葵瓜子壳氯原酸的提取工艺研究

本试验采用3因素3水平的正交试验方法,以提取物的OD值为测定指标,探讨了葵瓜子壳主要抗菌成分氯原酸的最佳水浸提工艺条件。结果表明,葵瓜子壳主要抗菌成分氯原酸提取物的最大吸收波长为326nm,最佳水浸提工艺条件为料水比1∶10,浸提温度60℃,pH值为6。     

油桐树饼(粕)在动物生长上的应用

本文主要介绍油桐饼(粕)资源的特点、营养价值、脱毒方法及其在畜牧生产上的应用。     

苜蓿草粉饲粮添加纤维素酶对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及养分利用率的影响

本研究的目的是探讨在蛋鸡饲粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉和在高水平苜蓿草粉饲粮中添加纤维素酶对其生产性能、蛋品质及养分利用率的影响。试验选用40周龄健康海兰褐蛋鸡210只,采用单因子完全随机设计,分为7个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,分别在饲粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉和纤维素酶,依次为:0(对照组)、3％苜蓿草粉(试验I组)、5％苜蓿草粉(试验II组)、7％苜蓿草粉(试验Ⅲ组)、7％苜蓿草粉+0.1%纤维素酶(试验IV组)、7％苜蓿草粉+0.2%纤维素酶(试验V组)、7％苜蓿草粉+0.3%纤维素酶(试验VI组)。结果表明,1)添加苜蓿草粉和纤维素酶对蛋鸡的产蛋率、蛋重均无显著影响(P＞0.05),但试验Ⅲ组的采食量和试验Ⅴ组的料/蛋比对照组显著下降。2)在饲粮中添加不同水平的苜蓿草粉及纤维素酶后,对蛋黄相对重、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄pH和蛋白pH指标无改进,但高水平苜蓿草粉饲粮中添加纤维素酶提高了蛋重和蛋形指数,尽管和对照组及低用量的苜蓿草粉组相比差异不显著(P＞0.05);各试验组的蛋壳强度、哈夫单位和蛋黄颜色都得到提高,其中试验V组、VI组蛋壳强度较对照组差异显著(P＜0.05),均提高了39％,添加苜蓿草粉后,蛋黄颜色均显著改善(P＜0.05),且随着苜蓿草粉添加量的增加,蛋黄颜色呈上升趋势;高苜蓿草粉饲粮同时添加不同水平纤维素酶组,对蛋黄颜色提高有加强作用。 3)在鸡蛋保存期的7,14,21,28 d,饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉和纤维素酶均能显著降低蛋黄中丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而延长鸡蛋的货架期。4)在饲粮中添加不同水平的苜蓿草粉和纤维素酶,对粗蛋白质、钙和粗纤维的消化率有改进作用,其中试验Ⅴ组较试验Ⅲ组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维消化率分别增加了14.79%(P＞0.05),8.48%(P＞0.05),15.91%(P＞0.05)和4.17%(P＞0.05)。总的来说,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉后对生产性能、蛋品质无显著影响,但能在一定程度上改善蛋品质,蛋黄颜色得到极显著提高,高水平的苜蓿草粉组添加纤维素酶后,对粗蛋白质、钙和粗纤维的消化率有改进。     

Protection of protein from ruminal degradation by alkali‐induced oxidation of chlorogenic acid in sunflower meal

Lactating ruminants require an adequate supply of absorbable amino acids for the synthesis of milk protein from two sources, that is crude protein (CP) synthesized microbially in the rumen and ruminally undegraded CP (RUP) from feed which can both be digested in the small intestine. Several chemical and physical methods have been identified as being effective in increasing the proportion of RUP of total CP of a feedstuff, yet there is a continuing need for developing and establishing methods which protect feed protein from ruminal degradation with acceptable expenditure of labour and other costs. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify effects of and interactions between chlorogenic acid and protein in solvent‐extracted sunflower meal (SFM) as induced by alkali treatment. Response surface methodology was employed to investigate the influence of pH, reaction time and drying temperature on the resulting SFM and, subsequently, its protein value for ruminants estimated from laboratory values. For this purpose, alkali‐treated SFM was subjected to a fractionation of feed CP according to the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system as a basis for estimating RUP at different assumed ruminal passage rates (K_p). To estimate the intestinal digestibility of the treated SFM and its RUP, a three‐step enzymatic in vitro procedure was applied. Alkaline treatment of SFM increased RUP values with factors ranging from approximately 3 (K_p=.08/hr) to 12 (K_p=.02/hr). Furthermore, the intestinal digestibility of the alkali‐treated SFM was enhanced by approximately 10% compared to untreated SFM. Increasing pH and reaction time led to both increasing RUP values and intestinal digestibility. In conclusion, a targeted alkaline treatment of naturally occurring compounds in feedstuffs might be a promising approach to provide high‐RUP feeds for ruminants which, at the same time, have improved intestinal digestibility values.     

芽孢杆菌CY1—3株碱性纤维素酶基因celC的克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

芽孢杆菌CY1-3株基因组DNA经Sau3A Ⅰ部分消化后回收2～7 kb片段,构建了部分文库.通过刚果红染色鉴定,筛选出6个纤维素酶基因的阳性克隆子,经酶切鉴定为同一克隆子,命名为pGJc-1.经测序分析,该片段包含一个由1 593个核苷酸组成的开放阅读框（ORF）,命名为celC.经推导,celC基因编码由一531个氨基酸残基组成的CelC蛋白.氨基酸序列分析表明,CelC蛋白的氨基酸序列与多种细菌的β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶具有很高的同源性.粗酶液的SDSPAGE分析表明,celC基因在大肠杆菌中所表达的CelC蛋白具有纤维素酶活力,其分子质量约为58 ku.     

Supplementation of dairy cows with a fish oil containing supplement and sunflower oil to increase the CLA content of milk produced at pasture

It has been shown that the cis 9, trans 11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can be increased in milk by supplementation with fish oil and vegetable oils. Feeding a high level of oil, however, can impact negatively on gross milk composition. The principal aim of this study was to determine if relatively low levels of fish oil or sunflower oil, either alone or in combination, offered to dairy cows on pasture would increase the C18:2 cis 9, trans 11 CLA concentration in milk. Forty autumn-calved cows on a diet of grazed grass were assigned to 4 supplementation treatments: (i) No supplement (P), (ii) 255 g/day of sunflower oil (SO), (iii) 255 g/day of sunflower oil + 52.5 g/day of fish oil (SOFO), and (iv) 105 g/day of fish oil (FO). The fish oil was supplied in a proprietary product called Omega-3 Supplement which is a mixture of marine oils and an extracted oilseed meal and contains 500 g/kg of oil. The oils were fed in a concentrate mixture, which was offered at a rate of 3.0 kg/cow per day. The production of the cows was measured for 54 days and the milk fatty acid composition was determined on day 0 (immediately before the supplements were introduced) and on days 14, 28 and 42 after the treatments were imposed. Supplementation increased the yield of milk (P < 0.01), protein (P < 0.05) and lactose (P < 0.001), decreased milk fat (P < 0.05) and protein (P < 0.01) concentrations and increased (P < 0.01) lactose concentration. Type of oil did not significantly affect any production variable. The concentration of C18:1 trans 9 + C18:1 trans 11 (mainly C18:1 trans 11) (P < 0.001) and C18:2 cis 9, trans 11 CLA (P < 0.01) were greater on supplemented treatments than on P and the concentration of both were greater (P < 0.05) on FO than on SO. The results confirm that the concentration of C18:2 cis 9, trans 11 CLA can be increased further, from an already relatively high concentration in milk from pasture, by offering supplements containing a low level of fish oil either alone or in combination with sunflower oil.     

不同发酵豆粕产品替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长影响的研究

试验分别对比了2个不同厂家发酵豆粕产品(FSBⅠ与FSBⅡ)及去皮豆粕(SB)替代饲料中14.3%与28.6%的鱼粉(对照组为鱼粉35%+SB15%)时,饲喂初体重为0.55 g左右的凡纳滨对虾49 d后幼虾的生长情况。结果表明,用去皮豆粕替代鱼粉有明显的抑制凡纳滨对虾摄食与体重增加作用。在14.3%的鱼粉替代水平,FSBⅠ与FSBⅡ试验组凡纳滨对虾的成活率、摄食量、增重率及饵料系数差异不显著(P>0.05);在28.6%鱼粉替代水平,FSBⅠ与FSBⅡ组均表现出显著提高成活率的优势(P<0.05),FSBⅠ替代组虾的摄食量保持不变(P>0.05)、饵料利用率显著提高(P<0.05)、增重率显著增加(P<0.05),FSBⅡ的28.6%替代组对虾摄食量与饵料利用率降低(P>0.05)、体增重极显著下降(P<0.01)。因此,作为凡纳滨对虾饲料中部分鱼粉的替代物,2个不同厂家的发酵豆粕产品均优于去皮豆粕;高水平替代鱼粉(28.6%)时,FSBⅠ由于营养成分利用率高,鱼粉替代效果优于FSBⅡ。     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌木霉菌株筛选

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌引起的土传病害,目前尚缺乏有效的防治方法。木霉菌是一类重要的植物病害生防菌,广泛分布于自然界,容易分离培养,对多种植物病原菌具有一定的抑制作用。笔者从海南儋州、乐东、文昌等地147份土样中分离出245株木霉,通过对峙试验筛选出对香蕉枯萎病菌有较好拮抗效果木霉菌10株,抑菌率在63.1%～84.7%,并对其进行了体外拮抗作用的测定;最后还测定了无菌土中木霉与病原菌的种群变化,结果表明木霉对香蕉枯萎病菌有一定的抑制作用。     

复合芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡福利的影响

试验旨在探讨饲喂或鸡舍喷洒复合芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鸡福利状况的影响。选取健康、体重相近的1日龄AA肉鸡300只,随机分在3个处理中,每个处理4个重复,每个重复25只鸡,网上平养。处理1为对照组,饲喂玉米一豆粕基础日粮;处理2为饲喂组,在基础日粮中添加复合芽孢杆菌制剂200mg／kg;处理3为喷洒组,在鸡舍空气中喷洒复合芽孢杆菌喷剂。41日龄时对各处理肉鸡的福利状况进行评估。结果表明,饲喂组和喷洒组肉鸡试验期没有出现死亡,而对照组的死亡率为3％,各组间肉鸡死亡率差异不显著（P〉0．05）;肉鸡羽毛清洁度与步态评分结果优劣次序为：喷洒组〉饲喂组〉对照组;饲喂或喷洒芽孢杆菌的肉鸡脚垫评分都优于对照组;从跗关节损伤度来看,各处理组评分结果优劣程度为：对照组优于喷洒组,喷洒组优于饲喂组。试验结果显示,在AA肉鸡日粮中添加复合芽孢杆菌制剂或在鸡舍中喷洒复合芽孢杆菌制剂可以在一定程度上改善肉鸡的福利状况。     

纤维素酶处理荞麦秸秆对其纤维结构和滩羊肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究荞麦秸秆经不同酶活纤维素酶处理对其发酵前后纤维结构、营养成分、微生物数量以及滩羊肉品质的影响.本试验分为两部分,第1部分为酶处理试验,第2部分为饲养试验.酶处理试验共设计3个组,分别为对照组(未经酶处理的荞麦秸秆),试验I组(纤维素酶I处理的荞麦秸秆),试验Ⅱ组(纤维素酶Ⅱ处理的荞麦秸秆),每组3个重复....     

Determination of the net energy content of canola meal from Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow fed to growing pigs using indirect calorimetry

The net energy (NE) content of canola meals (CM; i.e. Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow) in growing pigs was determined using an indirect calorimetry chamber or published prediction equations. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design (n = 6), with (i) a basal diet and (ii) 2 diets containing 700 g/kg of the basal diet and 300 g/kg of either of the two varieties of CM. A total of 18 growing barrows were housed in metabolism crates for the determination of digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy. Thereafter, pigs were transferred to the indirect calorimetry chamber to determine heat production (HP). The NE contents of diets containing Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow determined with the direct determination technique and prediction equations were 9.8 versus 10.3 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) and 10.2 versus 10.4 MJ/kg DM, respectively. Retained energy (RE) and fasting heat production (FHP) of diets containing Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow were 5.5 versus 5.7 MJ/kg and 4.3 versus 4.5 MJ/kg, respectively, when measured with the direct determination technique and prediction equations. The NE contents of Brassica napus yellow and Brassica juncea yellow were determined to be 8.8 and 9.8 MJ/kg DM, respectively, using the direct determination technique.     

Isolation and characterization of a Neisseria sp. from the captive wild goose (Anser anser)

The present study investigated 15 dead cases of captive wild goslings (Anser anser), which were bred in a small poultry farm in Shandong Province, China. The examined cases presented diverse clinical signs accompanied with neurological manifestations and fatal outcomes. Bacterial culture identified the gram‐negative Neisseria sp. from the brain homogenate of most examined cases (10/15, 66.7%). The isolated bacteria were identified based on morphologic characteristics, biochemical tests and 16S rDNA typing. Results proved that 1 identical bacterial strain (BNO09‐3) was isolated from the positive cases. The phylogeny based on the 16S rDNA gene sequences indicated that this isolate has a close relationship with various strains of genus Neisseria sp. isolated from liver and feces of duck. This is the first report of Neisseria sp. causing fatality in captive wild geese in China.     

香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种密码子使用偏好性分析

为了解香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种基因组的密码子使用特点,掌握其基因编码规律,以香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种基因组的13303条高置信蛋白的编码信息为数据来源,借助CodonW等软件对蛋白质的每个氨基酸编码数据进行了统计分析,研究获得了UCC和CCC等8个密码子为最优密码子,第三个碱基为C的密码子具有更高的选择性。进一步统计分析了mRNA的编码区长度,发现密码子使用偏好性随着编码区的延长而降低,较长编码区的基因对密码子的使用无显著的偏好性。本文分析了4号生理小种的密码子偏好性,为通过密码子优化来降低外源基因在香蕉中的表达,为提高香蕉抗逆研究提供理论依据。     

云南德宏地区逸生狼尾草属植物的分类学鉴定

采用传统分类学,细胞学和RAPD分子标记对云南德宏地区逸生狼尾草(Pennisefum Rich.sp.)进行分析和鉴定。结果表明:逸生狼尾草体细胞染色体数为2n=28,经同工酶及RAPD分析,逸生狼尾草与矮象草(P.purpureum Schum.cv.Mott)的遗传距离较近,而与王草(P.americanum×P.typhoideum)的遗传距离较远,说明逸生狼尾草在分类上属象草,而非当地多年称谓的"狼尾草"。     

疑似新种--湖南花垣小鲵肝脏组织切片观察

为全面了解湖南湘西花垣小鲵,从而有效地保护和利用这一物种,应用常规组织切片方法对该小鲵的肝脏进行了观察研究,了解了小鲵肝脏的基本形态结构,为更深层次的研究其内部结构提供了材料。     

碱性硅肥对香蕉枯萎病的影响

本研究以香蕉枯萎病菌尖镰孢古巴专化型4号小种为目标菌,采用PDA平板培养、土壤平板培养和盆栽试验三种方法来测定碱性硅肥对香蕉枯萎病病菌的影响。结果表明,使用第一种方法,硅肥在小于1000倍液的范围内对菌丝生长均显示抑制作用,其中原液的抑制率达到最高并与其他浓度处理,以及对照普通肥料有显著的差异（p<0.05）;第二种方法显示与第一种方法的抑菌效果一致;第三种方法显示,硅肥处理的香蕉苗病情指数为43.85%,对照肥料处理的为68.57%,空白对照的为80.00%。本研究认为,碱性硅肥对香蕉枯萎病菌有一定的抑制作用,在生产上应用潜力。     

Effects of enzymatic treatment and shell content of palm kernel expeller meal on performance,nutrient digestibility,and ileal bacterial population in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of enzymatic treatment and shell content of palm kernel expeller meal (PKE) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and ileal bacteria population in broiler chickens. Part of the PKE sample was sieved (3 mm) to remove the shell (lower shell PKE) and part was used as is. The primary mannan-oligosaccharides in the experimental diets were determined using HPLC analysis. During the finisher phase, one hundred male broiler chickens (Cobb-500) were fed a control diet or the diets containing 200 g/kg of normal PKE (70 g/kg shell), low shell PKE (30 g/kg shell), enzymatically (cellulase and mannanase) treated PKE, or low shell, enzymatically treated PKE. The DM, CP, and ether extract digestibility coefficients were measured using acid insoluble ash as an insoluble marker. The quantitative rea-time PCR was used to determine the ileal bacteria populations. The enzymatic treatment significantly increased the mannose and also mannan-oligosaccharides content of PKE. Feed intake was not affected by dietary inclusion of PKE. In the birds fed the low shell PKE diet the average daily weight gain was lower and the feed conversion ratio was higher than those in the control and other PKE fed groups. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter and ash were lower in PKE containing diets than the control diet. However, there were no differences in the crude protein and ether extracts digestibility coefficients between the diets containing the enzymatic treated PKE (normal or low shell) and the control diet. The lowest ileal Lactobacilli population was found in the chickens fed the low shell PKE diet. Dietary normal PKE or low shell-enzymatic treated PKE decreased the Escherichia coli population compared to the control diet. The results suggested that PKE could be included up to 200 g/kg in the finisher diet without any apparent adverse effect on performance in broilers; however, any screening practice to reduce the shell content of PKE without enzymatic degradation of β-mannan, decreased its nutritive value.     

香蕉枯萎病菌chsV基因的克隆与序列分析

为了解chsV基因在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型侵染香蕉过程中的作用,及其与尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型l号生理小种和4号生理小种之间的致病力差异的关系。采用PCR和RT-PCR方法扩增了2个生理小种的chsV基因,测序后对该基因的核苷酸序列和编码的蛋白进行分析。结果表明2个生理小种chsV基因不存在内含子,开放阅读框均为726bp,核苷酸同源性为99.6%,编码242个氨基酸,氨基酸序列相同。根据生物信息学软件预测编码蛋白没有信号肽,分子量为26346.8u,pI为6.18。2个生理小种寄主选择性差异与chsV基因并无明显对应关系,这为进一步研究chsV基因功能奠定了基础。