水稻恶苗病菌对三种浸种剂的抗性及抗药菌株的竞争力

从江苏13个地区采集病样,并分离获得水稻恶苗病菌Fusarium moniliforme548个菌株,检测其对多菌灵、咪鲜胺和浸种灵等三种浸种剂的抗性及抗药菌株的竞争力。结果发现,以10μg/mL(MIC)为检测标准,抗多菌灵菌株频率平均为95.8%,其中高抗菌株(MIC>100μg/mL)占82.7%,少数高抗菌株EC50>1000μg/mL,且抗性稳定;菌株敏感性频率分布法测定水稻恶苗病菌对咪鲜胺的敏感基线为(0.00075±0.00003)μg/mL(EC50)和0.85μg/mL(MIC),以3μg/mL(MIC)为检测标准,抗咪鲜胺菌株有8个,抗性菌株频率平均为1.5%,且均为高抗(抗性倍数103.1~126.2)或中抗(抗性倍数24.6~95.0)水平,但经转管培养5~20代后菌株抗性显著下降;以同样方法测定水稻恶苗病菌对浸种灵的敏感基线为(1.265±0.014)μg/mL(EC50)和3.13μg/mL(MIC),以5μg/mL(MIC)为标准,未检测到抗浸种灵菌株。此外,抗、感菌株分生孢子等量混合液接种结果表明,抗多菌灵菌株在水稻上竞争力较强,而抗咪鲜胺菌株竞争力较弱。     

Effects of some fungicides on Rhizobium trifolii and its symbiotic relationship with white clover

A comparison has been made of the effects of some protective and systemic fungicides, and an eradicant fungicide, on the growth, metabolic activity and nitrogen-fixing capacity of Rhizobium trifolii. Effects on the bacterium grown in vitro with a combined nitrogen source were not necessarily reflected in the nitrogen-fixing capacity of excised nodulated roots of white clover. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was affected by thiram, oxycarboxin and “Ethylan CP”, but was unchanged by benomyl, captan, carbendazim, carboxin, dodine, dimethirimol, ethirimol, tridemorph, triforine or thiophanate-methyl. None of the fungicides tested altered the leghaemoglobin content of the root nodules.     

Uptake of systemic fungicides by maize roots

The absorption of nine benzimidazole derivatives and four thiophanates by excised maize roots was shown to be due to passive mechanisms because a. the temperature coefficient was low, b. anaerobic conditions or metabolic inhibitors had little or no effect, c. the rate of uptake was a linear function of external concentration, d. compounds of similar structure did not compete for absorption.For benzimidazole derivatives, we observed a very rapid initial uptake which reached a maximum after one or two hours; this saturation did not occur with thiophanates.The effect of pH on the root absorption of benzimidazole derivative indicates that molecular (or unionized) forms of these amphoteric compounds were taken up preferentially; the behaviour of thiophanates was different.As observed with other pesticides, root absorption was greater for lipophilic than for lipophobic substances and in our experiments the rate of uptake of fungicides was well correlated to their partition coefficient in an octanol/ water system at pH 6.5.Generally, the various fungicides were taken up to the same extent all along the length of the roots.     

Possible methionine biosynthesis inhibition by pyrimidinamine fungicides

The broad-spectrum fungicide CGA 219417 inhibits mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr. Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron.) Deighton and Helminthosporium oryzae B. de Haan on defined media lacking amino acids. The growth inhibition of B. cinerea is reversed by the addition of a mixture of 19 amino acids at a concentration of 100 μM each or by the addition of methionine or homocysteine in concentrations of 100 μM or 1 mM, respectively. In the case of B. cinerea, the reversal of growth inhibition by methionine could also be shown for pyrimethanil and mepanipyrim. These findings suggest that the pyrimidinamine fungicides inhibit the biosynthesis of methionine in phytopathogenic fungi.     

The strobilurin fungicides

Strobilurins are one of the most important classes of agricultural fungicide. Their invention was inspired by a group of fungicidally active natural products. The outstanding benefits they deliver are currently being utilised in a wide range of crops throughout the world. First launched in 1996, the strobilurins now include the world's biggest selling fungicide, azoxystrobin. By 2002 there will be six strobilurin active ingredients commercially available for agricultural use. This review describes in detail the properties of these active ingredients--their synthesis, biochemical mode of action, biokinetics, fungicidal activity, yield and quality benefits, resistance risk and human and environmental safety. It also describes the clear technical differences that exist between these active ingredients, particularly in the areas of fungicidal activity and biokinetics.     

新一代杀虫剂: 在叶部能稳定应用的dsRNA

核酸农药是一类可以特异性地结合靶标生物中特定基因转录的信使RNA的多核苷酸,通过靶标生物体内天然存在的RNA干扰系统沉默相应基因的表达,从而干扰靶标生物的正常生长及其对寄主植物的危害,最终达到保护植物的目的。相对于传统农药而言,核酸农药因其具有特异性较强、开发成本较低、安全绿色等优点正受到越来越多的关注。本文将围绕核酸农药的防治原理、优势特点及应用现状等方面进行综述,详细介绍以靶标基因为导向研制核酸农药的高效筛选方法及其研究进展,总结分析核酸农药未来发展方向和趋势,以期为核酸农药的进一步研发创制和推广应用提供参考。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在我国的登记用量分析

为探究嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸复合暴露后对水体生物早期发育的影响,采用半静态试验法,测定了等毒性配比的嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸二元混合体系复合暴露对水生模式生物斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的发育毒性及对相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：经不同质量浓度的嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸(0.1 + 0.2、0.25 + 0.5、0.5 + 1.0和1.0 + 2.0 mg/L) (其中硒代蛋氨酸按硒元素的质量计,下同)复合暴露后,胚胎出现自主运动次数减少、孵化率降低、死亡率增加及心率下降现象,同时仔鱼体长受到显著抑制,且呈现明显的时间-剂量-效应关系;与对照组相比,在嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸不同质量浓度(0.0005 + 0.001、0.005 + 0.01和0.05 + 0.1 mg/L)复合暴露下,斑马鱼仔鱼体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,且高浓度复合暴露组(0.05 + 0.1 mg/L)的抑制作用最显著(P < 0.01),而对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则无显著影响;与对照组相比,高浓度复合暴露组显著抑制了线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅲ的活性(P < 0.05),而其余浓度复合暴露组差异不显著。研究结果表明,经嘧菌酯与硒代蛋氨酸不同质量浓度复合暴露(0.1 + 0.2、0.25 + 0.5、0.5 + 1.0和1.0 + 2.0 mg/L)后,会对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼发育产生毒性效应,但在目前自然水体环境实际浓度水平下,除了抑制CAT活性外,尚不会产生其他毒性效应。以上研究结果可以为水体环境中嘧菌酯和硒代蛋氨酸浓度监测及复合暴露的生态风险评估提供数据支撑。     

六种手性三唑类杀菌剂对映体的超临界流体色谱法分离

采用超临界流体色谱,以超临界二氧化碳(CO2)作为流动相,研究了6种手性三唑类杀菌剂(苄氯三唑醇、联苯三唑醇、叶菌唑、乙环唑、糠菌唑和醚唑)在Chiralcel OD-H手性色谱柱上的对映体分离。考察了不同改性剂种类(甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇)、体积分数(0~15%)以及系统背压(13~17 MPa)对分离效果的影响,并与其在Sino-Chiral OJ和Chiralpak IB手性色谱柱上的分离效果进行了比较。结果表明:单独以超临界CO2为流动相时,6种三唑类杀菌剂的保留时间均大于60 min,而添加了醇类改性剂后其在40 min内均得到了洗脱。苄氯三唑醇、联苯三唑醇、叶菌唑和糠菌唑在柱温为34℃、系统背压为15 MPa、流动相流速为2 m L/min时,在20 min内均实现了基线分离(Rs≥1.5);优化改性剂(体积分数)分别为3%乙醇、13%乙醇、6%甲醇和7%乙醇。Chiralcel OD-H柱对6种供试杀菌剂的手性识别效果优于Sino-Chiral OJ和Chiralpak IB柱,但对映体分离时间要长10~20 min。     

Modeling of take-all epidemics to evaluate the efficacy of a new seed-treatment fungicide on wheat

ABSTRACT Take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is a damaging disease of wheat that remains difficult to control. The efficacy of an experimental fungicide, applied as a seed treatment, was evaluated in five naturally infested field experiments conducted during three cropping seasons. Plants were sampled and assessed for take-all incidence and severity at different growth stages. Nonlinear models expressing disease variables as a function of degree-days were fitted to the observed data. The incidence equation involved two parameters reflecting the importance of primary and secondary infection cycles. The earliness of infection was identified as an important variable to interpret the effects of the fungicide. In an early epidemic, the fungicide significantly reduced take-all incidence during all or most of the cropping season, whereas in late epidemics, it provided only moderate reductions of incidence. The seed treatment reduced incidence by delaying the primary infection cycle. The fungicide significantly reduced severity during the whole epidemic. It appeared more efficient in limiting root-to-root spread than in slowing down the extension of necrosis on diseased roots.     

基于RNA干扰的杀菌剂开发及其对化学杀菌剂的影响

RNA干扰(RNA interference, RNAi)是真核生物中高度保守的基因沉默现象,在医药与植物保护领域展现出广阔的应用潜力,相关产品已进入或即将进入医药与杀虫剂市场。近年来,科研工作者在基于RNAi技术的植物病原微生物的防控方面开展了大量研究,取得了进展,但仍无法实现基于RNAi防治植物病原真菌技术的商业化应用。本文概述了RNAi研究从1990年至今的发展历程,从细胞生物学、分子生物学角度提出了RNAi病害防控技术产品化瓶颈问题的新见解,同时讨论了基于RNAi的杀菌剂对传统化学杀菌剂的影响,可为RNAi杀菌剂的创制和应用提供参考。     

不同杀菌剂拌种防治小麦全蚀病研究

为筛选防治小麦全蚀病的高效安全药剂,对多种杀菌剂在不同浓度下的防效以及对小麦的安全性进行了盆栽试验.结果表明,硅噻菌胺和苯醚甲环唑在推荐浓度下对小麦全蚀病有很好的防治效果,并且对小麦出苗、苗高没有显著影响;咯菌腈的防效与苯醚甲环唑相似,但对小麦出苗有轻微的抑制作用;其他几种杀菌剂对小麦全蚀病也能起到很好的防治效果,但是对小麦的生长有一定的抑制作用.从防治效果、对小麦安全性以及抗药性治理方面综合考虑,将硅噻菌胺、苯醚甲环唑和咯菌腈等交替或混合使用是防治小麦全蚀病比较好的策略.     

Effects of fungicides on apple crown rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum

The mycelial growth of Phytophthora cactorum on corn meal agar was completely inhibited by metalaxyl or mancozeb at 50 or 100 μg ml^?1, but not by fosetyl-aluminium at the same concentrations. Soil drenches with metalaxyl, followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb, around the base of naturally infected trees under orchard conditions, prevented the growth of P. cactorum in the infected bark of the tree. Soil drenchs with metalaxyl, followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb, also prevented the infection of apple trees with P. cactorum under orchard conditions. The trunk circumference and spur length were not significantly affected by any of the fungicide treatments in all the trials over 2 years, except in one of the four orchards used in the study. Soil drench with metalaxyl alone, or followed by metalaxyl+mancozeb, may provide an effective control method for crown rot of apple trees.     

药剂拌种对大麦条纹病的防治效果

选用喹啉铜、苯醚甲环唑、烯肟·戊唑醇、己唑醇、烯酰吗啉、咪鲜胺、腈菌唑等7种药剂按1∶500剂量拌种,进行大麦条纹病防效试验.结果表明,7种药剂均有一定的防病效果,尤以25％腈菌唑乳油防效最好,但综合出苗率、产量和防治效果等因素,33.5％喹啉铜悬浮剂、20％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂可作为药剂拌种的首选药剂.     

Development of apothecia ofTapesia yallundae in contrasting populations selected by fungicides

Apothecia of the eyespot fungus,Tapesia yallundae, were found on 0–18% of straws in plots of wheat stubble in February–March 1994. The fungicides carbendazim, prochloraz or carbendazim plus prochloraz had been applied repeatedly to the same plots in each of the previous 9 years in which successive wheat crops had been grown. The factors most strongly correlated with the incidence of apothecia were the incidence and severity of eyespot in the preceding wheat crop and the frequency of carbendazim-resistant W-type fungus in populations recovered from that wheat crop. Plots treated with carbendazim, which had previously had more disease and more resistance to carbendazim in the pathogen population relative to untreated plots, therefore yielded most apothecia. Plots treated with prochloraz, which had selected for predominantly R-type fungus and decreased eyespot, yielded few apothecia. Single-ascospore isolates were all of the W-type and were more frequently carbendazim-sensitive than expected, except those from plots treated only with carbendazim. None showed decreased sensitivity to prochloraz. The implications of applying fungicides regularly for controlling eyespot on the capability of the eyespot fungus for genetic variation through sexual reproduction are discussed.     

Inhibition of appressorial adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to barley leaves by fungicides

The effects of rice blast fungicides known to inhibit melanisation or penetration on the adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to the leaf surface of barley were investigated. Adhering appressoria were counted after shaking inoculated leaves vigorously with water. On untreated leaves, appressoria began to adhere at the time when appressorial melanisation was initiated. The number of adhering appressoria then increased gradually, and most were melanised. On chlobenthiazone-treated leaves, appressoria were not melanised and were easily detached from the surface. Similar results were obtained with tricyclazole. However, after treatment with tetrachlorophthalide or pentachlorobenzyl alcohol, which are also known to prevent penetration of P. oryzae, melanised appressoria still remained after shaking in water. It is suggested that appressorial melanisation in P. oryzae is involved in appressorial adhesion. The antipenetrant action of the melanin biosynthesis inhibitors chlobenthiazone and tricyclazole may be ascribed to the lack of adhesive intensity necessary to support the mechanical shearing of the cuticle of rice plants.     

Effects of phthalimide fungicides on the accumulation of fenarimol by Aspergillus nidulans

Phthalimide fungicides (captafol, captan and folpet) enhanced the accumulation of fenarimol by the mycelium of a wild-type strain and a fenarimol-resistant strain of Aspergillus nidulans. The accumulation is ascribed to inhibition of active efflux of fenarimol from the mycelium. It is assumed that the synergistic action observed between the phthalimide fungicides and fenarimol with respect to fungitoxicity, was caused by the increased accumulation of fenarimol.     

Control of lettuce big-vein disease by application of fungicides and crop covers

One of the economically important diseases of lettuce is lettuce big-vein disease (LBVD), which leads to severe yield losses. LBVD is associated with a complex of two viruses, Lettuce big-vein associated virus (LBVaV) and Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus (MLBVV). These viruses are transmitted by motile zoospores of Olpidium spp. fungi, which persist in the soil for decades through resting spores. In greenhouse and field experiments, this study tested whether changing plant and soil temperatures together with fungicide application would have a significant effect on controlling LBVD in lettuce. Soil fumigation with metam sodium was not effective at controlling the disease, as opposed to treatment with chloropicrin and methyl bromide. Moreover, the fungicides carbendazim and fluazinam were effective in reducing the incidence of Olpidium virulentus. Nevertheless, control of the fungal vector did not seem to be sufficient to control the disease due to the transition ability of the virus under low vector abundance. Crop covers, which affect the favourable environmental conditions for the viruses by lowering soil temperature and raising air temperature, reduced the disease symptoms. Combining fungicides with crop cover had a synergistic effect on reducing disease symptoms, thus providing a sustainable solution for LBVD.     

药剂处理种子对花生茎腐病防治效果

对8种杀菌剂防治花生茎腐病效果进行了大田试验。结果表明,药剂处理种子在苗期的防治效果明显好于荚果期,各种药剂中以2.5%咯菌腈种衣剂1∶500(药∶种)包衣、21%咯菌腈.甲柳种衣剂1∶350包衣和70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂0.5%拌种对病害的防治效果较好,而且具有明显促进生长和增产的作用,值得在生产上推广应用;20%五氯.拌.福可湿性粉剂1%拌种也有明显的防病增产作用,其余药剂处理效果相对较差。