磷锌配施对花生不同生育期磷锌吸收与分配的影响

对植物体内磷–锌复杂的交互关系,采用田间试验,研究了磷锌配施对花生不同生育期磷锌吸收、积累、分配及花生产量的影响。结果表明:施磷和施锌均显著提高了花生地上部干重和产量。相同锌用量下,施磷提高了花生地上部、花生壳和花生仁的磷含量和积累量,但降低了其锌含量、磷锌收获指数和荚果磷利用率。其中,施磷对地上部锌含量的降低程度取决于生育期和锌施用水平。随施磷量的增加,在花生苗期、花针前期及不施锌肥时,花生地上部锌含量显著降低;而在花针后期、结荚期和成熟期及施锌肥时,花生地上部锌含量的降低程度逐渐减弱,表明磷-锌拮抗作用在花生生育前期强于生育后期,不施锌肥强于施锌肥。施磷对花生锌积累量的影响取决于锌供应水平和花生生长部位。不施锌肥时,仅适量供磷促进了地上部锌积累,而施锌肥时,适量供磷和高量供磷均促进了地上部锌积累;不同于地上部,高量供磷显著降低了花生壳和花生仁锌积累量。相同磷用量下,增施锌肥对整个生育期花生各部位磷含量和花生生育后期磷积累量无显著影响,显著增加了花生苗期和花针前期地上部及成熟期花生壳和花生仁的磷积累量、磷收获指数和荚果磷利用率。总之,花生体内磷–锌相互作用大小受其生育期、生长部位和锌供应水平的影响,且施磷对锌的影响较施锌对磷的影响大。     

Cadmium Uptake by Cowpea and Mungbean as Affected by Cd and P Application

A green house experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of cadmium (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil) and phosphorus (0, 20 and 40 mg P kg-1 soil) on dry matter yield of cowpea and mungbean, and tissue concentration and uptake of cadmium (Cd) and Phosphorus (P). Application of Cd to soil decreased the dry matter yield of both the crops significantly at each level of applied P. Phosphorus application, on the other hand, increased the dry matter yield of both crops significantly at each level of Cd additions to the soil. Cadmium concentration in plant tissue and uptake of Cd by plants increased markedly with the increasing rates of Cd in the soil. The magnitude of increase in tissue Cd concentration, however, was higher in the absence than in the presence of added P. Consequently, the concentration of Cd in plants decreased with increasing levels of P application to the soil. This decrease in tissue Cd concentration with increasing P supply in the soil was mainly attributed to increased dry matter yield of crops. The concentration of P in cowpea and mungbean tissue increased while the uptake of P by these crops decreased markedly with increasing levels of Cd in the soil, irrespective of the rates of P applied.     

囊泡丛枝菌根促进石灰性土壤小麦的P、Zn吸收及转移

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal(VMA) fungi have been credited with improving the growth and mineral nutritons of many host plants but these effects are moderated by soil factors and nutrient balance.The combined effects of VAM,Zn and P application on the growth and translocation of nutrients in wheat were investigated using a calcareous soil marginal in P and Zn concentrations.Wheat was grown in a growth chamber under various combinations of VAM,P and Zn with measurements done at heading stage and maturity,Vegetative dry matter accumlation was increased by P application and reduced by VAM treatments.Both P and VAM increased grain yield.Zince oncentration and uptake were generally reduced by P addition and VAM infection,There were no antagonistic effects of Zn on P acquisition in the plant,The role of VAM in enhancing the translocation of Zn and P from root to grain would be beneficial to seed setting and yield.     

钾肥用量对夏玉米干物质和钾素积累、分配及抗倒性的影响

为合理施用钾肥,稳定夏玉米产量,减少倒伏,采用田间试验法,以河北省黑龙港低平原区冬小麦/夏玉米粮田为研究对象,研究钾肥用量对夏玉米产量及其构成因素、体内干物质和钾素积累与分配、茎秆抗倒性的影响。结果表明,增施钾肥促进干物质和钾素在植株体内各器官的运输和分配,植株干物质积累直到成熟期。成熟期,各施钾肥处理籽粒中干物重和钾素分别占整株的51.1%~57.0%和15.8%~20.7%,各处理籽粒干物质和钾积累量分别是灌浆期的1.33~1.61和0.70~0.97倍,整株干物质和钾积累量分别是灌浆期的0.98~1.15和0.75~1.00倍,说明钾和干物质在玉米体内的运输和分配不同步,在施用其他养分时应合理分期调控。施用钾肥增加玉米茎秆抗拉力、抗折力和穿刺强度,以K225处理最大,且茎秆抗拉力和抗折力均在灌浆期最强。同一植株随节位上升茎秆抗折力和穿刺强度下降,基部第3节作用最强。因此,钾肥用量225 kg·hm-2时,不仅促进玉米体内干物质和钾素有效运输、积累和利用,增强其抗倒性,还可提高玉米产量,节约钾肥资源。     

硅磷配施对低磷土壤春玉米干物质积累、 分配及产量的影响

以玉米品种‘正红2号’和‘正红115’为材料,通过2014年和2015年的田间小区定位试验,研究低磷土壤条件下,硅磷肥配施对玉米拔节期和吐丝期的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶面积指数,拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期干物质积累和分配,产量及产量构成因素的影响,探讨施硅及硅磷配施的增产效果。结果显示,与对照(不施磷肥和硅肥)相比,施磷、施硅和硅磷配施处理均可提高玉米拔节期和吐丝期的叶面积指数和净光合速率,增加拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期各生育阶段的干物质积累量,降低灌浆期和成熟期叶片的干物质分配比例和灌浆期茎鞘的干物质分配比例,提高籽粒干物质分配比例和收获指数,降低秃尖长度,增加穗长,最终提高穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量;其中施用磷肥增加或降低上述指标的效应明显大于施用硅肥,硅磷配施增加或降低上述指标的效应又明显大于单施磷肥或单施硅肥,硅和磷表现出明显的协同作用和配合效应。2014年和2015年玉米籽粒产量均与拔节期、吐丝期、灌浆期和成熟期干物质积累量呈显著正相关;与单施磷肥相比,硅磷配施处理分别增产1 288.57 kg·hm~(-2)(2014年)和1 313.61 kg·hm~(-2)(2015年),且2015年的增幅明显大于2014年,硅、磷表现出稳定的增产效应。综上所述,在四川丘陵低磷土壤条件下,合理进行硅磷肥配施,既能提高玉米生育前期物质生产能力和干物质积累量,又能改善生育后期干物质在玉米各器官中的分配,促进籽粒灌浆结实,最终提高籽粒产量。     

Zinc Tolerance in Wheat Cultivars as Affected by Varying Levels of Phosphorus

Abstract

The effect of zinc–phosphorus (Zn‐P) interaction on Zn efficiency of six wheat cultivars was studied. The higher dry matter yields were observed when Zn was applied at 5 µg g^?1 soil than with no Zn application. Phosphorus applications also increased dry matter yield up to the application of 25 µg P g^?1 soil. The dry matter yield was significantly lower at the P rate of 250 µg g^?1 soil. At the Zn‐deficient level, the Zn‐efficient cultivars had higher Zn concentrations in the shoots. Zinc concentrations in all cultivars increased when the P level in the soil was increased from 0 to 25 µg P g^?1 soil except for the cv. Durati, in which Zn concentrations decreased with increases in P levels. However, when Zn×P interactions were investigated, it was observed that at a Zn‐deficient level, Zn concentrations in the plant shoot decreased with each higher level of P, and more severe Zn deficiency was observed at P level of 250 µg g^?1 soil.     

Navy bean yield and maturity response to nitrogen and zinc 1

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) generally responds to nitrogen (N) fertilizer with increased yields, but N can delay maturity and cause yield and quality losses from early fall frost. Maintaining adequate zinc (Zn) nutrition in bean promotes earlier maturity. This study was conducted to determine if Zn application can overcome maturity delays possible with the N recommended for high bean yields. Three zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) treatments (0 Zn, 5.6 kg Zn/ha banded adjacent to the row, and 11.2 kg Zn/ha broadcast and incorporated) were applied in combination with five N rates (0, 45, 90, 134, and 179 kg/ha). Whole plants were sampled at the R1 growth stage (onset of flowering) and analyzed for N and Zn content. Maturity was estimated by determining the percentage of mature pods at the R8‐R9 growth stage. Yields were estimated by harvesting 12.2 m of row at maturity. Zinc fertilization generally increased mature‐pod percentages with banded Zn producing the most consistent response. Zinc did not consistently affect bean yield. Yield and mature‐pod percentage generally increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing N rate. Whole‐plant N concentrations increased linearly with increasing N rate but did not differ among Zn treatments. Mean plant Zn concentrations were increased by Zn fertilizer and related well with mature‐pod percentage means. In situations of high available N, short growing seasons, or with late planting, Zn applications can reduce the risk of crop losses from early fall frost.     

Effect of zinc application on the dry matter yield uptake and distribution of zinc and other micronutrients in cocoa (Theobroma cacao. L.)

Abstract

The effects of application of zinc fertilizer on dry matter yield, uptake and distribution of zinc and other nutrients by Amazon and Amelonado cocoa cultivars grown in a soil of low zinc content in the greenhouse were investigated.

There was a differential response to zinc fertilization by the two cocoa cultivars. Maximum dry matter yields of Amazon and Amelonado were attained with 10 ppm Zn and 50 ppm Zn, respectively. Under similar experimental conditions Amelonado seedlings expressed zinc deficiency symptoms whereas Amazon did not.

Zinc concentrations in the leaves, stem and roots of both cuitivars did not give a good index of the zinc status of the crops. This was because of the existence of the “Piper‐Steenbjerg”; effect in that nil zinc rates often gave higher leaf concentration of the zinc than next higher rate. In general, the relative content of zinc followed the pattern; leaves > roots > stem with the Amazon cultivar containing more zinc than the Amelonado.

The distribution of absorbed Cu in the leaves, stem and roots did not differ in both varieties. Whereas Fe uptake was mostly concentrated in the roots, Mn absorbed was largely concentrated in the leaves of both varieties and only Mn uptake in the leaves of Amazon consistently increased with Zn application.

The differences in the uptake and distribution of nutrients between the two cocoa cultivars was attributed to differences in their ability to extract nutrients from the soil and in their requirements for metabolic processes.     

大气CO2浓度升高条件下施加生物炭对水稻生物量分配及产量的影响

  【目的】  大气二氧化碳 (CO₂) 浓度升高会影响作物光合作用,土壤中添加生物炭能够影响作物根系生长,但关于二者互作对作物的影响尚未有明确结论,鉴于此,我们研究了CO₂浓度升高与施用生物炭两者互作对作物的影响。  【方法】  盆栽试验在北京昌平进行,供试水稻品种为吉粳88。试验共设计4个处理,常规大气CO₂浓度 (CK)、常规大气CO₂浓度 + 生物炭 (B)、高浓度CO₂ (F)、高浓度CO₂ + 生物炭 (F + B),常规大气和高浓度CO₂分别为400和550 μmol/mol,生物炭添加量为20 g/kg。于水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期取样,测定株高、各器官生物量、产量构成因素。  【结果】  相较于CK,其他3个处理均提高了分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期的水稻株高,F + B处理株高在3个时期平均分别增加了2.4%、1.3%、4.9% (P < 0.01)。相较于CK,其他3个处理均增加了水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期的单茎、叶片、根系和地上部总干重,B处理和F处理对水稻叶片、根系和地上部总干重的影响均达到极显著水平,F + B处理仅对根系干重的影响达到显著水平 (P < 0.05)。与CK相比,F + B处理的水稻根冠比在分蘖期没有显著变化,抽穗期增加了10.7%,而拔节期和成熟期分别降低了5.0%、12.7%。相较对照,常规大气CO₂浓度下施生物炭 (B) 及单增CO₂浓度处理 (F) 水稻穗长和千粒重增幅达到极显著水平。F + B处理水稻产量构成均表现出增加趋势,仅对千粒重的影响达到极显著水平。  【结论】  高CO₂浓度有利于水稻植株地上部和地下部生长及干物质积累,但会降低结实率及最终产量;在高CO₂浓度下配施生物炭不仅促进植株生长和干物质积累的效果更佳,还显著提高产量构成因素,显示出良好的互作效应。     

Distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients and dry matter in grain sorghum as affected by soil salinity

A study was made of the effects of soil salinity on dry matter production, grain yield, and the uptake, distribution and redistribution of mineral nutrients in irrigated grain sorghum. Soil salinity (EC, 3.6 mS/cm) reduced seedling establishment by 77%, and dry matter and grain yields per plant by 32%; grain yield/ha was reduced by 84%. Salinity reduced grain number per head, but not individual grain size. The accumulation of dry matter and most nutrients was reduced by salinity, but the distribution and redistribution of nutrients within the plant were largely unaffected. Redistributed dry matter provided 52 and 31% of the grain dry matter for control and salt‐affected plants, respectively. Salt‐affected plants had a greater proportion of their sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in stems and leaves than control plants at maturity. Grain had 50–90% of the nitrogen <N), phosphorus (P), S, and Mg, 20–50% of the potassium (K), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), but < 20% of the calcium (Ca), Na, Cl, and iron (Fe) contents of the whole plant. Over 65% of the N and P, and from 20 to 30% of the K, S, Mg, Cu, and Zn was redistributed from the stem and leaves to grain. There was no redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn. Leaves were more important than the stem as a source of redistributed N, but the leaves and stem were equally important as sources of redistributed P, K, S, Mg, and Cu. Redistribution from the stem and leaves provided 80% of the K and 20–50% of the N, P, S, Mg, Zn, and Cu accumulated by grain. Concentrations of Na, and especially Cl, were high in vegetative organs of salt‐affected plants, but not in grain. It was concluded that although moderate salinity was detrimental to the establishment and yield of grain sorghum, it had little effect on patterns of distribution and extents of redistribution of mineral nutrients.     

施氮水平对烤烟根冠平衡及氮素积累与分配的影响

在盆栽条件下,设不施氮（CK）,每株施N 5.45g（N1）和8.18g（N2）3个施氮水平,运用15N示踪技术,研究了不同施氮量条件下烤烟根冠平衡及氮素在不同器官间的积累与分配。结果表明,移栽至打顶期烤烟地上部干物质累积量随施氮量增加而增加,根系干物质积累量以N1处理最高;打顶至成熟期地上部干物质累积量N1处理最高,根系干物质积累量随施氮量增加而增加。打顶期根冠比随施氮量增加而降低,成熟期根冠比随施氮量增加而提高。打顶至成熟期烟株氮素积累量以N1处理最高;期间N1处理各器官均有一定氮素积累,而 N2处理和CK下部叶及中部叶有一定量的氮素输出。打顶期氮素在根系中的分配比例随施氮量增加而降低。随施氮量增加,烤烟积累的氮素中来自肥料氮的比例增加;积累的肥料氮中来自基肥氮的量增加。在本试验条件下,施氮（N）5.45 g/plant可促进根冠平衡,使烟株稳健生长。     

Influence of rates and sources of nitrogen on growth,nitrogen uptake and yield of cotton (G. hirsutum L.)

Field experiments on cotton with different forms of urea applied at rates of 40 and 80 kg N/ha were carried out. The results indicated that application of nitrogen increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield and nitrogen uptake. The proportion of dry matter and nitrogen in the stem was increased and that in the leaves was reduced by N application. Sulphur coated urea (all applied at sowing) was about the same in effect as N-Serve treated urea and gave significantly more seed cotton yield than untreated urea, neem cake treated urea and sulphur coated urea (applied in two splits). Nitrogen efficiency as expressed by kg seed cotton production per kg N applied was greater with 40 kg N/ha rate than with 80 kg N/ha. Sulphur coated urea (all applied at sowing) gave the highest nitrogen efficiency followed by N-Serve treated urea.     

苗期渍水和氮肥用量对直播冬油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】秋涝是冬油菜生产中的常见限制因子,本研究通过大田试验研究苗期渍水和氮肥用量对直播冬油菜产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以期为渍水胁迫下直播冬油菜氮肥合理施用提供理论依据。【方法】 选用华油杂9号为试验材料,采用直播栽培方式。两因素裂区试验设计,主处理为土壤水分状况,包括排水处理和苗期渍水处理,副处理为6个氮肥水平,施氮量分别为0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm2。研究各试验处理直播冬油菜在苗期、薹期、花期和成熟期的生长状况,各时期的干物质、氮素累积以及氮肥利用效率,同时对籽粒产量及其构成因素做了相应调查。【结果】 苗期渍水明显抑制了直播冬油菜生长发育和产量形成。相同氮肥水平下,与排水处理相比,渍水处理冬油菜各生育期叶片数、叶面积和SPAD值均有不同程度下降,生育期干物质量降幅为19.1%~26.5%,收获指数减少了5.2个百分点。渍水处理显著降低了籽粒产量,减产达23.6%,成苗密度和单株角果数下降是引起产量降低的重要原因,分别下降7.6%和20.4%。此外,渍水处理明显影响了冬油菜氮素吸收,渍水处理冬油菜生育期植株氮含量较排水处理下降了8.0个百分点,氮素累积量降幅为23.2%~32.4%。渍水处理引起了氮肥偏生产力、农学利用率和表观利用率的下降,降幅分别为22.8%、20.4%和18.6%。氮肥可以缓解苗期渍水造成的产量损失,并且缓解效应与氮肥投入量存在直接关系。施氮显著提高了冬油菜叶片数、叶面积和SPAD值,增加了冬油菜成苗密度,提高了冬油菜氮素含量,改善了群体质量,进而提高了籽粒产量,降低了油菜产量的相对受害率（RIR）,其中产量相对受害率随施氮量增加从35.3%下降到13.8%。高氮量（240~300 kg/hm2）水平下各时期干物质量和氮素累积量的下降幅度显著低于中低施氮量（0~180 kg/hm2）,其中高氮量水平下平均降幅分别为9.5%和15.0%,而中低氮水平下的平均降幅分别为27.6%和32.9%。一定范围内增施氮肥对苗期渍水后直播冬油菜生长恢复具有很好的补偿效应。在保证产量（2500 kg/hm2）不下降的情况下,排水处理要比渍水处理节省氮肥59.2 kg/hm2。【结论】 苗期渍水胁迫对油菜生长的抑制不仅作用于渍水期,其负面效应同样会延伸至整个生育阶段,最终导致产量损失。施氮可以明显缓解渍害的负面效应,优化冬油菜群体质量,实现高产。因此,合理氮肥用量和实时排水可以达到施氮减渍和排水减氮的双重效果。     

钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响

为揭示钾素营养与玉米产量形成的关系,研究了3个施钾水平（K2O　0、113和225 kg/hm2）对玉米生育后期植株不同器官干重及氮、磷、钾积累和转运的影响。结果显示,施钾能显著提高玉米产量。随着施钾量的增加,玉米生育后期干物质积累的最大速率和平均速率提高,最大速率出现时间提前。玉米干物质在各器官中的分配比例随生长发育中心的转移而变化。生育后期干物质和养分由营养体向子粒转运,其中干物质和氮、磷主要来源于穗部营养体的转运,而钾则主要来源于叶片的转运。子粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量分别占总积累量的50.3%～57.1%,59.6%～67.2%和14.0%～33.3%。施钾不但能增加子粒中干物质和氮、磷、钾养分的分配比例,而且还有助于提高干物质和氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运的转运率。氮的转运率以K1处理最大,为45.7%;干物质、磷和钾的转运率以K2处理最大,分别为7.4%、62.6%和22.4%;子粒养分中54.5%～60.6%的氮,56.0%～85.8%的磷及52.4%～100.0%的钾可以依赖于营养体的转运。     

Comparative efficacy of ZnSO4 and Zn-EDTA application for fertilization of rice ( Oryza sativa L.)

Widespread Zn deficiency for rice crop has been reported from different parts of the world, including India. To correct such deficiency, Zn is often applied to the soil as fertilizer. Its concentration in soil solution and its availability to crops is controlled by sorption?–?desorption reactions at the surfaces of soil colloidal materials. The objective of this study was to compare the availability and relative effectiveness of Zn from Zn-EDTA and ZnSO₄ sources by applying different Zn levels to a calcareous soil in field experiments through soil application. The uses of Zn-EDTA also increase the yield of rice dry matter yield and grain yield. Regarding maintenance of Zn in soil, it has been observed that the amount of Zn content was recorded higher with the split application of Zn-EDTA as compared to ZnSO₄ with the simultaneous 26.1% increase in the yield of rice.     

远志养分吸收规律及其与药效成分积累的关系

【目的】 远志 (Polygala tenuifolia Willd) 是多年生草本植物,以根入药,是我国重要的大宗药材之一。研究远志的营养元素吸收规律及其与药效成分积累的关系,为远志人工栽培中科学施肥及专用肥料的研制提供理论依据。 【方法】 以3年生远志为研究对象,2017年3月26日幼苗全部返青,从返青后40天 (5月4日) 开始,每隔20 天田间采集植株样一次,分别测定其根部和地上部干物质量,氮磷钾等8个营养元素含量以及根中3类药效成分 (总皂苷、总黄酮和总酚) 的含量。 【结果】 远志地上部干物质积累在整个生育期内呈先升高后下降的趋势,根部干物质积累呈直线上升趋势。返青后40～140 天地上部干物质积累量大于根,返青后 160～195天生长中心转移到根,根的干物质积累量大于地上部。远志植株对氮素的最大吸收时期在返青后100～140天,吸收量为18.77 g/m2,对磷、钾的最大吸收时期在返青后140 天,吸收量分别为3.07 g/m2和3.36 g/m2。远志根中总皂苷、总黄酮、总酚累积量的趋势基本一致,均为先升高后降低,累积量均在返青后180天达到最大值。总皂苷积累量出现两次峰值,分别在返青后140天 (6.28 g/m2) 和180天 (6.43 g/m2),总酚累积量也出现两次峰值,分别在返青后80天 (2.37 g/m2) 和180天 (4.31 g/m2),总黄酮积累量只有一次峰值,出现在返青后180天 (2.35 g/m2)。根药效成分经济产量在返青后180天达到最高。总黄酮含量与根中锌元素含量呈显著正相关 (P < 0.05);总酚含量与根中锌元素含量呈极显著正相关 ( P < 0.01)。 【结论】 返青后140～195天是远志根干物质积累最快的时期。远志氮营养最大效率期在返青后100～140天,磷、钾营养最大效率期在返青后140天。在远志专用肥料配制中应保证锌元素的供给,以满足远志生长发育的需求,从而有效提高药效成分的积累。远志根秋季采挖的最佳时间是返青后180天 (9月25日)。      

播期与施氮量对花生干物质、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]在大田条件下,研究播期与施氮量对不同类型花生产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及利用的影响,为花生高产和养分资源高效利用提供技术支撑.[方法]选择普通型大花生品种'花育22号'和高油酸花生品种'冀花16号'为材料,设3个施氮水平:0、120、240?kg/hm2?(分别表示为N0、N120、N240);4个播期:4月3...     

The efect of Zinc (Zn) application on the available Iron (Fe) contents of calcareous soils in thrace region

This research was carried out in order to determine the effect of zinc (Zn) application on the available iron (Fe) contents of calcareous soils in Thrace Region. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions by maize growing. The effect of increasing rates of Zn application on the biological indices of maize plant was determined. Fe concentration of maize plant decreased with Zn application and dry matter yield and Fe uptake of maize plant increased with Zn application. These decreases and increases were determined to be statistically significant (P&lt;0.01).     

关中平原夏玉米临界磷浓度稀释曲线构建与磷营养诊断

  【目的】  通过分析不同施磷水平下夏玉米地上部生物量与其植株磷浓度的变化关系,构建临界磷浓度稀释曲线模型,为夏玉米磷素优化管理及磷营养诊断提供理论基础。  【方法】  2019—2020年在陕西关中平原,以两个玉米品种郑单958和豫玉22为试验材料进行田间定位试验。共设4个施磷量处理 (P₂O₅):0、60、120、180 kg/hm2。在夏玉米拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期和成熟期进行地上部取样,分析夏玉米地上部干物质量、全磷含量以及产量。利用2019年试验数据构建夏玉米临界磷浓度稀释曲线模型和磷素营养指数,利用2020年数据对模型进行验证。  【结果】  增施磷肥能显著提高夏玉米产量、地上部生物量和植株磷浓度,两个品种之间没有显著差异。随施磷水平的提高,夏玉米产量表现为先增加后减少,P120处理可获得最高产量,产量效应方程显示两年两个品种夏玉米平均理论最高产量对应的施磷量为110.2 kg/hm2。由产量构成要素看出,施磷对穗数没有显著影响,但能显著提高穗粒数和百粒重,且施磷对玉米穗粒数的影响大于对百粒重的影响。地上部生物量表现为P0c) 变化曲线:P_c = 8.11DM?0.22 (R2 = 0.886)。模型拟合的植株磷浓度和2020年玉米实际磷浓度线性相关,稀释曲线模型的RMSE和n-RMSE分别为1.146和18.23%,说明模型具有较好的稳定性。基于临界磷浓度稀释曲线计算磷营养指数 (PNI),各生育时期PNI值随磷肥用量增加而增大,随生育进程推进呈现先升高后降低趋势。PNI与相对吸磷量 (RP_upt)、相对地上部生物量 (RDW) 和相对产量 (RY) 均呈极显著相关。  【结论】  本研究建立的夏玉米临界磷浓度稀释曲线和磷营养指数 (PNI)模型能够很好地预测植株不同生育时期的磷素盈亏状况,对指导夏玉米生长季磷素营养诊断及最佳磷肥施用量具有可行性。     

地表臭氧胁迫对大豆干物质生产和分配的影响

利用结构、性能完全相同的9个开顶式气室（OTC）,开展了大田试验条件下地表臭氧浓度增加对大豆干物质（DM）生产和产量的影响研究。实验设置三个处理：CK为未经处理的空气,T1处理的O3浓度为100nL.L^-1,T2处理的O3浓度为150nL.L-1。结果表明：不同浓度臭氧熏气下,不同生育期大豆干物质重、根瘤数、根瘤干重,鼓粒期根茎的转运率和移动率均显著下降（P〈0.05）。100nL.L^-1臭氧处理对叶片转运率和鼓粒期-成熟期干物质生产速率影响不显著;150nL.L^-1臭氧熏气下,大豆结荚出现时间推迟,叶片转运率和鼓粒期-成熟期干物质生产速率均显著下降。臭氧浓度升高显著降低大豆的单株粒数、粒重及产量,但对百粒重没有显著影响。以上结果表明,100nL.L^-1臭氧熏气下大豆产量显著下降的主要原因是干物质生产速率下降;而150nL.L^-1臭氧熏气下大豆产量显著下降,是由于干物质转移受抑制和干物质生产速率下降共同导致的。