紧凑型玉米生长发育规律的研究

与平展型玉米相比,紧凑型玉米具有叶面积系数大、光合势大、干物质积累强度大和灌浆速度快等特点。这些特点主要源自该品种类型株型紧凑和能耐密植。紧凑型玉米全生育期比平展型玉米多积累372Kg干物质,经济系数高4％,故每亩籽粒产量多167.kg或26.6％。     

不同株型玉米杂交种产量构成因素及其相关分析

利用方差分析、F测验以及相关分析的统计学方法，对试验调查结果和室内考种结果进行统计学分析，研究了在一定的耕作和栽培水平条件下，四种不同株型玉米杂交种产量差异显著性和相关性。结果表明，不同株型玉米杂交种产量差异显著．各种株型玉米杂交种产量与叶向值均不呈相关性，紧凑型玉米杂交种产量与单位叶面积产量、穗长、单株生产力、单位叶面积籽粒产量、百粒重呈明显正相关，并且相关显著。通过紧凑型和平展型玉米杂交种群体冠层结构的分析，证明紧凑型玉米杂交种群体冠层结构较为理想，试验结果表明，在我省现有的耕作和栽培水平条件下，可以大面积种植紧凑型玉米杂交种．     

玉米三种株型生理、生态特性及高产栽培技术研究

通过对紧凑型、半紧凑型、平展型玉米的产量结构、群体结构发展规律、干物重变化、氮磷钾三素的累积和抗旱系数的研究，为三种玉米株型的合理密度提供依据；同时开展的栽培措施研究，为三种玉米株型制定出了相应的配套技术。     

不同氮肥处理下高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响

以郑单958为材料,研究高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响。结果表明,高温处理缩短夏玉米的生育天数,降低夏玉米产量及叶绿素含量。随氮肥增加,高温处理对玉米产量的影响先降低后升高(在310.5 kg/hm^2氮肥下,高温处理玉米产量的降低达到27.2%、31.1%)。高温处理较对照维管束鞘细胞变大,高温处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体出现淀粉粒,对照处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体没有出现淀粉粒。高温线粒体及细胞核(被)膜开始解离,对照处理线粒体及细胞核(被)膜完整,说明高温条件下,玉米对氮的耐受力降低。高温处理叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数减少及基粒片层数减少,叶绿体面积及叶绿体长/宽比值变小,高温处理较对照线粒体数先增加后减少。高温处理与对照叶肉细胞叶绿体内均未发现淀粉粒。     

大豆光合生理生态的研究——第14报 大豆不同类型叶细胞中叶绿体的分布及超微结构

大豆叶片棚栏细胞和海绵细胞中叶绿体数量多、体积大,基质较稠密,叶绿体基粒及片层结构较复杂。维管束鞘细胞和平脉叶肉细胞中叶绿体数目较少、体积小、基质较稀疏,叶绿体基粒及片层结构较简单。维管束薄壁细胞中叶绿体数最少、体积最小,结构最简单。叶绿体在不同细胞中的分布和结构的复杂程度与各类细胞的功能及在叶片中的解剖位置有关。     

巴西橡胶树若干品系叶切片的超微结构观察

本文对巴西橡胶的若干品系叶片进行了显微和超微结构的观察，实验结果表明：巴西橡胶不同品系间的叶片解剖结构存在明显差异：古农96－28，RRIM600和IAN873叶片维管束鞘细胞含有丰富的叶绿体，基粒片层较发达，且韧皮部薄壁细胞，本质部薄壁细胞和射线细胞也含有叶绿体，但没有典型的“花环型”结构：IAN873叶片维管束鞘细胞里富含两种类型的光合膜，线粒体和发达的内质网等多种细胞器。而天任31－45等的叶片鞘细胞仅含少量叶绿体，其片层不发达，且无基粒。     

育种与栽培相结合紧凑型玉米创高产

从探索我国玉米高产道路进行夏玉米高产攻关研究开始,回顾了育种与栽培相结合培创玉米高产的研究过程。并通过紧凑型玉米与平展型玉米的株型比较试验,总结出紧凑型玉米杂交种的生理特征,证明了紧凑型玉米较平展型玉米的增产作用大,创造出16444.35kg/hm2的夏玉米高产纪录,推动了我国紧凑型玉米育种与高产栽培研究事业的发展。     

不同株型玉米杂交种的产量及农艺性状的研究

作者分析研究了目前山东省3种不同株型玉米杂交种的主要农艺性状,认为紧凑型玉米杂交种的产量最高,中间型玉米杂交种次之,平展型玉米杂交种的产量最低。紧凑型玉米杂交种高产的主要原因是由于增大密度使总粒数增多。因此,今后应大力选育和推广紧凑型玉米杂交种,以提高玉米产量。     

不同海拔下玉米生物学干重的动态变化研究

以紧凑型玉米郑单958、半紧凑型玉米东单60和平展型玉米长玉13为试验材料,分别在重庆海拔220、530、1 300 m地区种植,测定玉米叶片、茎秆、叶鞘以及果穗干重的动态积累,研究不同株型玉米在不同海拔高度地区生物学干重的形成规律,并结合产量进行差异分析。结果表明,3种株型玉米的叶片干重均表现为高海拔地区持续上升至峰值,而在中海拔和低海拔地区均先上升后下降,各时期变化总趋势为中海拔地区>低海拔地区>高海拔地区;玉米茎秆和叶鞘干重的动态变化趋势基本一致,郑单958干重受海拔的影响较小,东单60干重达最大值的时期各不相同,长玉13在散粉期或灌浆期达最大值;果穗干重随生育时期推移呈直线上升至最大值,且随海拔高度的升高而增加;子粒产量随海拔升高而增加,但平展型玉米以中海拔地区最高。因此,应重视玉米育种和生产上海拔高度对玉米生物学干重的调控作用。     

紧凑型玉米高产生理基础及高产栽培

紧凑型玉米与平展型玉米相比，具有稳上部叶夹角小、株型紧凑、耐密植、叶向值大、叶面积系数大、光合势高、净光合产物多、群体库容量大、经济系数高的特点，这是紧凑型玉米高产的重要生理基础。改进制种技术，争取制种高产稳产）是紧凑型玉米推广应用重要的种质基础。紧凑型玉米高产栽培，必须充分发挥其耐密性特点，适当增加种植密度，扩大群体库容量，加强田间管理，延长功能叶的有效期，增强源的供应能力。     

Histological characteristics of sugar beet leaves potentially linked to drought tolerance

Water is becoming more and more limiting factor of sugar beet production and the productivity of the crop can be significantly improved by increased drought tolerance. It is therefore a great challenge to assess the degree of variability of anatomical and morphological traits of breeding material with respect to water use efficiency and drought, that can be used as potential markers for selection of sugar beet genotypes with better tolerance to water shortage. To achieve this, the first step is to assess the degree of genetic variability with respect to anatomical and histological features linked to water management in plants, under optimal water supply. Comparative histiological analysis of lamina and petiole was done on 12 sugar beet genotypes which previously showed divergent responses to lack of water in the field. The plants were grown in semi-controlled conditions of a glasshouse, and watered daily. Mircromorphological analyses were done to assess leaf epidermal characteristics, by both light and SEM, and lamina and petiole histological features. The measurements were used to calculate the percentage of individual tissues in relation to the thickness of the lamina, main vein area and petiole area. The general structure of sample variability was established by principal component analysis (PCA), based on correlation matrix. In majority of genotypes the ratio of the size of cells of spongy parenchyma and palisade cells in average was 80%. Low genotypic variability of the studied histological parameters of the lamina and petiole may reflect the narrow genetic base of tested breeding material. The most significant genotypic difference, considering leaf epidermal tissue, was in % of adaxial and abaxial epidermis. The highest found number of stomata per mm² on both adaxial and abaxial epidermis was 40% higher than the lowest. During water stress, when stomata are closed, plant survival depends on the amount of water lost through the cuticle. SEM analysis of adaxial epidermis of the lamina show that cuticle varies in texture. Considering the observed genotypic variability in cuticle ornamentation and the fact that plants develop various strategies of adaptation to drought, finding genotypes with increased drought tolerance could be based on the characteristics of the cuticle and epidermis.     

Foliar micromorphology of Felicia muricata Thunb., A South African medicinal plant

The foliar micromorphology of Felicia muricata (Thunb.) Nees (Asteraceae) was observed with the JEOL (JSM-6390LV) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Both the abaxial and adaxial surfaces were characterized by anisocytic stomata which were more prevalent on the abaxial surface than the adaxial surface. The leaves have only one type of multicellular non-glandular trichomes that are long and cylindrical, tapering to a sharp point and running parallel to the leaf surface in the direction of the apices. Crystal deposits were also observed on the surfaces of the leaves near the stomata. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-SEM shows that Na, Al, Si, and K were the major constituents of the crystal analyzed. Since no glandular trichomes were present on the leaves of this herb, the bioactive components present in this plant may be produced in some other tissues in the leaf other than the trichomes.     

添加蚯蚓粪对盐胁迫下玉米气孔特征和光合特性的影响

以玉米为试验材料,设置5个处理,盐胁迫下添加蚯蚓粪比例分别为0、10%、20%、40%,以不添加蚯蚓粪和NaCl溶液的处理为空白对照,分析盐胁迫下添加蚯蚓粪对玉米气孔特征和光合特性的影响。结果表明,添加蚯蚓粪能够显著增加盐胁迫下玉米叶片近轴面的气孔长度、气孔面积和气孔周长,远轴面气孔长度和气孔周长也随着蚯蚓粪的添加显著增加,玉米叶片近轴面和远轴面气孔空间分布在添加蚯蚓粪处理变得更加规则。添加蚯蚓粪处理后玉米幼苗的净光合速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和气孔导度与盐胁迫处理相比显著升高,同时玉米幼苗的水分利用效率显著升高。添加蚯蚓粪能有效增大盐胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片的最大光化学转化效率,降低相对电导率,缓解盐胁迫对玉米的伤害。     

不同株型高产玉米蒸腾作用的研究

在夏玉米亩产吨粮的研究中,测定了平展型玉米各单40和紧凑型玉米掖单6号大喇叭口期和吐丝期不同叶位不同密度的蒸腾速率(Tr)及其日变化.结果看出:鲁单40的Tr高于掖单6号,大喇叭口期Tr高于吐丝期.玉米前期上部展开或即将展开的叶Tr较高,后期中部和上部较高.Tr的日变化为单峰曲线,中午最高.增加种植密度使Tr减少,鲁单40玉米的Tr受密度影响较大.     

肉饼兜兰叶片生长模型与解剖结构研究

以2种肉饼兜兰为试材,研究其叶片生长发育规律和解剖结构。结果表明:兜兰叶片生长动态呈现S型生长曲线,生长周期长,叶片寿命长。兜兰的叶片长度、宽度和叶面积随苗龄增大而增大,萌发新叶的间隔时间随苗龄增大而增长,新叶的发育周期随苗龄增大而增长。兜兰的表皮细胞厚,而叶肉细胞厚度低,叶片组织结构紧密度低,可能是导致兜兰虽为C_3植物但是营养生长速度慢的原因。兜兰的叶片厚、上表皮细胞巨大、角质层较厚、气孔下生型和龙骨状主叶脉发达,具有明显的旱生特点。     

玉米株型对大豆氮素积累、转运和籽粒蛋白质产量的影响

以“玉/豆”套作模式为背景,三个不同株型的玉米和三个不同熟期的大豆材料,采用两因素裂区设计,研究了大豆地上部氮素积累和转运,以及籽粒蛋白质的差异。结果表明,各大豆品种中,以晚熟大豆在不同时期、不同器官的氮素积累量为最高,分别高出中、早熟品种 121.09%和165.33%,其氮素积累速率、有效荚数、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量平均分别为3.78kg/hm2/d、60.27荚、3 840.22kg/hm2和48.71 %,均显著高于中、早熟品种;大豆地上部氮素积累总量、积累速率、转运量和单株有效荚数均随着玉米株型的变化（从紧凑型到平展型）而减少,紧凑型玉米下的大豆籽粒产量和蛋白质产量分别为2 609.10kg/hm2和1 203.83kg/hm2,显著高于其他玉米株型处理;交互作用分析表明,玉米株型与大豆熟性在单株荚数、单荚粒数、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量上互作显著;相关性分析表明蛋白质产量与籽粒产量极显著相关。因此,选择紧凑型玉米与晚熟大豆品种搭配有利于提高套作大豆的产量,从而提高籽粒蛋白质产量。     

Differences in lamina joint anatomy cause cultivar differences in leaf inclination angle of rice

ABSTRACT

Leaf erectness is an important agronomic trait for improving canopy photosynthesis in rice. It is well known that leaf inclination angle (LIA) decreases after expansion during ripening. However, the high-yielding indica cultivar ‘Takanari’ retains a greater LIA during ripening than the high-quality japonica cultivar ‘Koshihikari’. To clarify the cause of the cultivar difference in LIA, we investigated anatomical characteristics of the lamina joint of a flag leaf. We found a close linear correlation between LIA at the centre and at the base of the leaf blade in both cultivars during ripening. The length of the lamina joint increased significantly more on the adaxial side of a leaf (the margin of the collar) than on the abaxial side (the abaxial side of the central part of the collar) in ‘Koshihikari’ after leaf expansion, but there was no clear difference in ‘Takanari’. We found a close linear correlation between the ratio of lamina joint length on the adaxial to abaxial sides and LIA in ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Takanari’ during ripening. In ‘Koshihikari’, the average length of cells on the adaxial side increased significantly after leaf expansion, with no significant increase in that on the abaxial side and no significant change in cell number on either side. In ‘Takanari’, cell length and cell number showed no significant changes on either side of the lamina joint. We conclude that the cultivar difference in LIA during ripening is caused mainly by cell elongation on the adaxial side of the lamina joint.

List of Abbreviations: k: light extinction coefficient; LIA: leaf inclination angle; QTL: quantitative trait locus     

Salt effect on yield and composition of shoot essential oil and trichome morphology and density on leaves of Mentha pulegium

The aim of the present work was to study salt effect on the yield and composition of shoot essential oil (EO) and the structures responsible for its biosynthesis in Mentha pulegium L. Shoot EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and composition was determined by GC–MS method. Apical and basal leaves were taken for microscopy analyses; small fresh samples were observed directly without fixation or metallisation with environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and stereomicroscope (SM). Fresh separate epidermis was used for light microscopy (LM). Salt stress enhanced EO yield by about 2.75 times and affected the percentage of menthone, which is the major compound (51%), increasing that of pulegone. Menthone, pulegone, and neomenthol constituting the monoterpene class were found to be the principal components. The anatomical study showed three types of trichomes: (i) non-glandular, multicellular, simple hairs; (ii) small, capitate glandular trichomes; (iii) and peltate glandular trichomes. In control plants, the density and size of trichomes varied with leaf side (abaxial or adaxial) and developmental stage. Salt stress results in significant modifications affecting trichome distribution and size on both sides.     

The study on foliar micromorphology of Hippobromus pauciflorus using scanning electron microscope

Foliar micromorphology of Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk (Sapindaceae) was investigated by scanning electron microscope examination. The leaves were characterized by anisocytic stomata which were found only on the abaxial surface. The leaves have long unicellular non-glandular trichomes which were distributed over the mid rib and densely populated at the edges of the upper and lower surfaces. Crystal deposits were also observed on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy SEM of the crystals showed predominant mineral components of Na, Al, Si, K and Ca ions. These micro (Si, Na and Al) and macro (K and Ca) elements are very essential to plant growth. Their presence in the trichomes could contribute to the mechanical stability of the leaf appendages.     

冬小麦叶片显微结构和光合特性与产量的关系

为了解冬小麦叶片显微结构和光合特性与产量的关系,采用大田跟踪对比调查方法,对8个高产冬小麦品种的叶片显微结构、光合特征及产量性状进行分析。结果表明,小麦不同叶位叶片主要由规则环状细胞组成,各叶位叶片规则细胞的平均环数为1.7~4.5环。随叶位升高,叶肉细胞平均环数及上表皮和下表皮气孔密度均有增加的趋势。各品种旗叶叶绿素含量最大峰值出现在5月10日前后;旗叶可溶性蛋白含量变化与叶绿素含量变化相似,最大值陆续出现在5月7-20日。各品种叶片叶肉细胞平均环数和平均光合速率均以旗叶最高。但品种间光合势、叶源量的差异与叶肉细胞和叶绿素含量并不完全一致。品种间产量性状的差异主要表现在生物产量与经济系数上。生物产量与倒2叶光合势呈显著正相关,与倒3叶光合势呈极显著正相关。综上可见,光合性能好且光合产物能够有效转运进入籽粒,是小麦品种获取高产的必要特征。