The influence of two herbicides on the antifungal activity of some fungicides against Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani causing damping-off of cowpea

The herbicides fluchloralin and alachlor applied to soil altered the effectiveness of fungicide treatments to seed and soil for controlling cowpea damping-off. These herbicides also modified the in-vitro toxicity of the fungicides to the mycelial growth of Pythium butleri and Rhizoctonia solani in a nutrient medium. Both herbicides reduced the toxicity of 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride (MEMC) and propamocarb to the growth of P. butleri, and of carbendazim to the growth of R. solani, but enhanced the toxicity of captafol and quintozene to P. butleri and R. solani, respectively. In pot tests, quintozene gave better control of R. solani damping-off in soil treated with fluchloralin or alachlor than in untreated soil, whereas disease control by carbendazim was decreased in similarly treated soils. Both herbicides attenuated the effectiveness of MEMC and captafol to control the damping-off caused by P. butleri; the efficacy of propamocarb was increased by alachlor but was decreased by fluchloralin. The implications of herbicide-fungicide interactions are discussed in the context of fungicidal control of root diseases in herbicide-treated soil.     

己唑醇对水稻纹枯病的毒力测定及田间药效试验

根据水稻纹枯病菌在含己唑醇系列浓度的PDA培养基上的菌丝生长速率,计算出己唑醇对水稻纹枯病菌的毒力回归方程为:Y=4.0407+2.3632x,r=0.9971,药剂EC₅₀=2.5464mg/L,EC₉₅=12.6463mg/L,试验结果表明己唑醇对水稻纹枯病菌具有较高的生物活性。田间药效显示,5％己唑醇悬浮剂250mg/667m²药后15d防效达69.54％。     

Effect of temperature on virulence of Rhizoctonia solani on soybean leaves and seedlings

Isolates representing 11 anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia solani from various geographic locations and host plants were tested for virulence on soybean leaves at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, and on soybean seedlings at 20, 25, and 30°C. Numbers of infection cushions formed on soybean leaves were determined using light microscopy. Isolates of AG-1 IA, AG-1 IB and AG-5 were more virulent on soybean leaves at 20, 25, and 30°C than isolates of AG-1 IC and AG-4. Maximum numbers of infection cushions were formed on soybean leaves by AG-1 (IA, IB, and IC), AG-4, and AG-5 at 25 and 30°C. The other AGs tested did not form infection cushions on soybean leaves although some caused minimal disease severity. Isolates of AG-1 IA formed significantly more infection cushions and caused greater disease severity than AG-1 IB and other isolates at 35°C. Maximum seedling infection, based on per cent area of hypocotyl region covered by lesions occurred at 25 C for AG-1 (IA, IB, and IC) and AG-4. Isolates of AG-5 caused greater seedling infection at 20°C than at 25 and 30°C. The other AGs tested caused only minimal damage to the seedlings. Isolates of AG-4 and AG-5 are not known to cause Rhizoctonia foliar blights of soybean in Louisiana, but their potential to be destructive foliar pathogens is confirmed.     

云南省马铃薯黑痣病病原菌融合群鉴定及8种药剂对其的毒力

由立枯丝核菌引起的马铃薯黑痣病是一种常见的土壤和种薯传播病害,在世界各地均有发生。本试验对分离纯化的67个丝核菌菌株进行融合群测定,结果表明:67个菌株都属于AG3融合群;对其中来自6个不同地域的11个菌株进行ITS测定,11个菌株的相似度为99%。8种药剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力测定结果表明,20%氟胺·嘧菌酯水分散粒剂50mg/L和25g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂50mg/L的抑菌效果较好,室内抑菌效果可达100%。     

ZU剂防治水稻纹枯病的药效试验初报

室内测定结果表明,ZU剂对水稻纹枯病原菌较强的抑制作用;田间试验药效表明ZU剂对水稻纹枯病防效显著。     

30%爱苗乳油防治水稻纹枯病田间药效试验

田间试验结果表明，每667m^2用30％爱苗EC18、20、22ml的平均防效依次为79．95％、79．35％、83．07％，明显优于每667m^2用5％井岗霉索水溶性粉剂250ml的防效(44．82％)。综合考虑防治效果和防治成本。每667m^2用30％爱苗EC18ml即能达到比较理想防效。     

丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用及对纹枯病的防治效果

为明确丙环唑对水稻纹枯病的防治作用,通过离体抑菌试验,温室盆钵试验和田间试验研究了丙环唑对水稻纹枯病菌的抑制作用和对纹枯病的防治效果.离体抑菌试验表明,丙环唑能够强烈抑制水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的菌丝生长,EC50为0.045 μg/mL,并能够强烈抑制菌核产生,但不能抑制菌核萌发.温室试验表明,纹枯病菌经丙环唑处理后,致病力随药剂浓度提高而显著减弱;丙环唑可以很好地被水稻叶片和根系吸收,并输送到水稻的茎部和叶鞘;丙环唑对水稻纹枯病具有保护和治疗作用,400 μg/mL丙环唑处理水稻,抑制病斑长度分别达到82.16％和76.61％,并随药剂处理浓度的降低而降低;丙环唑对立枯丝核菌有较长的持效期,800 μg/mL处理水稻11 d后再接种的防效为40.10％.田间药效试验表明,25％的丙环唑乳油在有效剂量150 g/hm2下3次喷药后14 d的防效达到89.15％,丙环唑在本试验剂量范围内对水稻安全.表明丙环唑对水稻纹枯病有很好的防治作用,可为生产上防治水稻纹枯病和科学用药提供依据.     

碳酸氢盐对马铃薯黑痣病菌毒力及田间防效

为明确碳酸氢盐对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力及田间防效,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了碳酸氢盐对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力;并通过盆栽防治试验及田间防治试验,研究了碳酸氢盐对马铃薯黑痣病的防治效果。结果表明:碳酸氢铵抑制马铃薯黑痣病菌菌丝生长的有效中浓度EC50仅为0.71g/L,碳酸氢钾EC50为3.8g/L;在PSA培养基中同时加入0.79g/L碳酸氢铵、1g/L碳酸氢钾与在PSA培养基中含1.58g/L碳酸氢铵的抑菌效果一样;尿素对马铃薯黑痣病没有防治效果。碳酸氢铵与碳酸氢钾混配对该病有良好的防治作用,相对尿素最高防治效果可达到63.4%。覆膜栽培能够提高碳酸氢盐的防效和马铃薯产量。碳酸氢盐可用于田间马铃薯黑痣病的防治。     

啶酰菌胺与氟啶胺复配物对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌的增效作用研究

为探明啶酰菌胺与氟啶胺复配物对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌的增效潜力,采用菌丝生长速率法测定啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺复配物对水稻纹枯病菌和草莓灰霉病菌的抑制效果,并根据Wadley方法评价复配物增效作用。结果表明:啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺对水稻纹枯病菌均具有抑制作用,其EC50分别为0.483 6μg/mL和0.054 1μg/mL。将啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺按照1∶5、1∶4、1∶3、1∶2、1∶1、2∶3、3∶2、5∶1、4∶1、3∶1和2∶1的比例进行复配,结果表明:按照1∶2、3∶2、5∶1、4∶1、3∶1和2∶1复配对水稻纹枯病菌均具有增效作用,其中以3∶1和3∶2比例复配增效最佳,增效系数分别为7.7和5.46;以1∶1、1∶3、1∶4、1∶5和2∶3复配对水稻纹枯病菌具有相加作用。啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺对草莓灰霉病菌也具有抑制作用,其EC50分别为1.637 1μg/mL和0.028 3μg/mL。将啶酰菌胺和氟啶胺按照上述相同11种比例进行复配,结果显示比例为1∶5、1∶4、1∶1、5∶1、4∶1等8种复配物对草莓灰霉病菌具有相加作用,其中以2∶1和1∶2比例复配相加效果最佳,增效系数分别为1.30和1.00,但比例为3∶2等其他比例复配则对草莓灰霉病菌表现出拮抗作用。     

6种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌的毒力和拌种防效

为了探索马铃薯黑痣病高效防控技术,本研究选择240 g/L噻呋酰胺SC、20％嘧菌酯WG、10％苯醚甲环唑ME、0.3％四霉素AS、100万孢子/g寡雄腐霉WP、1％申嗪霉素SC等6种杀菌剂进行室内毒力测定和田间拌种防效试验.结果显示,6种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病菌均有抑菌作用,其中1％申嗪霉素SC、20％嘧菌酯WG、0....     

筛选水稻纹枯病农药活性试验方法的改进

水稻纹枯病 ( sheath blight on rice)是我国稻区主要病害之一 ,其致病菌为 Rhizoctoniasolani[1 ] ,在高温、高湿条件下 ,该病不易控制 ,会造成不同程度的减产 ,所以此病一直是药剂筛选的主要模式之一。多年的试验证明 :在北方冬季用常规的“植株法”对水稻纹枯病进行药剂筛选试验难度很大 ,因为植株法占用空间大 ,难以满足其发病条件 (最佳温度 2 8℃± 1℃ ,相对湿度 97%以上 [2 ] )。笔者经多年的试验 ,探索出了用水稻离体“叶片法”代替“植株法”。“叶片法”占用空间小 ,发病条件容易控制[3] 。不足之处是每年 1 1月至翌年 4月间 ,…     

Antisporulant action of fungicides against Podosphaera leucotricha on apple seedlings

A number of commercial fungicides and dinitrophenolic compounds were tested for their ability to suppress further sporulation of established infections of the apple mildew fungus Podosphaera leucotricha on seedlings in the greenhouse. Although they did not kill the fungus, two organophosphorus and two benzimidazole-type compounds gave powerful suppression for at least 18 days. Other fungicides known to control apple mildew in the field had a less marked effect. Sporulation occurred on subsequent untreated growth to the same extent as on control seedlings, except where either of two substituted dinitrophenols had been used.     

Anastomosis groups and sensitivity to fungicides of Rhizoctonia solani strains isolated from potato in Russia

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - A survey of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from potato tubers and stems grown in European and Far Eastern regions of Russia in 2012–2020 was conducted....     

Distribution and efficacy of drip-applied metam-sodium against the survival of Rhizoctonia solani and yellow nutsedge in plastic-mulched sandy soil beds

The effects of metam-sodium application rate on soil residence time, spatial and temporal distributions of methyl isothiocyanate and pest control efficacy were studied in a Georgia sandy soil. Metam-sodium 420 g L(-1) SL was drip applied at rates of 147 and 295 L ha(-1) in plastic-mulched raised beds. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in soil air space were monitored from four preselected sites: 10 and 20 cm below the emitter, and 20 and 30 cm laterally away from the emitter at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 240 h after chemigation. A higher rate of metam-sodium application resulted in higher methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil. Highest methyl isothiocyanate concentrations were found at 20 cm below the emitter, and lowest at 30 cm laterally away from the emitter. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations decreased with time and distance from the emitter. Lower methyl isothiocyanate concentration x time product values at 20 and 30 cm away from the emitter resulted in lower mortalities of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). The results demonstrated that methyl isothiocyanate can be delivered at lethal doses with drip-applied water downward within the beds. Lateral diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate from the point of application did not reach biologically active concentrations to affect the survival of R. solani or yellow nutsedge. Further studies on the lateral distribution of methyl isothiocyanate in sandy soils are needed to circumvent this limitation.     

芝麻立枯病内生生防细菌的筛选

利用表面消毒涂布平板的方法从大田健康芝麻根内分离芝麻内生细菌399株。平板对峙试验结果显示,176株细菌对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)有不同程度的拮抗能力,其中编号为B16、b10、D31、e23、G10、I10的6个菌株在PDA平板上对于立枯丝核菌具有极强的抑制作用,对西瓜枯萎病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、小麦全蚀病菌和油菜菌核病菌也表现出广谱的抑菌作用。利用胶体几丁质和胶体壳聚糖作为唯一碳源,测定了上述6株细菌产生几丁质酶和壳聚糖酶的能力,发现b10和G10具有产壳聚糖酶的能力,I10有产几丁质酶的能力。活体盆栽试验测定了上述6株细菌对芝麻立枯病的生防效果,结果显示测定的6株细菌均具有一定的防治效果,其中G10的生防效果最好,可达到52%。利用胶体壳聚糖作为唯一碳源的选择性培养基测定了G10菌株在芝麻根系内部的定殖动态,发现G10在芝麻根部可以长期定殖。     

立枯丝核菌的生物防治

本文扼要叙述了立枯丝核菌生防因子的种类生防几生防因子在根部的定殖,并讨论了有关问题。     

鸭粪中1株水稻纹枯病菌拮抗细菌的鉴定

为探索稻鸭复合生态系统抑制水稻纹枯病发生的作用机理,以从鸭粪中分离到的1株拮抗细菌A168对水稻纹枯病菌的拮抗效果进行了研究。测定了其对水稻纹枯病菌的拮抗作用及其抑菌谱;根据培养性状、形态特征、生理生化测定、扫描电镜观察及16S rDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定;构建了包括其在内的13株相关种属菌株的系统发育树。A168菌株对水稻纹枯病有明显的拮抗作用,且对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens)和油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)有抑制作用,抑菌谱广;A168菌体杆状,革兰氏染色阳性、芽孢中生、周生鞭毛、16S rDNA分析与其亲缘关系较近菌株Bacillus cereus(AJ577288.1)的同源性达99%,结合形态和生理生化特征,鉴定A168菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),其16S rDNA序列已在GenBank中注册,登录号为GQ118339。A168为开发防治水稻纹枯病生防制剂提供了依据。     

水稻纹枯病生防内生菌糖蜜草固氮螺菌的分离与鉴定

 本文首先对砂仁内生细菌进行分离,以水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)为靶标菌对获得菌株进行离体拮抗活性、盆栽及田间试验测定。结果表明：获得的27株内生细菌中有4株具有较好的离体抑菌活性,其中SRJ2-4抑菌效果最好,抑菌带达到18 mm;SRJ2-4的盆栽防效及田间防效分别为80.7%与79.4%,与其它菌株相比达极显著水平。SRJ2-4处理的亩产量为488.79 kg,高于其他药剂处理。对该菌株形态、生理生化及16S rDNA序列进行分析,将该内生菌鉴定为糖蜜草固氮螺菌(Azospirillum melinis)。     

Degradation of Nitralin by Rhizoctonia solani

Degradation studies of nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinitro-N.N-dipropylaniline] were performed with pure cultures of Rhizactoma solani Kühn. Czapek Dos Broth was selected as the growth medium and contained no components which interfered with extraction and subsequent TLC analysis. Ten to I I degradation products were detected after 14 to 21 days incubation at 33°C, The nonpolar fraction (ethyl acetate exlraclahkl contained at least nine compounds visible on TLC plales. Only one product other than the parent nitralin was identified the monoalkylated derivate. 4-(meihylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinitro-N-pro-pylanilinc. After 21 days approximately 10% of the original nitralin could be detected. The aqueous phase (after ethyl ace-late extraction) was concentrated, placed on a Sephadex G10 column and separated into at leasi two products. No ¹⁴CO₂ evolution was detected from ¹⁴C-ring labeled nitralin. Dégradation de la nilralinepar Rhizoclonia solani Dcs ètudes de dégradation de la nitraline [4-(méthylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropilanihne) ont été effectuées avec des cultures pures de Rhizurtvnia solani Kühn. Le milieu de culture de Czapek. Dox, Broth, a été choisi; il ne contenait pas de composés qui auraient pu interférer a vet I'extraction el avec l'analyse chromalographique en couchc mince ulténeure. Dtx à 11 produits de dégradation ont été décelés après 14 à 21 jours d'incubation à 33 C, La fraction non polaire (extructible par l'acétate d'éthyle) contenait iu minimum 9 composés visibles sur les chromatogrammes Un produit seulement. autre que la nitralinc apparentée. a été identific. le dèrivé monoalkylé. 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinilro-N-propylflniline, Aprés 2l jours. 10% environ de la nitralinc origmale avait pu ètre décelée. La phase aqueuse (aprés extraction à l'acétate d'ethyle) a été con-centrée. placée sur une colonne de Scphadex G10 el séparée en deux produits au moins. II n'a pas été décelé d'èevolution du ¹⁴CO₂ provenant du cycle marqué au ¹⁴C de la nitraline. Abhau van Nitrulirt durch Rhizoctonia solani Es wurden Abbaustudien mit Nitralin unter Verwendung von Rcinkulturen von Rhizoctonia solani Kühn durchgeführt. Also Wuchsmedmm wurde Czapek Dox Broth verwendet. das keine Substanzen enthielt. die die Extraktion und die daraffogende dünnschichtchromatographische Analyse störten. Nach einer Inkuhationszeit von 14 bis 21 Tagen nei einer Temperatur von 13°C. fturden 10 bis 11 Abbauprodukte nachgewiesen. Die nicht-polare Fraktion (extrahierbar mil Äthylacetal) enthielt mindestens 9 auf Dünnschichtplatten sichtbare Verbindungen Eine Substanz wurde identifiziert—das monoalkylierte Derivat 4-(Methylsulfonyl)-2.6-dinitro-N-propylanilin Nach 21 Tagen konnten noch ungefähr 10% des ursprünglichen Nitralins nach. gewiesen werden. Die wässrige Phase (nach Extraktion mit Äthylacetat) wurde eingeengt und auf einer Sephadex G 10 Säule in mindestens 2 Verbindungen aufgetrennt. Aus ^l4C-ring-markiertem Nitralin konnte keine ¹⁴CO₂ -Freisetzung nachge-wiesen werden.