土壤矿质元素对玉米籽粒品质的影响

调解土壤中矿质元素含量水平,是改善玉米生长环境条件,提升玉米籽粒品质的有益举措。笔者简要概述了氮、磷、钾、微量元素和有机肥对玉米品质形成的影响,为矿质元素的合理使用提供必要理论依据。     

硼对玉米矿质养分的影响

虽然有些研究者观察到玉米施硼肥后有时能增产,但还是有争议的,因为即使土壤中 B含量水平相似,其结果并非一致。在瑞士,往密度约每公顷10万株的玉米地施 B 肥,某些杂交种的产量明显增加,但果穗苞叶中 B 的浓度未受影响。因此可以推想,B 对玉米产量的影响可能是间接的,通过影响根或叶中其他养分的浓度而起作用。在养分通过植物膜的运转中,B 起着重要     

矿质元素与种子（谷粒）营养品质

矿质元素对种子(谷粒)的影响有两个方面:产量和产品质量。本文讨论限于后者,即矿质营养元素对种子成分、和其对人和动物营养的影响。目的是不但要养活日益增长的世界人口,还要活得更好一些。 种子矿物质营养价值已日益受到重视。但是种子所含矿质营养元素既不完全,为量也少,难以满足人类健康的要求。原因何在?不能不引起人们的思考。     

黄淮海平原玉米矿质营养综合诊断指标及决定因素

利用黄淮海平原玉米栽培试验结果,按三个产量段分别建立了玉米叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu九种矿质营养元素的综合诊断指标,并应用DRIS技术进一步研究了土壤肥力、品种类型和施肥措施对这些指标的决定作用。     

高粱籽粒营养品质优质资源的筛选与利用

高粱籽粒营养品质优质资源的筛选与利用阎树华，孟淑洁（辽宁省农科院测试分析中心１１０１６１）高粱是兼食用、饲用、酿造于一体的作物，在我国高粱品种资源极为丰富。高粱籽粒的粗蛋白、赖氨酸、单宁含量是决定高粱用途的重要品质指标。如何充分开发和利用高粱资源，促...     

增铵营养对玉米品质影响初探

试验利用盆栽,选用远征808(收敛型)和四单19(平展型)作试验材料,研究了增铵营养对玉米子粒中蛋白质、淀粉和可溶性糖含量的影响.在氮素水平一致的条件下,设6个处理,NO3--N和NH4+-N比例分别是3:0、2:1、1:1、1:2、0:3及对照(不施氮).试验表明,增铵营养可以提高玉米子粒中蛋白质含量,但不同类型品种表现有差异,远征808在NO₃^--N和NNH₄⁺-N比例为2:1时蛋白质含量最高,而四单19在1:2时     

温度对黄曲霉菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响

在美国,玉米收获前发现黄曲霉菌(Asperrgillas flavus ex Prics Link)已有多年。过去人们认为该菌是一种不重要的穗部病菌,很少有人注意它,直到产生有毒的化合物黄曲霉素时,才引起人们关注。它是美国东南部地区玉米上的一种常见菌,若干年后,将会给主     

玉米籽粒含水量对计产的影响

玉米籽粒含水量对计产的影响王生（铁岭市农科所１１２６１６）玉米籽粒的产量是品种试验中取舍的重要依据。然而，在自然风干条件下玉米品种间籽粒含水量差异较大，严重影响试验结果的可靠性。为使试验结果更可靠，笔者对１２年来省玉米区域试验品种间籽粒含水量差异进行...     

玉米主要营养品质性状的QTL定位

以LX00-6×E28的278个F_2:3家系为作图群体,通过SSR标记利用MAPMAKER/EXP3.0和Mapdraw 2.0构建遗传连锁图谱.该连锁图覆盖玉米基因组1 508.1 cM,包含124个标记,相邻两标记的平均距离为12.2 cM.利用QTLMaper2.5软件,结合主要品质性状的检测结果,运用复合区间作图法,以LOD=2.0对玉米主要品质性状进行全基因组QTLs扫描,检测到两个与淀粉含量相关的QTL位点,分别位于第1、8条染色体上,表现为部分显性效应和加性效应,并在第1条染色体上检测到1个与油分含量相关的位点,表现为加性效应.     

红壤旱地春大豆品种的产量,品质及矿质营养的基因差异

在江西红壤旱地底施氮磷钾肥条件下,６个不同生育期品种的产量均可达到１５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２以上,在气候条件较好的１９９７年,分别达到１７００－２３５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,产量高低及主要经济性状随品种生育期长短而异,与对照相比,增产率为２．５４％－３５．５３％,主要农艺性状亦存在差异;生育期长的品种比生育期短的品种蛋白质含量低、油分含量高,但蛋白质,油分之和均超过６５％。早熟品种８９０５－１不但产量高出中     

通过剪叶改变源库关系对玉米子粒营养组分含量的影响

2004～2005年在吉林省梨树县大田条件下以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)、郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试材,在授粉后25d和35d将植株全部绿叶剪掉1/2,玉米成熟后对子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分等营养组分含量的变化进行了测定分析。结果表明:各类玉米品种的源库关系在线性灌浆期改变为源小库大后,单粒淀粉积累量均显著减少,但淀粉百分含量除供试高油品种外则有明显提高;单粒蛋白质积累量均显著减少,同时蛋白质百分含量显著下降;单粒油分积累量显著减少,但油分百分含量变化不大;赖氨酸/蛋白质显著提高,与蛋白质百分含量的变化趋势相反。改变源库关系对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分百分含量的效应不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质百分含量变化受到的影响最大,对源库关系改变的反应最敏感;淀粉百分含量次之;油分百分含量一般不易受源库关系改变的影响,表现稳定。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on grain quality of wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide. Due to its high content of starch and unique gluten proteins, wheat grain is used for many food and non-food applications. Although grain quality is an important topic for food and feed as well as industrial processing, the consequences of future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations on quality parameters such as nutritional and bread-making rheological properties are still unclear. Wheat productivity increases under CO₂ enrichment. Concomitantly, the chemical composition of vegetative plant parts is often changed and grain quality is altered. In particular, the decrease in grain protein concentration and changes in protein composition may have serious economic and health implications. Additionally, CO₂ enrichment affects amino acid composition and the concentrations of macro- and micro-elements. However, experimental results are often inconsistent. The present review summarises the results from numerous CO₂ enrichment experiments using different exposure techniques in order to quantify the potential impacts of projected atmospheric CO₂ levels on wheat grain yield and on aspects of grain composition relevant to processing and human nutrition.     

不同类型玉米产量及子粒营养组分含量的种植密度效应

2004～2005年以吉单209(普通玉米品种)、吉油199(高油玉米品种)和郑单958(高淀粉玉米品种)为试验材料,研究了种植密度对不同类型玉米产量及子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分含量的影响。结果表明:①供试3个(类)品种的群体产量相比较,以高淀粉品种郑单958最高,最高产量接近12000kg/hm2,其次为普通玉米品种吉单209,高油品种吉油199产量最低。通径分析结果显示,群体粒数均是各类品种产量的主要贡献因子,百粒重对产量的直接效应均小。②随种植密度增加,各类品种的子粒淀粉、蛋白质、油分含量均呈现出复杂的增减变化趋势,且品种间表现不同,无规律性。种植密度对子粒淀粉、蛋白质和油分含量的影响程度不同,各类玉米品种均表现为子粒蛋白质含量变化受种植密度的影响最大,对密度变化的反应最敏感;淀粉含量次之;油分含量一般不易受密度变化的影响,表现相当稳定。     

QTL mapping of grain quality traits in rice

Grain quality improvement is one of the most important goals in a rice breeding program. An indica variety with small grain size was crossed to a japonica variety with large grain size to construct a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling eight grain quality traits. Based on a linkage map of 185 SSR markers, a total of 16 QTLs were mapped on six chromosomes. A pleiotropic main effect QTL (M-QTL) flanked by RM3204 and RM16 on chromosome 3 influences the grain length (GL), length width ratio (LWR) and head rice ratio (HRR), explaining the phenotypic variation of 46.0, 36.1 and 29.7%, respectively. A total of 18 epistatic QTLs were identified for all the traits except MRR, distributed on all the chromosomes except chromosome 10. Two M-QTLs for GL and one M-QTL for GW were involved in epistatic QTL. No significant interaction between M-QTL or epistatic QTL and environment was detected except AC having significant M-QTL by environment interaction with minor effect. GL and LWR have a significant negative relation with HRR which might make it difficult to develop long grain with higher HRR in the rice breeding practice.     

Preliminary study on quality and storability of giant hybrid rice grain

Grain quality is one of the key targets for rice breeding. Two-meter-high giant rice, Xiangju-1, is a new high-quality restorer line of hybrid rice. Here, the grain quality and storability of three varieties Jufeng 5 (JF5), Jufeng 6 (JF6), and Jufeng 8 (JF8) were studied. The grain sizes of three giant hybrid rice varieties (JFs) were larger than that of the control rice Jingliangyou 1212 (1212). With respect to nutritional value, the three JFs varieties had similar protein content (~8%) but much higher fat content (>0.8%) than 1212. In addition, JF6 had better storability than JF8 when assessed by controlled deterioration treatment (CDT). RNA-seq analysis revealed that the heatmaps of differentially expressed genes in JF6 and JF8 were similar after 20 days of CDT when compared with 0 days. Of particular interest were the different mRNA levels of several genes related to the pathways of DNA damage response and abscisic acid biosynthesis in JF6 and JF8 after 20 days of CDT. Taken together, the data suggested that JF6 had better grain quality and storability than the other hybrid varieties, and several candidate genes for seed storability were identified.     

增产菌对甜菜作用机制的探讨——Ⅲ.增产菌对甜菜矿质营养的吸收及抗旱能力等的影响

研究表明,增产菌能影响甜菜对矿质营养的吸收速率及选择性,能明显地促进甜菜对N、P、Fe的吸收,但不能促进其对K、Na的吸收。在块根糖分增长期,增产菌有效地改善了碳水化合物的分配和利用,促进碳水化合物由叶片向根部运输。在水分胁迫条件下,增产菌能减少干旱对质膜的伤害作用,并能提高块根中脯氨酸浓度,维持较高叶片含水量和干物质累积速率。     

种植密度对3个玉米杂交种产量及品质的影响

2002年在吉林省梨树,以中单9409、郑单18和哲单14为试材,在30000、60000、90000和120000株/hm2种植密度下,研究了种植密度对3个玉米品种产量及子粒品质的影响。结果表明,3个品种产量的种植密度效应基本相同,产量随种植密度增加先升后降。随种植密度增加,高淀粉玉米郑单18的蛋白质含量和油分含量逐渐下降,淀粉含量上升,而蛋白质、油分、淀粉含量之和穴POSC雪呈现升-降-升的变化趋势。普通玉米哲单14蛋白质含量和POSC随种植密度增加而上升,淀粉含量下降,而油分含量呈现降-升-升趋势。优质蛋白玉米中单9409随种植密度增加POSC和油分含量呈下降趋势,而蛋白质含量和淀粉含量变化较为复杂。以上表明,玉米子粒养分含量在不同种植密度时品种间具有很大的差异。     

Identification of CIMMYT spring bread wheat germplasm maintaining superior grain yield and quality under heat-stress

Unpredictable temperatures and rainfall associated with climate change are expected to affect wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in various countries. The development of climate-resilient spring wheat cultivars able to maintain grain yield and quality is essential to food security and economic returns. We tested 54 CIMMYT spring bread wheat genotypes, developed and/or released over a span of 50 years, in the field for two years under optimum sowing dates, as well as using two delayed sowing dates to expose crops to medium and severe heat-stress conditions. The grain yield and yield components were severely affected as the heat-stress increased. Two contrasting groups of 10 lines each were identified to determine the effect of heat-stress on bread-making quality. The first set included entries that produced high yields in optimal conditions and maintained higher yields under heat-stress (superior-yielding lines), while the second set included genotypes that did not perform well in the environment with high temperature (inferior-yielding lines). We identified genotypes exhibiting bread-making quality stability, as well as the quality traits that had higher correlation with the loaf volume in the environment without stress and under heat-stress. Of all the quality traits tested, dough extensibility (AlvL) and grain protein content had a significant influence in heat-stress adaptation. Most of the lines from the superior-yielding group were also able to maintain and even improve quality characteristics under heat-stress and therefore, could be used as parents in breeding to develop high-yielding and stable quality wheat varieties.     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

种植密度对郑单21玉米产量及品质的影响

2004年在河南省郑州市,以郑单21为试材,在30 000、45 000、60 000、75 000和90 000株/hm2种植密度下,研究了种植密度对郑单21玉米品种产量及子粒品质的影响。结果表明:郑单21的产量随着种植密度的增加先增后减,产量在60 000株/hm2达到最高的8 508 kg/hm2,淀粉含量同样是先增后减,在75 000株/hm2达到最高的74.78%,蛋白质含量表现为逐渐下降的趋势,油分含量表现为增-减-增的趋势,变化不大。高淀粉玉米郑单21不同种植密度产量及淀粉含量有一定差异。