Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .III. Propyzamide in different soil types

The effects of soil temperature and soil moisture content on the rate of degradation of propyzamide in five soils were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. Half-lives in soils incubated at field capacity varied from 23 to 42 days at 25°C and from 63 to 112 days at 15°C. The variation in half-life at 25°C and 50% of field capacity was from 56 to 94 days. When the laboratory data were used in conjunction with the relevant meteorological records and soil properties in a computer simulation program, predicted degradation curves for propyzamide in four of the soils in micro-plots were in close agreement with those observed. Use of the program to predict residues of propyzamide in the fifth soil at crop maturity in a series of field experiments concerned with continuity of lettuce production gave values fairly close to those observed when appropriate corrections were made for initial recoveries.     

Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .I. Simazine and prometryne

The effects of soil temperature and soil moisture content on the rates of degradation of simazine and prometryne were measured under controlled conditions. The time for 50% disappearance of simazine in a sandy loam soil varied from 37 days at 25°C and 13 % soil moisture to 234 days at 15°C and 7% soil moisture. With prometryne, changes in soil moisture content had a greater effect on the rate of loss than similar changes with simazine. The time for 50% disappearance at 25°C was increased from 30 to 590 days with a reduction in soil moisture content from 14 to 5%. With both herbicides, the rate of degradation increased as the initial herbicide concentration decreased and the data suggest that a hyperbolic rate law may be more appropriate than simple first-order kinetics. Degradation curves for three separate field applications of the two herbicides were simulated using the laboratory data and the relevant meteorological records in a computer program. A close fit to the observed pattern of loss of incorporated prometryne was obtained, but prometryne surface-applied was lost rapidly during the first 30–40 days after application. This initial rapid loss could not be predicted by the program. With simazine, the patterns of loss of surface and incorporated treatments were similar, but the simulation model tended to overestimate residue levels. Possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.     

Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil; a revised computer model

Empirical equations were used to calculate the moisture content of surface soil from measurements of rainfall and daily maximum and minimum air temperatures. Air temperatures were also used to calculate soil temperatures. There was good agreement between calculated and measured moisture contents and temperatures from Wellesbourne and from some sites in North America. The equations were incorporated into a simulation model for the prediction of herbicide persistence. Results from the model were essentially the same, whether calculated or measured soil moistures and temperatures were used in the calculations.     

甲嘧磺隆和炔草酯对土壤微生物呼吸强度和氮转化的影响

为探究除草剂对土壤微生物的毒性效应,以土壤微生物的呼吸强度和氮转化作为检测指标,分别考察了甲嘧磺隆和炔草酯对红壤、棕壤和潮土中微生物呼吸强度的影响以及对潮土氮转化的影响。结果表明:将供试农药以田间推荐剂量、10倍推荐剂量和100倍推荐剂量施入土壤15 d后,甲嘧磺隆对棕壤微生物表现为呼吸强度抑制作用,对潮土为促进作用,而红壤中除10倍推荐剂量处理组表现出抑制作用外其余两组均表现出促进作用;炔草酯会抑制红壤和棕壤中微生物的呼吸强度,但会促进潮土中微生物的呼吸强度。氮转化试验结果表明:以田间推荐剂量和5倍推荐剂量施入潮土后,甲嘧磺隆在7、14、28、42、56和70 d均能显著促进其硝酸盐含量;炔草酯除28 d时田间推荐剂量处理组的硝酸盐含量显著高于对照组外,其余0、7、14和42 d硝酸盐含量与对照组相比均无显著差异。综上所述,两种除草剂对3种土壤类型微生物的呼吸强度为低毒,对潮土氮转化功能没有长期影响。     

短期N、P添加对荒漠草原土壤非保护性有机碳的影响

以干旱、半干旱地区荒漠草原土壤为研究对象,研究N、P养分添加对荒漠草原0～30 cm土层土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量、分配比例、敏感指数的影响,探讨荒漠草原土壤非保护性有机碳分配比例及其向保护性有机碳的转化速率对N、P添加的响应.研究结果表明:短期N、P添加能促进荒漠草原表层土壤(0～10 cm)土壤颗粒有机碳和轻组...     

Evaluation of a simulation model for prediction of herbicide movement and persistence in soil

The movement and persistence of residues of propyzamide, linuron, isoxaben and R-40244 were measured in a sandy loam soil in field experiments prepared in spring and autumn. None of the herbicides moved to depths greater than 12 cm in the soil during the winter period, following application in autumn, and none moved more than 6 cm in the soil, following application in spring. The general order of persistence of total soil residues was isoxaben > linuron = R-40244 > propyzamide. Appropriate constants to describe the moisture and temperature dependence of degradation were derived from laboratory incubation experiments and used with measurements of the strengths of adsorption of the different herbicides by the soil, in a computer model of herbicide movement. The model, in general, gave good predictions of total soil residues, but overestimated herbicide movement, particularly in winter. Measurements of herbicide desorption from the soil at intervals, during a laboratory incubation experiment, demonstrated an apparent increase in the strength of adsorption with time. When appropriate allowance was made for these changes in adsorption in the computer model, improved predictions of the vertical distribution of the herbicide residues were obtained.     

氮添加对黄土高原春小麦耕层土壤磷组分及植株磷分布的影响

以旱作农田春小麦为研究对象,设置4个氮添加梯度,分别为0(CK)、75、115、190 kg·hm^-2,利用顾益初-蒋柏藩法和Bowman-Cole法于2019年和2020年连续测定收获后0～20 cm耕层土壤的无机磷组分和有机磷组分,综合分析氮添加对土壤磷组分、植株器官磷含量的影响和驱动土壤磷转化的关键因素。结果表明：氮添加增大了土壤无机磷占全磷的比例,2019年增幅为1.02%～4.93%、2020年增幅为1.31%～4.92%;同时也降低了土壤有机磷占全磷的比例,降幅分别为0.74%～4.92%(2019年)和2.50%～4.92%(2020年)。与对照处理相比,N115处理显著(P<0.05)降低了缓效和难以吸收利用的磷源,其中在2019年和2020年无机磷组分Ca₈-P分别降低了8.55%和19.53%,Al-P分别降低了9.26%和12.88%,Fe-P分别降低了10.34%和39.21%,Ca₁₀-P分别降低了2.87%和16.27%;有机磷组分MROP分别降低了18.18%和16.53%,MLOP分...     

氟乐灵的微生物生态效应

研究了3种浓度氟乐灵对南疆棉田2种土壤(沙土、黏土)4种土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶)活性的影响。结果表明,同一时间同一浓度氟乐灵处理土壤除过氧化氢酶外,其余3种酶均表现为沙土高于黏土;过氧化氢酶酶活性变化趋势为“下降—升高—趋于平缓”。转化酶和脲酶的变化趋势类似,为“下降—升高—下降—趋于平缓”。磷酸酶变化趋势为“上升—剧烈下降—逐渐升高并趋于平缓”。即不同酶对氟乐灵的反应不同。3种浓度的氟乐灵处理两种土壤,其酶活性经过显著性分析无明显差异,即棉田用氟乐灵作土壤封闭处理对酶活性无影响。     

Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .II. Simazine and linuron in long-term experiments

The rates of degradation of simazine and linuron were measured in soil from plots not treated previously with these herbicides. Degradation of both compounds followed first-order kinetics and soil temperature and soil moisture content had a marked effect on the rate of loss. With linuron, half-lives increased from 36 to 106 days with a reduction in temperature from 30° to 5°C at 4% soil moisture, and from 29 to 83 days at 12% soil moisture. Similar temperature changes increased the half-life of simazine from 29 to 209 days and from 16 to 125 days at soil moisture contents of 4 and 12% respectively. A computer program which has been developed for simulation of herbicide persistence was used in conjunction with the laboratory data and the relevant meteorological records for the years 1964 to 1968 in order to test the model against previously published field persistence data for the two herbicides. The results with simazine showed a close correspondence between observed and predicted residue levels but those for linuron, particularly in uncropped plots, were satisfactory for limited periods only.     

长期氮磷配施对褐土细菌多样性及土壤酶活性的影响

为探明不同氮磷化肥配施对土壤细菌群落结构和酶活性的影响,以山西寿阳褐土长期施肥定位试验为依托,选择5个施肥处理：CK（不施肥）、N₁P₁(N:60 kg·hm^-2;P:37.5 kg·hm^-2)、N₂P₂(N:120 kg·hm^-2;P:75 kg·hm^-2)、N₃P₃(N:180 kg·hm^-2;P:112.5 kg·hm^-2)和N₄P₄(N:240 kg·hm^-2;P:150.0 kg·hm^-2),采集玉米收获后耕层（0～20 cm）土样,通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术,对土壤细菌16S rRNA的V3-V4区进行测序;采用比色法测定土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,分析细菌群落结构与土壤酶活性之间的相关性。结果表明,4...     

Climate change and decreasing herbicide persistence

A herbicide degradation model, using real weather data for the period 1980-2001, has been used to estimate the change in persistence of autumn-applied isoproturon over this period. The results suggest that soil residues fell to the minimum for weed control on average approximately 30 days earlier over the last 5 years of this period than in the first 5 years, equivalent to a reduction of approximately 25% in the duration of weed control. This decline in persistence is attributed to increasing soil temperature. The results are discussed in relation to recent observations and predictions on climate change. The relevance of the findings to other pesticides and future weed control is considered.     

施肥对土壤供肥和冬小麦养分吸收及其产量的影响

通过研究施肥对冬小麦各生育时期土壤供应氮、磷和作物吸收及其产量的影响，以及这些因素之间的关系表明，与施肥前土壤相比，150kg/hm^2以上的施磷量明显提高了冬小麦整个生育期的土壤速效磷水平，而各施肥处理在小麦拔节后即没有明显提高土壤碱解氮水平的效果。和不施肥处理相比，施肥明显提高了冬小麦各生育期土壤的有效氮、磷含量，使冬小麦中期吸氮高峰进一步加强，使小麦灌浆中期－成熟阶段增加1个磷素吸收高峰（不施肥处理仅孕穗至灌浆初期一个吸磷高峰）。相关分析表明，施肥量－土壤养分供应水平－养分吸收量－作物产量之间呈显著或极显著正相关。     

水分管理对旱直播稻生长、氮磷吸收及土壤分布的影响

为提高旱直播稻的水分利用效率、降低旱直播稻田土壤氮、磷素环境风险,本文采用两种水分管理方式,即湿润灌溉(T1)和关键需水期灌溉(T2),研究水分管理对旱直播稻生长、养分吸收及稻田土壤氮、磷素迁移情况的影响.结果表明,T2处理有利于促进旱直播稻中后期生长,在拔节孕穗期株高为80.61 cm,SPAD值为41.03,均显著...     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on soil microbial community structure and ecological processes in the farmland of Chinese Loess Plateau

Microorganisms regulate the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to anthropogenic nutrient inputs. The escalation of anthropogenic activities has resulted in a rise in the primary terrestrial constraining elements, namely nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P). Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms governing the influence of soil microbial community structure and ecological processes in ecologically vulnerable and delicate semi-arid loess agroecosystems remain inadequately understood. Therefore, we explor...     

长期氮、磷配合施用对黑垆土氮、磷养分变化的影响

在黑垆土上安排长期定位试验，研究了连续施用氮、磷肥对土壤氮、磷养分动态变化及冬小麦产量的影响。研究表明，黑垆土连续6年配合施用氮、磷肥，耕层土壤氮、磷养分基本持平或略有提高，冬小麦表现明显增产效果；不施氮、磷肥耕层土壤氮、磷养分含量逐年降低，冬小麦产量下降。每公顷施用N112．5kg、P34．9kg，氮、磷分别盈余0．2kg／hm^2和1．5kg／hm^2，表明氮、磷投入与吸收基本平衡；每公顷施用N180．0kg、P43．7kg，氮、磷分别盈余62．2kg／hm^2和8．4kg／hm^2，表明氮、磷投入大于冬小麦吸收量。     

Influence of climate warming and nitrogen deposition on soil phosphorus composition and phosphorus availability in a temperate grassland,China

Climate warming and nitrogen(N)deposition change ecosystem processes,structure,and functioning whereas the phosphorus(P)composition and availability directly influence the ecosystem structure under conditions of N deposition.In our study,four treatments were designed,including a control,diurnal warming(DW),N deposition(ND),and combined warming and N deposition(WN).The effects of DW,ND,and WN on P composition were studied by31P nuclear magnetic resonance(31P NMR)spectroscopy in a temperate grassland region of China.The results showed that the N deposition decreased the soil pH and total N(TN)concentration but increased the soil Olsen-P concentration.The solution-state31P NMR analysis showed that the DW,ND and WN treatments slightly decreased the proportion of orthophosphate and increased that of the monoesters.An absence of myo-inositol phosphate in the DW,ND and WN treatments was observed compared with the control.Furthermore,the DW,ND and WN treatments significantly decreased the recovery of soil P in the NaOH–EDTA solution by17%–20%.The principal component analysis found that the soil pH was positively correlated with the P recovery in the NaOH–EDTA solution.Therefore,the decreased soil P recovery in the DW and ND treatments might be caused by an indirect influence on the soil pH.Additionally,the soil moisture content was the key factor limiting the available P.The positive correlation of total carbon(TC)and TN with the soil P composition indicated the influence of climate warming and N deposition on the biological processes in the soil P cycling.     

中度盐碱地氮、磷肥对蓖麻生育特性和产量的影响

以淄蓖8号为试验品种,研究了中度盐碱地蓖麻在不同施氮量和施磷量条件下的生长特性、干物质积累、产量构成和产量。结果表明,氮肥、磷肥和两者互作对各时期主茎真叶数的影响不显著,氮肥、磷肥和两者互作从蕾期开始对株高和地上部干重的影响达显著或极显著水平,从苗期开始对叶干重和茎干重的影响达显著或极显著水平,对花序干重的影响达显著或极显著水平;氮肥对每株穗数的影响达到显著水平,磷肥及二者互作的影响未达到显著水平;氮肥、磷肥及二者互作对每穗粒数、百粒重和籽粒产量的影响达到显著或极显著水平;开花期、花后和灌浆成熟期群体地上部干物质积累与籽粒产量均呈显著线性正相关关系,提高开花后干物质的积累有利于籽粒产量的提高。在本试验条件下,施氮量225 kg·hm－2、施磷量90 kg·hm－2,苗期和蕾期各施用氮、磷肥的50％获得的籽粒产量最高,达3568．4 kg·hm－2。     

生物质炭与不同形态氮肥配施对黄绵土氮素矿化的影响

通过室内培养试验将生物质炭施用于西北黄土高原旱地土壤,旨在探讨不同形态化学氮肥施用下施用生物质炭对土壤氮素矿化速率及无机氮库的影响。结果表明:(1)施用化学氮肥会提高土壤无机氮累积量,但会在无机氮释放高峰过后显著降低氮素矿化速率;其中,施用酰胺态氮肥和铵态氮肥对土壤氮素的矿化抑制作用强于施用硝态氮肥。(2)在无机氮释放高峰过后,生物质炭的施用会显著降低施用酰胺态氮肥处理下的氨化速率、硝化速率及净氮矿化速率,降低幅度分别为64.9%,44.6%和47.7%,且其降低程度在较低土壤含水量水平大于较高土壤含水量,而对施用硝态氮肥和铵态氮肥无显著影响。(3)生物质炭的施用一定程度上降低了施用酰胺态氮肥和铵态氮肥处理下的无机氮累积量,且在较低土壤含水量下无机氮累积低于较高土壤含水量处理。综合考虑,旱地施用酰胺态氮肥或铵态氮肥配合施用生物质炭可以有效降低土壤无机氮累积量,从而降低氮素损失的风险。     

间作和施磷对2种牧草生物量及氮磷吸收的影响

采用双因素随机区组田间试验设计,设置不同种植模式（单作和间作）和2个磷水平（不施P：P0;P：P75）,研究柱花草与扭黄茅间作和施磷对牧草生物量、养分吸收的影响。结果表明：在株行距均为50 cm条件下,施磷提高了间作体系中扭黄茅生物量的30.10%和氮吸收量的21.51%,但减少了柱花草地上部生物量5.53%和氮、磷吸收量的3.73%和3.18%。2015年,相对扭黄茅地上部生物量,P75水平下,与柱花草间作显著高于扭黄茅单作31.00%（P<0.05）。与未施磷对比,施磷条件下,柱花草和扭黄茅间作地上部的生物量分别增加41.31%和52.68%。2个磷水平下的土地当量比（LER）、间作系统生产力（SP）及牧草种间竞争能力（A）无明显差异（P＞0.05）。在间作系统中,相对柱花草,其与扭黄茅种间竞争能力小于0,说明柱花草在间作系统中为弱竞争作物。氮磷吸收方面,2015年,P0和P75水平下,间作体系中的柱花草氮、磷吸收量显著低于柱花草单作67.74%（P0）和67.19%（P75）（P<0.05）,扭黄茅氮吸收量高于扭黄茅单作5.79%（P0）和44.28%（P75）,而磷吸收量高于单作13.80%（P0）和6.61%（P75）。