研究

利用鲜榨橙汁、纯牛奶为主原料制作橙汁酸奶,研究橙汁添加量、白砂糖添加量、发酵剂添加量、发酵时间对酸奶品质的影响。以感官指标为评价依据,进行单因素试验和正交优化试验。结果表明,橙汁添加量8%,白砂糖添加量6%,接种量2%,发酵时间4.5 h时制得的橙汁酸奶综合品质最佳。     

榆黄蘑膳食纤维酸奶的工艺研究

将榆黄蘑可溶性膳食纤维以不同比例加入酸奶中,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验法,优化膳食纤维添加量、接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间的工艺参数。结果表明,榆黄蘑可溶性膳食纤维酸奶的最佳工艺参数为榆黄蘑可溶性膳食纤维添加量2%,接种量3%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间6h,制得的膳食纤维酸奶香味浓郁、酸甜适度。     

两种发酵方式制作猕猴桃酸奶酒的工艺优化及对比

采用同时发酵（用乳酸菌和酵母菌同时加入猕猴桃汁和纯牛奶的混合物中发酵成酒）和分别发酵（先在混合物中加入乳酸菌发酵乳形成酸奶,再加入酵母菌发酵成酒）制备猕猴桃奶酒,通过正交试验优化猕猴桃奶酒的工艺,并对两种工艺制备的猕猴桃奶酒进行比较。结果表明,对影响猕猴桃酸奶酒的因素即发酵时间、发酵温度和酵母菌接种量进行研究分析,同时发酵的最佳工艺参数为：乳酸菌接种量3%,酵母菌接种量2%,33 ℃下发酵16 d,成品酒精度为5.9%（V/V）;分别发酵的最佳工艺参数为：乳酸菌接种量3%,酵母菌接种量4%,33 ℃下发酵16 d,成品酒精度为6.9%（V/V）。再结合感官品质评价得出,分别发酵制得的猕猴桃奶酒的品质更好,具有猕猴桃酸奶酒独特的乳香和酒香。     

铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶工艺优化研究

以奶粉为主要原料,添加铁皮石斛水提物,在单因素试验和正交试验的基础上进行模糊数学综合评价,通过感官评定确定铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶的最佳工艺配方。结果表明,铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶最佳工艺配方为铁皮石斛提取液添加量20%,白砂糖添加量为8%,接种量为2%,在42℃条件下发酵8 h后于4℃冰箱中冷藏12 h,此条件下制得的铁皮石斛凝固型酸奶品质良好。     

低糖苦丁茶酸奶加工工艺的优化研究

将苦丁茶进行预处理得到的苦丁茶浸提液用于抗氧化、降血糖功能性酸奶产品的制备。在以苦丁茶浸提液添加量、零卡糖添加量、接菌量、发酵时间为单因素进行试验的基础上,利用正交试验对低糖苦丁茶酸奶加工工艺进行优化。结果表明:在苦丁茶浸提液添加量4%,零卡糖添加量10%(m/V),接菌量0.18%(m/V),发酵时间11 h条件下所制得的酸奶呈乳白色,质地黏稠,有奶皮和乳清形成,香气浓郁,口感顺滑。酸奶总糖含量为0.013 g/mL。本试验为苦丁茶酸奶的工业化生产提供了理论依据。     

牛蒡发酵饮料的制备

以新鲜牛蒡为原料,经杀菌、糖化、粉碎,用牛蒡叶、山药豆、葡萄、西红柿、胡萝卜培养的发酵菌种进行发酵培养。通过试验确定牛蒡发酵饮料最佳的发酵条件为发酵菌种添加量20%,白砂糖添加量25%,发酵时间15 d,发酵温度30℃。在此条件下制得的产品清澈透明,色泽淡咖啡色,绿色天然环保,既有牛蒡的营养及清香,又有山药、葡萄、西红柿特有的风味,口味独特。     

基于模糊数学综合感官评价的莲子酸奶制作

以莲子、脱脂奶粉为主要原料,采用模糊数学与正交试验进行综合评价的方法,研究凝固型莲子酸奶的制作工艺。结果表明,当莲子粉与奶粉按1∶5的料水比制成悬浮液时,莲奶比1∶2,加糖量5%,接种量4%,42℃下发酵4 h,可制得本试验条件下的最优产品,影响莲子酸奶品质的因素大小为莲奶比接种量发酵时间加糖量。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.